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Diachronic study of Uzbek and English
architectural construction terms.
Saloydinova Nargiza Shuhratovna,
Ahmedov Oybek Saporbayevich,
Zakirova Hilola Abdurahmanivna
TIACE,“Foreign languages” department
Abstract
New technologies demand on
educational
institutions
call
for
innovative methods of language and
content instruction. The aim of the
paper is to present terminology and
research in the field of architecture and
construction.
The
crucial
issues
concerning unification, normalization,
creation of terminological dictionaries
which could satisfy completely the
needs of experts working in various
areas of science or architecture and
construction are very important. The
development of ways of term formation
and terminology contributes to the
active participation of experts in solving
actual issues of modern science and
technology, thereby increasing their
informational awareness. The goal was
to analyze terminology in architecture
and construction.
Keywords:
architecture,
construction,
terminology, term,
arches, consoles,
pilasters, concrete cells.
Introduction
The
formation
of
the
terminological system of each industry,
depends on the field and develops in
close connection with each other.
Therefore, the architecture-construction
terminology is composed, formed and
developed on the basis of genetic basis.
With
the
formation
of
construction in the state, the state began
to pay attention to the reconstruction
and beautification of cities and began to
build buildings in order to create
comfort for living conditions. Because
the development of any state depended
primarily on the appearance of the state,
the construction infrastructure, the
reconstruction of cultural and ancient,
unique
buildings
in
the
city.
Architecture-construction is one of the
main factors that ensure the economic
prestige, cultural development and state
of international relations of each state
and determine the socio-economic
development of society. Therefore, it is
important to conduct scientific research
through linguistic terms, studying the
history
of
the
formation
and
composition of the architectural and
construction industry, their content,
types, terms used in the past on the
basis of scientific sources. Views on the
types, forms, systems, socio-economic
significance of construction in the
Central Asian region go back to ancient
times in the history of countries such as
ancient Egypt, Rome, China, India. If
we look at the history of statehood, it is
clear that the history of the formation of
architecture-construction terminology is
also related to the state of man and his
activities.
The main goal of the article is to
reveal and to describe the formation of
the terminological system of each
industry, depends on the field and
develops in close connection with each
other.
Therefore,
the
architecture-
construction terminology of Uzbek
language is composed, formed and
developed on the basis of genetic basis.
With
the
formation
of
construction in the state, the state began
to pay attention to the reconstruction
and beautification of cities and began to
build buildings in order to create
comfort for living conditions. Because
the development of any state depended
primarily on the appearance of the state,
the construction infrastructure, the
reconstruction of cultural and ancient,
unique
buildings
in
the
city.
Architecture-construction is one of the
main factors that ensure the economic
Philosophical Readings XIII.4 (2021), pp. 239-246. 240
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10.5281/zenodo.4882959
prestige, cultural development and state
of international relations of each state
and determine the socio-economic
development of society. Therefore, it is
important to conduct scientific research
through linguistic terms, studying the
history
of
the
formation
and
composition of the architectural and
construction industry, their content,
types, terms used in the past on the
basis of scientific sources.
Views on the
types, forms, systems, socio-economic
significance of construction in the
Central Asian region go back to ancient
times in the history of countries such as
ancient Egypt, Rome, China, India. If
we look at the history of statehood, it is
clear that the history of the formation of
architecture-construction terminology is
also related to the state of man and his
activities.
Historical sources testify that the
emergence of a particular concept of
architecture- construction dates back
several centuries BC. For example, it is
well known from world history that
4,500 years ago in Egypt, one of the
seven
wonders, the "Pyramid of
Cheops" or the "Pyramid of Giza" was
built. At that time, the first small
construction structures appeared in the
tribes in what is now Central Asia.
[Arnold, Dieter (2005). p- 97.].
Mankind's
architectural
and
construction activities date back to the
Paleolithic period, and it depends on
humanity
building
houses
for
themselves using the simplest stone
tools. In the Paleolithic period, the field
of architecture served not only as a field
of technical activity, but also to meet
the spiritual needs of mankind. During
this period, terms related to the word
stone begin to enter
.
In the wood-rich
areas, houses were built of wood. After
the Paleolithic period, the construction
of houses began in the Neolithic period.
During this period, the appearance of
megalithic structures began. Megalithic
devices are mainly divided into three
types: mengirs, dolmens and cromlexes.
Examples of structures found in ancient
Egypt are
mastabas, mausoleums,
and
pyramids. Protodor
pillars were built at
the entrance to the pyramids.
In ancient
Mesopotamia, the construction of high
ziggurats
, which served as a defense,
led to the construction of arched and
domed buildings. Arched and domed
structures were among the first in the
history of architecture in the world to be
built during the Sassanid period. The
largest building in the Achaemenid
period was the royal palace in Persipol.
The main part of the palace consists of a
multi-columned hall - "
apadana".
Ancient Greece was the
birthplace of the sciences of geometry,
mechanics, statistics, and on the basis of
these sciences the field of civil
engineering
is
developing.
Achievements in civil engineering
include the construction of cities,
bridges, dams.
In the field of architecture,
however, Roman architecture is of
particular interest, as architectural terms
are mainly named after the structure of
the building material, mainly due to the
widespread use of baked brick and
natural stone blocks. The preparation
and use of concrete became widespread
in Roman architecture, after which
terms related to the word concrete
began to appear. If we look at history,
we will find evidence that each state has
created a new building, style in each
century,
with
its
own
unique
architecture and construction. It is from
the process of construction of these
structures that new terms began to
appear in dictionaries by mankind.
There is a specific subject and
object of knowledge in the field of
architecture and
construction. The
design and construction of buildings
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and structures is studied as the art of
creating an environment of material
organization. At the same time, other
disciplines are involved in the study of
architecture,
such
as
philosophy,
architectural history, sociology and
geography.
The basis of architecture is the
emergence,
development
and
functioning of architecture as an art, its
essence and content, and the general
laws of form. The subject of study of
architecture consists of basic systems.
These include sub fields which contain
their terms according to the role using
this sub field were given by the great
architect Vitruviy:
1. Determining the vector of
development of architecture
2. Description and substantiation
of stylistic trends
3. Patterns of the emergence of
architectural styles
4.
Theory
and
history
of
architecture
5.Study the artistic language and
artistic
images
of
semantics-
architecture.
6. Semiotics is the science of
signs.
7.
Syntactic
codes
-
a
characteristic feature in this sense is the
code belonging to the construction
technique.
8. Architectural form-beams,
ceilings, arches, consoles, pilasters,
concrete cells.
The science of architecture
studies the elements that represent the
basic functions, the elements that
represent
the
secondary
symbolic
symbols, the elements that represent the
ideology of life. Each of these elements
has
terms
that
have
meaning.
Architectural terms refer to designers,
architects, decorations, styles, city
names.
Results and discussion
According to the result of
comparative-typological analysis the
most important topic of this research
helps to know the category of terms, in
which groups they are used, on what
principles
they
are
based.
A
comparative morphological analysis is
needed to find out what “unity of truth”
is used in the unit, that is, where it is
used in this process.
It should be noted that the units
of speech were not considered in the
usual way in our work, but on the basis
of a new perfect coordinate system
given by U.S. Kubryakova. According
to E.S. Kubryakova, the term and the
word, which clearly express the unity of
speech, are based on its genesis, which
originally appeared on the basis of
naming fragments, named in accordance
with the process in the world of speech
of speakers. (Kubryakova 2004, 134).
Determining the classes of
words can be done in parallel by
observing the different states of their
different forms of matter, their changes.
Moreover, the semantics of existing
speech units have historical roots in
their modern form, as the last layers
shortened the initial roots of the words
and removed them from the original
root. Analysis of terms from a
morphological point of view is an
important process that can help us
answer key questions about complex
cognitive
aspect
research
in
the
terminology system, helping us to
determine exactly what speech unit
represents in the language field in a
scientific text. The meaning of the term
(mental) in the lexical unit and in the
verbal
activity
depends
on
its
presentation and orientation in the
speech unit.
The description of the scientific
work is based on the following scheme:
in the first stage the main terms are
separated, in the second stage the
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selected terms are analyzed on the basis
of languages.
In compiling the nominative
concepts
of
architectural
and
construction terms, we did not limit
ourselves to the correct names, we
considered all the existing nominative
fields, i.e. the names of their various
denotations, so we analyzed the key
terms, lexical units that describe the
activities that take place in the
architectural and construction process.
The central term in the field of
architecture
is
the
root
of
ARCHITECTURE,
which
is
a
representative term on the basis of. The
terms are derived.
In the first stage, the core of the
nominative field of a term is defined by
words, consisting of its root. “Arch”,
“archivolt”, architrave need to be found
again
.
One of the next steps is to
determine the sign and function of the
term based on the definition of the
terms
being
analyzed.
The
term
architecture means art, construction and
design of buildings, the creation of
exemplary
artistic
ensembles,
the
creation of an aesthetic attitude to the
object of construction, the main purpose
of
architecture
is
to
create
an
environment for work, living and
recreation
.
(www.glossary.ru).
It is clear from the descriptions
that the core of the term architecture is
art, that is, in 1563 it was assumed that
the French language came to European
countries - architecte, Latin architectus
or Greek. The exact source of the term
has not been determined, as architecture
entered European countries after the
development of Egyptian and Greek
architecture. For example, the term
"architect" is said to have come into
English from the Greek word "architect"
meaning master builder, archi- + tektōn
builder, carpenter-carpenter, or from
Latin, as there is still no evidence that
European architecture developed in the
Middle Ages. In the early days, the
work of architects in Greek and
Egyptian architecture was among the
leading professions. This is why the
architecture of these terms came from
developed
countries.
The
word
"architecture" came into Russian in
1705 from Polish
.
The terms arch, arc, archivolt,
architrave arcade, arkal, arkan are all
derived from Latin and Greek.
As architecture developed, the
term architecture led to the creation of
term combinations by adding a few
words to it. These include the following.
Architectural styles, landscape
architecture, green architecture, hi-
tech
architecture,
ancient
architecture, modular arcitecture, new
architecture,monument of landscape
architecture,
information
systems
architecture,
contemporary
architecture, classical architecture,
open
architecture,
architectural
structure.
The terms of architectural styles
is related to Shelter, Pre-Columbian,
Pre-Romanesque,
Romanesque,
Palladian.processes, country names to
the architecture of the periods occupied
by the explorers and tribes who
discovered
the
periods,
tribes,
construction.
The architectural terms of the
period include
Early architecture,
Medieval architecture, Renaissance
architecture,
Early
modern
and
industrial
architecture,
Gothic,
Baroque, Rococo,, Early civilizations,
Neolithic styles. , Africa, Greek,
Roman, Byzantine, Islamic, Persian,
Indian, Eastern Asian, Georgian,
German work federation ”.
Early modern and industrial
architecture terms include
Art Nouveau,
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Aesthetic movement, Arts
and
Craft
Movement
,
The terms
“architectural
views
” are derived from the English
word “
irregularly shaped,
” meaning of
this term is originally by French meant
"
durni".
The word was later used in the
17th century to describe wonderfully
curved lines, gold, and beautiful styles.
The term was later used to
denote an ornamental or elaborate style.
The style that Giorgio Vasari used in his
Life of Artists as “barbarian German
style”
is
now
called
“Gothic
architecture”. The Goths (from Greek,
Romanized,
Latin
Gothi)
are
a
Germanic people who played an
important role in the collapse of the
Western Roman Empire and the
emergence of medieval Europe. They
were written by Greek and Roman
writers in the 3rd century BC. The
peoples living north of the Danube in
present-day Ukraine, Moldova, and
Romania.
The
term
“
Rococo
architecture
” is a less common style of
Baroque architecture that uses art,
ornamentation,
decorative
theater,
asymmetry, and curves, white and
pastel colors.
Rocaill
was originally a
style of decoration, often used as a sea
shell and style to decorate stones and
fountains since the Renaissance. In the
late 17th and early 18th centuries,
ornaments intertwined with rocaille
aquantus leaves, caused.
The development of science,
culture, literature, painting in the
Middle Ages and the Renaissance, the
beautification of the architecture of
buildings in European countries led to
the emergence of new architectural
terms.
Architectural terms include
works
of
art,
beauty,
unusual
ornaments
(
French guirlande, Italian
ghirlanda, Latin gerrae - woven
),
plants (acantus
),
names of creatures
(gargales, garguli), denticles (Latin),
leaves
and
food-like ornaments
(ionics), (gol. crabbe).
After analyzing materials we
can directly think that origin of English
architectural terminology borrowed by
Latin, Greek and French languages.
Because,
at
that
time,
art
was
developing in the Middle century where
the
outstanding
monuments,
constructions, buildings were built in
Greece and Egypt. According to this we
came to this point that Latin and Greek
languages were the global languages
which influenced to the origin and
formation of architectural terms. French
was the key for formation of new
architectural terms of new century by
adding them some words.
But the research of H.Dadaboev
was
the
important
research
for
development of vocabulary. Almost all
of his scholarly work is devoted to the
study of terminological problems has
been
scientifically
analyzed
comprehensively in the example of
language [ Pp. 73–240] .
His above-
mentioned scientific works not only
provide rich factual-analytical material
on the history of terms, but also give an
idea of the own layer used in the system
of
military,
socio-economic
terminology, as well as the Arabic,
Persian and Mongolian languages. In
his works, the meaning of the terms
used in the Orkhon-Yenisei inscriptions,
ancient Turkic language monuments
and old Uzbek language sources, their
subtleties
of
meaning
are
often
explained with the help of material
evidence from the monuments.
Materials
about
the
first
architecture-construction systems and
terms in the East can be found in the
works of Chinese scientists [5]. They
are in the ancient Turkic, Sogdian
languages and were written by Buddhist
and Moni communities.
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According to some sources, the
first appearance of the terms AC in the
Uzbek language dates back to the VII-
VIII centuries. Because the conquest of
the territory of Movarounnahr by the
Arab caliphate in the VIII century led to
a radical change in the socio-economic
system and attention to the architectural
and
construction
system.
Islam
embraced all aspects of the life of the
people of the region, internal and
external relations, and led to the
development of constructions in the
internal structure of the city.
The
biggest change in architectural and
construction activities after the Arab
conquest was the construction of
mosques, mausoleums and altars. This
is because in Islam, prayer and fasting
were considered “one of the five pillars
of the religion” [223; 34-p.].
According to historical sources,
the
"mosque"
was one of the main
buildings that appeared in the early days
of
Islam.
In
Muslim
countries
(especially during the khanate period)
“Prayers to the mosque were performed
five times, and more attention was paid
to the construction of the building to
attract Muslims when they came to
pray. [6.]. It was also mandatory for
architects and builders in feudal Muslim
states to have mathematics and art [195;
169-b.].
Sources say that over time, the
term mosque has not changed its
meaning. The term
"mosque
" appears
200 times in the holy book of Islam, the
Qur'an.
In fact, the term
mosque
is a
lexeme with a polysemantic character.
1.
Masjid
is a term used in Islamic
architecture to mean
"masjid" (plural -
masadjid
), which comes from the
Arabic root s-dj-d - to fall to the ground
- means "
to bow down
", "to bow to the
ground" [ 7]. Religious practice means a
place of obedience to Allah when
praying. [Zhukovskiy, Koptseva, 2005,
p. 348]
According
to
the
collected
scientific data, the etymology of the
origin of the term
mosque
is directly
related to the term Islamic architecture,
one of the main religious practices built
in the Arab-occupied territories is
related to the concept formed for prayer.
After the end of Arab rule in
Central Asia, the Samanid rule was
established in the 10th century. During
the Samanid period, the construction of
mosques, minarets, pulpits and altars
developed. [8].
Terms
related
to
Islamic
architecture
is
a
composition
of
different architectural styles formed
from Islam as a social, cultural,
religious and political phenomenon,
including the structure of religious and
secular
institutions
and
buildings,
including Islamic architecture. Islamic
architecture is reflected in both history
and
the
architecture
of
modern
buildings. In Islamic architecture, words
from
Mongolian,
Arabic,
Hindi,
Turkish, and Iranian became terms.[ 9.].
Some of the terms of historical
architecture and construction in the
work of Mahmud Kashgari, the founder
of Turkish lexicography, "Devonu
lug'atit turk",
rabot, ravoq, minbar,
ordu
(city where the king lives, orda),
urumzun
(paint, color),
ubuzlug
' (deep
ground),
opri
(deep burial ground),
ogulmuq
(wooden column erected to
put a beam on it),
ochuqluk
(kiln
ground),
ishlati
(to use),
irpadi
(sawed),
asriladi
(painted),
qat
(storey),
ev-bark
(house and yard),
tamur
(iron) and
other Turkish construction terms are
widely used.
The terms of the historical AC in
the Uzbek language can also be found
in the work of Zahiriddin Muhammad
Bobur
"Boburnoma".
Note
the
following passage from the Boburnoma;
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:
Буни Чилустун
(қирқ устунли
)
дейдилар,
икки
қаватли,
устунларнинг ҳаммаси тошдан. Бу
иморатнинг
тўрт
бурчагида
минорасимон
тўрт
бурж
(
ичи
айлана
зинали
миноралар
)
тиклаганларки, юқори чиқиладиган
йўллар бу буржлар орқалидир. Бошқа
жойдаги ҳамма
устунлар
тошдан.
Баъзисини тошни ёниб илон ўоалган
тарзда
ўймакорлик
билан
ишлаганлар.
(Uzb) .
It is called
Chilustun (
forty columns
),
two-storied
,
all the
columns
are made of stone. At
the four corners of this building were
erected
four
tower-shaped
towers
(
inner circular staircase towers
), the
exits of which are through these towers.
Elsewhere, all the columns are made of
stone. Some were
carved
in the form of
a
stone
burning
snake
(Eng
).(
Boburnoma) It can be seen from
the content of the text quoted from
"Boburnoma" that the role of the
construction industry in the state was
important. Because there were a lot of
defensive buildings under construction.
The following sentence also confirms
our
opinion:
Улуғбек
Мирзо
мадрасаси томининг
устида оқ
чодир тикиб ўтирдим. Бошқа беклар
ва
йигитларга
дарвозаларда,
қалъа
нинг айланаси бўйлаб
деворлар
устида
назорат
масофалари
тасдиқланди.
Икки-уч кундан сўнг
Шайбоқхон келиб шаҳар
қўрғонидан
йироқроқ бир ерга тушди. (
Uzb
). I
pitched a white tent on the roof of
Ulugbek Mirzo Madrasah. Other beys
and young men were confirmed control
distances on the walls at the gates,
around the perimeter of the castle. Two
or three days later, Shaibakhan came
and landed far away from the city
fortress.(
Eng)
[ Boburnoma.].
It is understood that during the
reign of the Baburi dynasty, some of the
structures used in practice were used in
conjunction
with
names,
terms,
nicknames and nicknames that make up
the macro scale of anthroponyms. Note
the following sentence:
....
Биз- Боғу
Чағониёнийлар ва баъзилар Қобул
устига бормоққа қарор қилиб, у
ердан кўчиб келиб
Або қорўғига
(ҳукмдор оиласининг ёзги истироҳат
маскани) га тушдик (
Uzb
).
We, the
Garden Chaghanids, and some of us
decided to go to Kabul, and from there
we moved to the Abo fortress (the
summer residence of the ruling family
).
(Eng)
[ Boburnoma.].
Terms that have survived to the
present day:
Улуғбек Мирзонинг йирик
иморатларидан
Самарқанд
қалъасининг ичидаги мадраса ва
ҳонақохдир.Хонақохнинг
гумбази
жуда
каттадир.Мадрасанинг
жанубида
Масжиди
Муқатта
(бўлакланган маъносини англатади,
бўлак-бўлак ёғочлар тахлаб ислимий
ва
хитой
нақшлари
солинган.
(
Uzb
).One of the largest buildings of
Ulugbek Mirzo is the madrasa and the
khanaqah
inside
the
Samarkand
fortress. The dome of the khanaqah is
very large.(
Eng
.)
[10]
Conclusion
One of the main features of AC
terminology is that it has a structural
character. The terms of the field are in
an interconnected circle in a lexical-
semantic situation in the structure of
this system.
As observed in all areas, the
unification of terms in translation,
bringing the terms into a single form of
expression in the areas of AC is very
relevant. The AC terms, which form the
semantic basis of texts related to the
field,
serve
to
develop
payment
obligations in a clear and concise
manner that is uniformly understood by
society. In addition to being an integral
part of the terminological field of
economics, AC terms are a special layer
Philosophical Readings XIII.4 (2021), pp. 239-246. 246
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10.5281/zenodo.4882959
that
reflects
certain
lexical
and
morphological as well as lexical-
semantic features
.
References:
1.Arnold, Dieter (2005). Temples of
Ancient Egypt. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-
945-5;.
2. Mikhailov B.P. Vitruvius and Hellas:
Foundations of the ancient theory of
architecture;
3. Robert Stuart (1854), Cyclopedia of
architecture:
historical,
descriptive,
typographical, decorative, theoretical
and
mechanical,
alphabetically
arranged, familiarly explained, and
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