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From scientific grounds to practical contraversions when taking pregnant
women with a breech presentation of the fetus.
Z. M. Umarov, M. Kh. Kattakhodzhaeva, A. T. Safarov
Samarkand State Medical University
Tashkent State Dental Institute
On the tactics of management of deliveries in breech presentations
Abstract:
Breech presentations remain as an urgent problem during delivery and
occur with a frequency of 3 – 5 % of all births. Up today according to statistics the
rate of caesarean delivery in BP accounts for 40 - 82 % and this has led to an increase
in
the
number
of
women
with
prior
cesarean
delivery
with
corresponding complications.
In recent literature there are reports about alternative
methods of delivery in breech presentations.
This article deals with the results of
comparative evaluation of different methods of delivery in breech presentations.
The urgency of the problem.
Breech presentation of the fetus remains an urgent
problem of modern obstetrics, due to the frequency of occurrence, reaching 3–5% of
the total number of pregnancies, and the resulting complications for the health of the
mother and child [1, 2, 5]. Perinatal mortality and fetal injury are 3-5 times more
common in children with breech presentation than with cephalic presentation. At the
same time, with the onset of labor, there may be an untimely discharge of amniotic
fluid, which contributes to the development of weakness of labor and prolonged
labor, loss of small parts of the fetus, and umbilical cord. On the part of the fetus,
such complications as asphyxia, intracranial birth trauma, cephalohematoma,
fractures of the limbs, and injuries to internal organs are observed. In later life, these
children in many cases experience such neuropsychiatric complications as central
paresis, epilepsy, and mental retardation (2, 8, 14). On the part of the mother, the
most common are injuries to the soft birth canal, bleeding, and postpartum purulent-
inflammatory complications [1,3,4]. Currently, with a breech presentation, it is
considered optimal to carry out a planned cesarean section.
In fact, a number of scientists believe that only a cesarean section (CS) should be
used in this case (13). Consequently, the frequency of abdominal delivery in breech
presentation increases from 60-70% to 100%. In many developed countries, there is
no guidance on the use of CS in all cases of TPP. According to Ailamazyan E.K. et
al. (1), additional indications for CS in TPP are the first birth after 30 years, the
unpreparedness of the birth canal, post-term pregnancy, fetal weight less than 2000.0
or more than 3600.0 g, premature rupture of amniotic fluid, anomalies of labor
activity. At the same time, it is necessary to remember the negative impact of
postoperative scars on future reproductive health and the complications associated
with anesthesia during surgery. The problem of abdominal delivery is especially
relevant for countries with a high birth rate, which includes Uzbekistan.
Traditionally, families have at least 3-4 children. The presence of scars on the uterus
Asian journal of Pharmaceutical and biological research
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367
significantly complicates the reproductive potential in such families. In the
management of pregnant women with breech presentation, increasing attention is
being paid to corrective exercises during pregnancy and external obstetric cephalic
rotation (3). In recent years, data have appeared in the literature on alternative
methods of pregnancy management and, subsequently, delivery in the breech
presentation of the fetus using the external rotation of the fetus on the head in terms
of 38-39 weeks. Also in world practice, there are clinical guidelines for external
rotation during a full-term pregnancy.
External obstetric rotation involves full rotation from the pelvic end to the head using
external procedures (5, 8). An important condition is that the size of the mother's
pelvis must be normal, and any narrowing of the pelvis is a contraindication to
rotation (10). In recent years, the timing of the procedure has also been revised.
Whereas obstetricians performed external rotation at 34–36 weeks a few years ago,
the advantage of later rotation is now being emphasized (6, 7). All indications for QC
were accepted as contraindications for obstetric rotation. Bowen D. J. et al. (2021)
indicate bleeding in the third trimester of pregnancy, placental abruption, infertility
and a history of miscarriages, and multiple pregnancies as absolute contraindications
to turning. Relative contraindications - arterial hypertension, preeclampsia, diabetes,
obesity, large fetus, and uterine scar. One of the important conditions for effective
obstetric rotation is a decrease in uterine tone (11, 13). However, it is not known
whether tocolysis should be used in all cases or when needed.
Purpose of the study:
Optimization of the outcomes of pregnancy and childbirth in
breech presentation of the fetus by developing an algorithm for the management and
prophylactic external obstetric rotation in full-term pregnancy.
Material and research methods:
Under our supervision were 134 pregnant women
with breech presentation of the fetus observed in the conditions of family polyclinics
in Samarkand. The age of pregnant women varied from 18 to 36 years, there were 73
(56%) primigravidas, 61 (44%) were recurrent.
Results of the study and their discussion.
The outcome of previous births in multiparous women is as follows: births in
cephalic presentation occurred in 46 women, in 15 pregnant women previous births
were in breech presentation and took place using Tsovyanov's manual. Newborns
born in the cephalic presentation were in satisfactory condition, and all are alive.
Childbirth in the breech presentation was complicated by the weakness of labor and
was stimulated with oxytocin. All children with the breech presentation were born
with asphyxia of varying severity. 3 newborns died in the early neonatal period and
two in the 1st year of life. All pregnant women were taken for dispensary registration
in the 1st trimester, they were examined: ultrasound of the uterus and other organs,
general blood and urine tests, ECG, and outpatient monitoring was carried out. The
course of pregnancy in the patients we observed is presented in Table 1.
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Table-1
Complications during pregnancy among the studied pregnant women
The course of
pregnancy
Main group
(breech presentation) n=134
Comparison group
(head presentation)
n=70
ABC.
%
ABC.
%
Without complications 43
31,8±2,7
23
35,9±3,2**
Complications:
91
68,4±2,9
47
62,7±4,1**
Risk of miscarriage 43
31,8±4,1
18
24,9±2,9**
Threat of preterm birth 15
11,3±1,7
6
7,5±1,9**
Preeclampsia
20
14,5±1,5
7
8,5±1,3**
Anemia
73
54,5±2,2
38
51,9±2,2*
Chronic placental
insufficiency
9
7,1±1,9
4
4,3±0,8**
SARS
27
20,5±1,7
12
15,1±2,1**
Polyhydramnios
12
9,1±1,3
5
4,2±1,5**
oligohydramnios
8
6,3±1,8
6
6,7±2,8*
Note: *p<0.05, **p<0.001 - difference between the main and control groups
74 pregnant women with TPP, who underwent external rotation of the fetus on
the head at 38-39 weeks, made up the main group and 60 pregnant women with TPP,
who delivered in breech presentation, were included in the comparison group.
In 60 women out of 134 who were under our supervision in the period of 37-38
weeks, contraindications to the external rotation of the fetus on the head were
revealed. In 18 women out of 60, ultrasound revealed the entanglement of the
umbilical cord around the neck of the fetus, in 5 pregnant women low placentation
was detected, in 12 women active labor began at 37-38 weeks. The remaining 9
pregnant women had prenatal rupture of amniotic fluid.
Contraindications for external obstetric rotation in breech presentation of
the fetus
№
Complications of pregnancy
Abc. numbers (п-60)
%
1
Entanglement of the
umbilical cord
18
29,6
2
Low placentation
placentation
5
6,9
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3 Э
Premature birth tugruk
12
20,1
4
Polyhydramnios
11
20,0
5.
oligohydramnios
9
15,0
6 Prenatal outpouring of ketish
waters
15
25,2
7
large fruit
19
32,1
8
Low fetal weight
7
11,7
9
multiple pregnancy
2
3,3
10
Scar on the uterus
16
26,7
In all cases, pregnant women and their relatives were consulted, the purpose and
course of the manipulation were explained, and possible complications were also
discussed. After consulting and obtaining informed consent for the rotation, a
thorough examination was carried out by objective and subjective methods, as well as
ultrasound, and the exact gestational age, fetal condition, type, position, and nature of
placentation were established. The operation of external rotation of the fetus on the
head was carried out according to the available international standards with the use of
antispasmodics gradually, slowly according to the principle "head towards the chest,
buttocks towards the back". Fetal heart rate was monitored every 5-10 minutes. The
total duration of the turn was 25-30 minutes. If the first attempt failed, they were
given a rest for 20-30 minutes. In 3 cases, the turn was made on two attempts and in
one case on the third attempt.
After the rotation, an ultrasound scan was performed to determine the result of the
rotation, the condition of the uterus and placenta, and the condition of the fetus was
carefully monitored before the onset of delivery. Control examinations were carried
out every 3-4 days before the onset of childbirth.
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Scheme of external rotation of the fetus to the head at 38-39 weeks of pregnancy.
It should be noted that during or after the obstetric rotation, in no case was there
a detachment of a normally located placenta or rupture of amniotic fluid. The
procedure of external obstetric cephalic rotation of the fetus was effective in 60 of 74
cases (80.9%), and subsequently, the pregnancy of these women ended in
physiological birth in cephalic presentation. Of these, 12 (16%) were delivered within
3 days of fetal rotation. In other cases, natural childbirth occurred at 39-40 weeks,
also in cephalic presentation. In 14 patients, the external obstetric rotation was not
effective due to the reverse rotation of the fetuses 4-7 days into the breech
presentation and they had a birth in the breech presentation. Four of these number
underwent a cesarean section due to maternal history of infertility and fetal hypoxia.
The remaining 10 gave birth through the natural birth canal using Tsovyanov's
manual. The weight of children born in the cephalic presentation was 3250.0 ± 230.0
g, and their condition was assessed on the Apgar scale at 8 - 9 points.
Serious complications in childbirth and the postpartum period in women in labor
were also not observed. All women of this group were discharged home after
childbirth with healthy children for 4-5 days. The average weight of those born in the
breech presentation was 3158.0 ± 225.0 g. The condition of 7 newborns born with the
breech presentation was assessed on the Apgar scale at 7-8 points and assessed as
satisfactory. There were no cases of stillbirth in this group. In the comparison group,
out of 60 newborns, only 58% received a satisfactory assessment (6-8 points on the
Apgar scale). None of the newborns had a condition of 9-10 points. In 6% of cases,
intrapartum fetal death occurred due to the protracted course of the 2nd stage of labor
and the development of asphyxia during childbirth. 36% of babies were born in a
serious and extremely serious condition of asphyxia and needed resuscitation. Thus,
to effectively perform the procedure of external obstetric rotation during full-term
pregnancy, it is necessary to strictly observe the indications, contraindications, and
conditions for rotation, and also to conduct a full assessment of the fetal condition.
After explanatory work, it is necessary to obtain the informed consent of the pregnant
woman and her family members to conduct an external obstetric rotation. When
providing information, it is necessary to explain the purpose of the procedure, the
results of a successful implementation, and possible complications. At the same time,
one must be prepared for possible complications and conduct natural childbirth or
cesarean section in case of complications. Based on the conducted studies, we have
developed an algorithm for the management and individual choice of obstetric tactics
in the breech presentation of the fetus using the prophylactic external obstetric
rotation of the fetus on the head.
The procedure for external obstetric rotation of the fetus in breech presentation,
in our opinion, should be carried out in regional or city perinatal centers, where there
are more opportunities to provide qualified care to the mother and child. The rotation
Asian journal of Pharmaceutical and biological research
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should be carried out in the maternity ward under constant ultrasound monitoring,
and auscultation of the fetal heartbeat against the background of intravenous
administration of antispasmodics. After rotation of the fetus on the head, the position
should be fixed with the help of rollers placed on the side walls of the abdomen of the
pregnant woman and observed for 3 days in the department of pathology of pregnant
women. Further, after removing the fixation, it is possible to discharge home before
the onset of spontaneous labor. If the results of the obstetric rotation are negative and
the fetus returns to the breech presentation, if the necessary conditions are present, it
is possible to repeat the rotation. As a result of the research, we have developed an
algorithm for obstetric management of pregnant women with a breech presentation of
the fetus, which will greatly facilitate the work of primary health care during
dispensary observation of this group of pregnant women. The use of the developed
algorithm will help to reduce the number of maternal and fetal complications,
operative delivery, perinatal morbidity, and mortality. This algorithm gives clear
indications of the timing and what research needs to be carried out, what is the
individual tactics of planning childbirth, depending on the results of the research.
Where and at what time of pregnancy, under what conditions on the part of the
mother and fetus is it possible to perform an external obstetric rotation of the fetus on
the head?
Conclusions.
The use of external obstetric rotation of the fetus on the head during full-term
pregnancy (38-39 weeks) in the absence of contraindications and compliance with all
conditions for the procedure is effective up to 80%, after which the fetus is born in
the head presentation.
The introduction into obstetric practice of the developed algorithm for managing
pregnant women with breech presentation of the fetus, individual selection of
obstetric tactics and the use of external obstetric rotation during full-term pregnancy
using tocolytics helps to reduce the number of abdominal deliveries and prevent a
number of complications in both mothers and newborns.
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