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HISTORICAL APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF IDEOGRAPHIC
DICTIONARIES IN WESTERN LINGUISTICS
Sodikova Sevinch Aliyevna
Teacher of the Department of “Foreign language and literature” in
National University of Uzbekistan, English philology Faculty
ANNOTATION:
Creating dictionaries is an urgent
task today to accelerate the work on access
to the global network and the formation of
new tasks for the use of dictionaries that
meet today's requirements. Although there
are many works dedicated to ideography
today, it has several aspects that have not
yet been explored. History of creating
dictionaries in western countries is
described in this article. Works and their
ideas of scientists of western countries are
given.
Keywords:
creating
dictionaries,
ideographical dictionaries, ideography,
German linguists, and English linguists.
INTRODUCTION:
The role of the dictionary in human life
is so important that it does not require a clear
and specific justification. During the second
and third millennia, based on the strengthening
of
interlingual
and
intercultural
communication, this communication, in turn,
led to the emergence of special needs of society
and the ever-expanding technical capabilities
to move lexicography theory and practice to a
new level. It is common for interest in such
problems to increase. Creating dictionaries is
an urgent task today to accelerate the work on
access to the global network and the formation
of new tasks for the use of dictionaries that
meet today's requirements.
It should be noted that linguists began
to study the lexical semantic system in the late
nineteenth century.
In the development of this direction of
linguistics F.de Saussure (1916), I.A.Baudouin
de Courtenay (1887), L.Weisgerber (1934),
Y.Trir (1928) E.Sepir (1921), V.V.Vinogradov
(1951), L.V.Shcherba (1940,) A.A.Ufimtseva
(1962), O.S.Akhmanova (1957), G.S.Shchur
(1971), S.G.Ter Minasova (2000) and others
played a major role.
Ideography is one of the youngest parts
of lexicography and much attention is now
being paid to its development. Although there
are many works dedicated to ideography today,
it has several aspects that have not yet been
explored. Although there are many works
dedicated to ideography today, it has several
aspects that have not yet been explored.
The history of ideographic dictionaries
goes back a long way. If we look at the history
of the creation of ideographic dictionaries, the
need to standardize the similarity of
similarities and their semantic similarity has
become apparent in the approximate history of
human thought. It is not surprising that in the
early days of civilization, when human
thoughts could be expressed in writing only
through ideograms and symbols, there was
probably only one dictionary of words in
thematic groups.
In his book “Ideographic Dictionaries”,
the Russian linguist V.V.Morkovkin divided the
history of the creation of dictionaries into two
periods. The first period begins with the
ideographic classification of Greek grammar,
Atticai Lexeis, by the well-known director of
the Library of Alexandria, Aristophanes
Byzantium (died 180 BC). In the 2nd century
AD, a large scientific work based on Greek
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language materials appeared by the lexicologist
and sophist Julius Polux (now called Polidevk),
a native of the Egyptian city of Navkratis. Under
the protection of the Roman emperors Marcus
Aurelius and his son Commodus, Yu Pollux
wrote several works, only one of which, the
Dictionary of Onomastics, has survived. The
dictionary consists of ten books. Each of the
books begins with greetings to the emperor
Commodus. Books are mainly scientific works
devoted to specific problems and contain the
most important words related to a particular
topic. Thus, in the first book, the gods and kings
are discussed, in the second book - about their
lives and physiological structure, and in the
third book - about birth and human
relationships, and so on.
The dictionary allows us to discuss how
far we have come in comparing those periods
to the understanding of it and the world in the
construction of human society, along with the
concepts that strictly adhere to the level of
scientific development and allow us to imagine
domination.
The further development of the idea of
semantic classification of lexicology is related
to the problem of so-called secular language.
From ancient times the people have not been
able to understand why they speak different
languages. An ancient longing for people to
speak the same language is reflected in the
famous legend of the Tower of Babel. One of
the directions of the creation of the world
language was based on the need to create an
artificial philosophical language. At the heart of
this language must lie a logical classification
that may be the subject of human thought
above all else. The Spanish philosopher and
theologian R.Lully made a great contribution to
the development of this subject (called R.Lulli
in Latin) (1235-1315). In his work The Great
Art, R. Lully proposes an original system of 7
concentric circles, as well as a technique of
modeling logical operations. Each circle
includes concepts. Thus in one of them there
are nine primordial gods’ angel heaven human
imagination feeling emotion plants natural
(disaster) instrumentation. Another circle
serves to show the nine absolute predicates of
holiness greatness duration (permanence)
strength striving truth gratitude; the third
gives the basis of the nine kinship, the holy
great sofa mighty, and so on.
In London in 1661, the scientific work of
D. Dalgarno, who conditionally expressed the
categories involved in the use of letters
representing the philosophical language
system, saw the light of day. D Dolgorno offers
17 classes, each of which is attached to a
specific consonant letter (for example, n-
specific objects k-relationships, etc.). Each class,
in turn, is subdivided into subclasses
represented by a second letter vowel (for
example, inter-service relations, party relations,
and hostile relations). As a result of such
divisions arise, for example, the words Nyka -
elephant, Nyki - horse, Nyke - donkey.
In 1668, Bishop J. Wilkins, in his work
The Experience of Expression and the
Philosophical Language of Real Expression,
divided all the concepts covered by language
into six types: transcendental (abnormal)
concepts, essences, quantities, adjectives,
actions, relationships. Later, these six species
are further subdivided into 40 classes, each of
which is represented by specific joints: βα, Ba,
Be, Bi; Dα, Da, De, Di; Gα, Ga, Ge,Gi and so on.
The addition of consonantal syllables such as
these b, d, g, p, t, c, z, n lead to the adoption of
certain personality types. The consonants
shown have a clear meaning as indicators of
future personality types: b - first type, d -
second type, g - third type and so on. The next
classification is again expressed by adding
vowels.
The second period begins with the
famous lexicographical work of Mark Peter
Roger. It is safe to say that the first ideological
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scientific work in Britain, which has retained
its practical value to this day and strongly
influenced the further development of the
tradition of compiling such dictionaries, was
historically seen in the world in 1852 by this
linguist. The reason we say that it originated
historically is that the scientific work created
by P.M.Roje and his followers served as a basis
for compiling the ideographic dictionaries of
the later period in the West.
The whole lexicon of the English
language has a much wider semantic scope
than the word concept that forms each field
included in the scope of these macro and micro
fields, and it unites around itself words that are
close to each other in content. The internal
structure of the sub-platforms is also built on a
structural semantic principle. For example, in
groups, words belonging to the category of
nouns are given first, then verbs, and then
adjectives and adverbs. Words belonging to the
same word group are placed on the basis of
spiritual closeness. In previous editions, the
dictionary words are in two columns, and in
the right column are words with opposite
meanings to the words in the left column. In
recent editions, however, a group of opposing
words has followed one another. For example,
the word “Content” is placed in a group as
follows in a diagram developed by M. P. Roje.
866. Content
NOUNS:
1. Content, contentment, contentedness,
satisfiedness; satisfaction, entire satisfaction,
ease, peace of mind; happiness 863.2.
2. Complacence or complacency, bovinity; self-
complacence or complacency, self-satisfaction,
self-content, self-contentedness.
3. Satisfactoriness, sufficiency, adequacy;
acceptability,
admissibility,
tolerability,
agreeability,
unobjectionability,
unaxceptionability.
VERBS:
4. Content, satisfy; gratify 863.6; put or set at
ease, set one`s mind at ease or rest.
5. Be content, rest satisfied, rest and be
thankful, be reconciled to, take the good the
gods provide, let well enough alone, have no
kick coming (slang), can`t complain; content
oneself with, settle for.
6. Be satisfactory, suffice 659.4.
ADJECTIVES:
7. Content, contented, satisfied; pleased 863.12.;
happy 863.13; at ease, at one`s ease, easygoing;
comfortable, of good comfort; without care,
sans souci (f).
8. Untroubled, unbothered, undisturbed,
unworried, unvexed, unplaughed, intormented.
9. Well-content, well-contented, well-pleased,
well-satisfied, highly satisfied.
10. Complacent, bovine; self-complacent, self-
satisfied, self-content, self-contented.
11. Satisfactory, satisfying; sufficient, sufficing,
adequate, commensurate, ample, equal to.
12.
Acceptable,
admissible,
agreeable,
unobjectionable, unexceptionable, o.k., all right
(all coll.); passable, good enough.
13. Tolerable, bearable, endurable, supportable,
sufferable.
ADVERBS:
14. Contentedly, to one`s heart`s content;
satisfiedly, with satisfaction; complacently, self-
complacently, self-satisfiedly, self-contentedly.
15. Satisfactorily, satisfyingly, acceptably,
agreeably, admissibly; sufficiently, adequately,
commensurately, amply, enough; tolerably,
passably.
16. To one`s satisfaction, to one`s delight, to
one`s great glee; to one`s taste, to the King`s or
queen`s taste.
Interjections
17. Very well! Good! Well and good!Good for
you! That will do! All the better! So much the
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better! (Roget`s International Thesaurus. Third
Edition. London and Glasgow, Collins, 1963).
In the next places are analog groups
with the word "discontent" with the number
867.
The shortcomings of P M Roger’s
ideographic dictionary were as follows:
First, the set of terms of the basic
conceptual levels (classes) is not completely
reliable.
Second, the natural connections of
words with other words often lead to the
sacrifice of abstract logic. Academician I.
Sereznevsky
was
also
right
about
this.bAcademician I. I. Sereznevsky, for
example, writes so: "Roger's point of view is so
diverse that even words that are semantically
close to each other are scattered throughout
the book... I think the more positive the pros in
general, the more likely it is to avoid confusion
over the placement of categories and parts".
Third,
the
Roje
dictionary
has
undergone major corrections in subsequent
editions, and of course its use was considered
relatively inconvenient. It should be noted that
the dictionary is designed in the opposite form
to the alphabetical dictionary.
It should be noted that the dictionary is
designed in the opposite form to the
alphabetical dictionary. Although the above-
mentioned Roger's "Thesaurus of English
Words and Phrases" was recognized by world
linguists as the first ideographic dictionary,
from the second half of the 19th century to the
middle of the 20th century German scholars
made significant and effective work on
compiling ideographic dictionaries. It is no
exaggeration to say that it has been increased.
Schlessing's work, “Proportional Phrases” in
1881, in 1873 D Sanders's “German
Explanatory Dictionary for Easy Finding Words
That Are Close to Content”, in 1964 H. Mayer`s
“GermanLanguage Statistics” was published, R.
Hallig and W. Wartburg, originally published in
1963 as “The System of Concepts as the Basis of
Lexicography”, as well as the work of scholars
such as Verle, Eggers, Moliner.
Thus, if we look at the distant history of
the science of lexicography, we can see how
important and at the same time relevant it is in
the linguistics of Western and Eastern
countries, and in turn, special theoretical and
practical work has been done. In particular, if
we look at the history of the origin of Western
lexicography, we can say that it is one of the
greatest treasures of linguistics, and therefore
the achievements of Western lexicography
deserve special attention. It is no coincidence
that the richness and diversity of English,
French and German lexicography is recognized
by world lexicographers.
In the West, the need for early
dictionaries, or dictionaries, has been reflected
in the cultural and spiritual development of
many civilized peoples since time immemorial.
REFERENCES:
1)
J.Casares Nuevo concepto del diccionario de
la lengua. Madrid, 1941
2)
J.Pollux. Julii Pollucis Onomasticon. Cит
praefatione Simonis Grynaeri. Basilea, 1536
3)
Морковкин В.В. Опыт идеографического
описания лексики (анализ слов со
значением времени в русском языке). –
М.: МГУ, 1977. – С.21-24
4)
J.Wilkins. An Essay towards a Real
Character and a Philosophical Language.
Lnd., 1668.
