All articles - Physics

Korteveg-de Friz tenglamasi sayoz suvlarning uzun to‘lqinlar nazariyasi va nochiziqli effekt va dispersiya hosil bo’ladigan boshqa fizik sistemalarida uchraydi. Mazkur ishda Korteveg-de Friz tenglamasining simetriyalar gruppalari o‘rganilgan.

“Elcktron ta’lim” ta’lim jarayoniga tczlik bilan kirib kclmoqda. Ushbu maqolada uning yutug’i bilan birga elektron ta’limni joriy etishdagi muammolar taxlil qilinadi. Elektron ta’limni joriy etilishda “yangi pedagogik texnologiya”ni ishlab chiqish zarurati tug’iladi. Quyida “yangi pedagogic texnologiya” ta’rifi va kafolatli pedagogik jarayon loyixasi keltiriladi.

Ushbu maqolada akademik litseylarning fizika kursida Kvant fizikasi bo‘limini o‘qitishda mikroolam haqida asosiy tushunchalar keltirilgan.

Subjects of the inquiry: 103 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 20 healthy individuals.
Aim of the inquiry: To study therapeutic effect of low frequency physical factors on the cytokines and the processes of lipid peroxidation and to confirm scientifically the efficacy of their use based on the their effect on the clinical laboratory findings.
Methods of investigation: Clinical and laboratory investigations, immunological analyses of the blood scrum cytokine levels and synovial fluid, biochemical examinations of the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system indicators, phospholipase-A2 activity, nonspecific phosphatases and free oxyprolinc in the blood serum of patients.
The results achieved and their novelty: There was studied clinical efficacy of ultraphonophoresis with benzketozon during treatment and rehabilitation of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis. It was proved that disbalance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines as well as lipid peroxidation activation activity in the erythrocyte membranes and blood scrum destabilized cellular membrane structures, increase in phospholipase-A2 activity and, consequently, stimulating prostaglandines, inflammation mediators, synthesis. There was shown that complex therapy with inclusion of low frequency physical factors, particularly ultraphonophoresis with benzketozon, gave marked positive effect normalizing interrelation ship between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines reducing activity of phospholipase-A2, lipid peroxidation products and rising the levels of antioxidant system indicators.
Practical value: There has been shown rationality of inclusion of the physical-pharmacological method ultraphonophoresis with benzketozon into clinical practice. The differential indicators developed for application of low-frequency physical methods of therapy for rehabilitation of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis allow prolongation of the remission, improvement of the patients life quality.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: The practical recommendation and guidelines have been applied in the clinical practice of the out-patient special course of arthrological treatment in the Republican Rhcumatological Center, Clinical Hospital N 1, Central Hospital of Zangiota district of Tashkent province. Sphere of usage: Rheumatology, physiotherapy.

Object of the research: the process of teaching physics
The aim of the research: The periodical law of physics and the proof of the physical education according ot the law.
Methods of the research: To analyze literature regarding the research; to observe teaching process, conversation with the teacher and a pupil, to observe professional expricnce of school teachers, to prepare questionnaires, to conduct, to work out and analyse statistically the pedagogical experiment.
Scientific novelty of the research: Considering the periodic education law as a separate subject, the periods of physical education were methodically characterised, the diffcrcnciation was analyzed, the practical outcome of physical pcriodisation was reflected and the technology of governing physical education periodically at secondary schools and learning teaching materials were thoroughly established.
Practical importance of the research: the periodic technology of teaching physics which is the result of the research - can be widely used in teaching physics at secondary schools; in creation of teaching material; in working out new forms of independent and distance learning and in teachers’ training system. It can also be used in teaching other subjects at secondary schools and in other stages of education.
Efficiency and the implementation of the project: More than 30 articles, brochures and a monography were published on this dissertation. The results of the research were discussed and analyzed in the scientific conferences in foreign and local teachers and professors conferences and meetings at Bukhara State University and in another educational establishments. (Bukhara - 2000, 2001,
2002, 2003; Karshi city - 2003, 2004; Guliston city 2002, 2005; Samarkand -
2003, 2004, Tashkent city 2003, 2005; Termez city 2003, 2004; Namangan city 2005, Ferghana city 2002, 2004). The efficiency of the research at secondary schools has reached 20.8% at average.
The degree of implementation: The results of the research can be used in teaching physics at secondary schools, in teachers training system, in the creation of text-books and other teaching materials and in condiction research works connected to this matter.

 Increased interest in the problems of mechanics of coupled fields, primarily to electromagnetoelasticity, caused by the needs of today's technological advances in various industries and the development of innovation technologies. The issues of motion of a continuum with electromagnetic effects fill a highly important place in the mechanics of coupled fields.
One of the main directions of development of modern solid mechanics is a development of the theory of conjugate fields and, in particular, the theory of the electromagnetic interaction with deformable medium.
The mechanism of interaction of an elastic medium with the electromagnetic field is diverse and depends on the geometrical characteristics and physical properties of the body under consideration.
In particular, this mechanism gets some specifics when considering the problems of thin plates and shells having anisotropic conductivity.
In creating optimal structures in modern engineering, widespread use is made of thin-walled shells and plates as structural elements in which effects of nonlinear electromagnetic interaction with magnetic fields are significant.
Effects of the coupling of mechanical displacements of conductive bodies with the electromagnetic field are conditioned by the Lorentz ponderomotive forces. The Lorentz forces depend on the speed of the conductive elements of a continuous medium and the external magnetic field, the magnitude and orientation of the conduction current in reference to external magnetic field. Significant effects of ponderomotive interactions occur for high-frequency oscillations at large amplitudes of displacements, pulsed magnetic fields and current-carrying elements. It is for these conditions are first necessary to develop mathematical foundations of magnetoelasticity and applied methods for solving certain classes of problems. Among these classes of problems, first of all, we note the problem for currentcarrying thin anisotropic plates and shells placed in a strong external magnetic field, as well as the problem of nonlinear magnetoelastic vibrations of thin-walled elements in a magnetic field.
On the basis that specific magnetoelastic effects found in the study of nonlinear coupled problems, it seems urgent development of numerical approaches to solving problems related to the magneto-anisotropic flexible current-carrying plates and shells having anisotropic conductivity under the influence of non-stationary electromagnetic and mechanical stresses. In studies of nonlinear magnetoelasticity problems of special interest is determination of the stress-strain state of current-carrying plates and shells on exposure to variable electromagnetic and mechanical fields with regard to anisotropic electroconductivity, magnetic and dielectric permittivity.
Demand of these problems and interest in ones is conditioned by wide application in modern engineering as constructive elements of thin shells and plates, which are exposed to strong magnetic fields. These problems occur in modern technology, where such structures are used as protecting or bearing elements for shielding external fields of strong magnetic equipment. This interest is conditioned by the need to solve problems of electromagnetic compatibility with the development of modern measuring systems, computer devices, measurements of weak pulsed fields on the background of large fields, the development of the protection of personnel from electromagnetic effects, etc.
Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation in the formulation and solution of problems in accordanse with the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On providing an electromagnetic compatibility” (1999, № 1, art. 16, 2003, № 5, art. 67, 2013, № 18, art. 233).
The electromagnetoelasticity coupled problems of anisotropic plates and shells having anisotropic conductivity are of scientific interest in terms of both theory and applications. The matter is that in the case of thin anisotropic bodies having anisotropic conductivity it is possible to solve optimal problems of magnetoelasticity by the variation of all physical-mechanical material parameters ofbody.
In particular, when mechanical and geometric parameters of the problem are constant, using variation of anisotropic electrodynamic parameters it is possible to obtain constructive elements with qualitatively new mechanical behavior. It should be noted, that recently the materials with new electromagnetic properties were created. These materials can be use in different areas of new appliances at creation of new technologies.
Purpose of research is the development of the theory of nonlinear magnetoelasticity current-carrying anisotropic bodies having anisotropic electroconductivity, mathematical modeling and the decisions of the new class of magnetoelasticity, which will explore the stress-strain state and analyze the electromagnetic effects in orthotropic shells of revolution with the ultimate orthotropic conductivity, magnetic and dielectric permittivities.
Scientific novelty of disscrtational research consists in the following: there was first formulated the geometric nonlinear statement of the conjugate dynamic problem of magnetoelasticity to the current-carrying shells taking into account the anisotropic electrical conductivity, magnetic and dielectric permittivity;
the nonlinear two-dimensional magnetoelastic model for the current-carrying orthotropic shells with finite orthotropic conductivity, magnetic and dielectric permittivity was first obtained;
resolving system of equations which describes nonsymmetrical deformation of flexible conductive shells of rotation, which have orthotropic electroconductivity variable in two coordinate directions of hardness impacted by the nonstationary electromagnetic as well as mechanical forces was obtained;
coupled resolving nonlinear differential equations system of magnetoelasticity of flexible current-carrying orthotropic shells of rotation of arbitrary meridian due to orthotropic electroconductivity, magnetic and dielectric permeability, under the nonstationar impact was obtained;
the methods and algorithms for solution of coupled dynamic problems for magnetoelsticity of orthotropic shells of rotation subject to finite orthotropic conductivity, magnetic permeability and dielectric permittivity in nonlinear statement are for the first time developed;
new effects caused by connection of mechanical deformation fields with electromagnetic fields due to final orthotropic electroconductivity, magnetic and electrical permeability were discovered;
the stress-strain state of a current-carrying orthotropic shell with orthotropic conductivity was optimized for the selected direction and magnitude of a foreign current density.
Conclusion
1. The mathematical formulation of the problem of the nonlinear coupled dynamic magnetoelasticity of current-carrying shells taking into account the anisotropic electrical conductivity, magnetic and dielectric permittivity was made.
2. A nonlinear two-dimensional model of current-carrying magnetoelasticity orthotropic shells with respect to orthotropic conductivity and magnetic permittivity in the geometrically nonlinear formulation was made. It was assumed that the main directions of orthotropic material properties of the shell coincide with the directions of the corresponding coordinate axes, as well as orthotropic body is linear relatively to the magnetic and electrical properties.
3. On the basis of the quadratic version of geometrically nonlinear theory of shells and plates, coupled allowing system of nonlinear differential equations of magnetoelasticity was built. This system describes the stress-strain state of flexible current-carrying orthotropic shells of rotation of arbitrary meridian under the influence of time-dependent mechanical and electromagnetic stresses due to orthotropic electrical conductivity, magnetic and dielectric permittivity.
4. The development of the technique and algorithm for numerical solution of new class of coupled dynamic problems of magnetoelasticity which allows us to investigate the stress-strain state of the current-carrying orthotropic shells of rotation with regard to orthotropic electrical conductivity and magnetic permittivity in geometrically nonlinear formulation. On the basis of the developed method the stress-strain state of isotropic current-carrying circle plate and a conical shell under the influence of mechanical force, an external electric current and an external magnetic field was performed. As follows from the results of comparisons with the increase of duration of forces action and a decrease of the time step the difference between the values of deflections and stresses in various steps increases slightly. The numerical data obtained for the fourth and fifth approximations practically coincide indicating a satisfactory convergence of the iterative process. Results of the comparisons in the isotropic setting with the data of other authors show the possibility of using the proposed approach for the study of stress-strain state of flexible current-carrying orthotropic shells of rotation having orthotropic conductivity.
5. The influence of taper on the nonlinear behavior of orthotropic shell was considered. It was revealed that the interaction of magnetic induction and shear force causes extreme values of deflection and stresses, electric field and magnetic induction intensity. Note that the magnetic induction and the shear force are given on the left contour of the shell (boundary conditions) and at the same time shear force and the normal component of the magnetic induction are in opposite directions. It was found that a decrease in the cone angle leads to absolute values of deflection and stresses, electric field and magnetic flux density increase. This fact illustrates the interconnection of electromagnetic and mechanical fields. It was revealed that the cone angle equal to six degrees proved to be critical for the considered geometrically nonlinear shell at the selected loadings. Further reduction of the angle leads to buckling of the shell.
6. The stress-strain state of flexible shells in nonlinear formulation based on comparison of the solutions obtained for the current-carrying orthotropic cone of beryllium and current-carrying isotropic cone of aluminum, as well as for the isotropic cone of aluminum in the absence of a magnetic field and the external current was investigated. In all three cases the distribution of the non-linear deflection and its maximum values occur in the left contour of the shell. At the same time in the case of beryllium orthotropic cone and the isotropic cone of aluminum, considering the magnetic field maximum values of deflection differ by about two times. It was revealed that in the case of the isotropic cone without influence of the magnetic and electric fields, the deflection increases significantly. This is because in the absence of an electric field acting on the shell, the tensile strength of the tangential component of the magnetic induction, and the tangential component of the Lorentz force equals to zero. The results of decisions received in linear and nonlinear statements are compared. It was found that the difference between the results of solutions of linear and nonlinear formulations increase with decreasing of angle of the cone. Analyzing the results obtained it is possible to consider the influence of the geometric nonlinearity on the stress- strain state of orthotropic shells in comparison with the linear theory.
7. Numerical results for orthotropic beryllium cone of variable thickness for different values of “a”, parameter characterizing variability of thickness in the meridional direction were obtained. It was found that increasing the value of “a” increases the deflection, peripheral stresses of the shell, Maxwell stresses, etc. As can be seen from the results variability of thickness has a significant effect on the stress-strain state of the shell, which should be taken into account in practical calculations. The stress-strain state of a current-carrying flexible orthotropic beryllium cone of variable thickness for different types of the contours fixing of the shell was investigated. From these results it is clear that the boundary conditions of the shell contours fixing significantly affect the value and distribution of deflections, shear forces and bending moments, Lorentz forces, the magnetic induction and electric field intensity.
It was revealed that the maximum deflections and bending moments, Lorentz forces, the magnetic induction and electric field intensity arise at "hingesliding" boundary conditions. It was found that in the presence of magnetic induction on the left contour of the shell the values of deflections, bending moments , Lorentz forces, the magnetic induction and the electric field intensity is much higher compared to the presence of an electric field. Due to these results we can consider the influence of boundary conditions on the interconnectedness of mechanical and electromagnetic fields.
8. It was found that with increasing of magnetic induction the deflection and stress of the shell also increases. It was established that an increase in external magnetic field induction also increases induction of the internal magnetic field. This corresponds to a real physical processes occurring in the shell and in turn confirms the accuracy of the results.
It was shown that by choosing the value of the density and orientation of the external current due to orthotropic conductivity it is possible to optimize the stress state of the shell which is under the influence of non-stationary electromagnetic and mechanical fields. It was revealed that the increase in the value of an external electric current leads to an increase in the values of deflections and stresses of the shell, tangential and normal components of the Lorentz forces. Thus choosing the direction and magnitude of the electric current density one can achieve minimum deflection and stresses in the shell.
9. In the considered problems the dependences of values for characteristic functions of the stress-strain state of the electromagnetic parameters, in particular from the orthotropic electrical conductivity and of orthotropic of material properties which allows one to evaluate the impact of the interconnection of fields were made. Using the resulting system of coupled equations of magnetoelasticity of orthotropic shells of rotation, developed techniques for solving problems in the theory of non-stationary current-carrying shells considering orthotropic electrical conductivity in geometrically nonlinear formulation allows one to solve a new class of problems. At the same time the influence of orthotropic electrical conductivity, magnetic and dielectric permittivity of the material and the actual working conditions of structural elements are taken into account more fully that allows one to make a choice of rational geometrical, mechanical and electromagnetic parameters to improve the reliability of the construction.

Subject of research: algorithms and security software operating systems with open source (OSOS) software against malicious software.
Purpose of work: development of algorithms and software tools to detect and prevent malicious software at the core of OSOS.
Methods of research: methods for detection of threats to information security, theory and methods of inventive problem solving, methods of production of expert systems, theory of algorithms, object-oriented programming.
The results obtained aud their novelty: a modified method and algorithm for blocking malicious programs based on the proposed concept of protection OSOS; built with production of knowledge about anti-nuclear OSOS from malicious programs designed an algorithm that simulates malware insulation level applications built structure of expert system to block and isolate malicious programs, within which the technique of making real-time by choice of remedy developed programs to block and isolate malicious behavior for protection systems OSOS.
Practical value: developed models, algorithms, software tools allow to build expert systems for decision-making to assess the threat and the choice of remedies in real time.
Degr ee of embed and economic effectivity: The results are used in the learning process in the departments "E-commerce" and "Information Security" Tashkent University of Information Technology, as well as implemented and used in the Internet Service Provider Ltd ISP «DosTlink».
Field of application: developed software tools can be used to protect operating systems, open source software against malicious programs in organizations using servers based on Linux.

Subjects of research: Ion-beam treatment and electronic spectroscopy of a surface of solid.
Purpose of work: Research of legitimacy and finding-out of physical mechanisms of formation one- and multicomponent nanofilms, nanocrystals and superlattices on the basis of semiconductor and dielectric films at low-energy ion-bombardment in a combination with annealing.
Methods of research: Auger-electron spectroscopy (for research of composition), high energy electron diffraction, raster electron microscopy (for research of crystal structure and topography), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, spectroscopy elastic reflected electrons, spectroscopy characteristics loss energy electrons (for research of electron structure).
The results achieved and their novelty: For the first time the technique of obtained nanocrystals and nanofilms is developed on the basis of semiconductors and dielectric films with use of low-energy ion-implantation (Eo = 0.5-5 keV) in a combination with annealing (temperature + laser). The basic mechanisms of their formation are revealed. For the first time parameters of energetic zones and a crystal lattice of silicide nanofilms different thickness are appreciated. It is revealed, that at 9 < 5 - 6 nm with decreases of thickness of a film the width of the forbidden zone and value of a constant lattice "a" increases. The technique of an estimation of the critical sizes nanocrystals is developed at which there is a tunneling electron. The model of surface Si with nanocrystals silicide is developed.
Practical value: Results can be used for creation new nanomaterials and multilayered nanosizes geterostructure, necessary for devices micro-, opto- and nanoelectronics.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: Practical recommendations for future use of the obtained results in electronic industry are developed. Results have been used at performance of grants (Patent RUz № IAP 04080. Method of obtained nanocrystals of silicide metal; Patent RUz № IAP 04081. Method of obtained three-componential nanostructure on the basis of arsenide gallium). The part of results is used in educational process (There is an act of introduction in educational process TSTU).
Field of application: physical electronics and physics of surface, micro-, opto-and nanoelectronics, ionic-beam and laser technology, production of semiconductor devices.

Subjects of research: single crystals of refractory metals Tungsten and Molybdenum, nonferrous metal - Aluminium and semiconductor -Silicon.
Purpose of work: Investigation of the dependence of electron emission on orientation and azimuthal angle at electron and ionic bombardment. Comparative research of Auger spectra obtained at the bombardment of solid by electron and ionic beam.
Methods of research: Auger electron spectroscopy and Auger ion spectroscopy.
The results obtained and their novelty: change of impurity elements peak in Auger spectrum of Mo and W single crystals at the bombardment under different incident and azimuthal angles. Comparative investigation of Auger spectra of W, Al, Si single crystals at electron and ionic bombardment. Similarity of the data obtained from experimental Auger spectra and calculated data.
Practical value: application of the scientific-practical recommendation from research works helps to improve quantity of the products of metallurgical and cable works of our republic and can be used at choice of materials in technology of electron and radio technique.
Degree of embed and economic efficiency: the results of scientific work are applied in the electron techniques and in manufacturing of products and checking their chemical composition in metallurgical and cable works of Uzbekistan.
Field of application: metallurgical and cable works, research institutes and high education institutes.

Subjects of the inquiry: silicate brick and cellular concrete on lime-silica mixture with additive THAL.
Aim of the inquiry: Development scientifically-motivated principle physicchemical and resource saving- technologies of the reception silicate material autoclaving of the repeating over and over again with perfected technician-working characteristic by way of the goal-directed change the mechanism of the processes hydratasionnog interactions component, kineticses of the structurization and morphologies hydrating new formations at hydrotermalno to processing lime-silica systems by introduction thermo- and thermo chemical of the actuated additives of the local origin.
Methods of inquiry: chemical, physico-mechanical (the determination plastic and mechanical toughness), physico-chemical (x-rays phase, DTA, electronic-microscopic, IK-spectroscopic) methods studies, hydrotermalno processing, method of the thermal processing.
The results achieved and their novelty: is Designed scientifically-methodical principles physico-chemical base and resource saving technology of the reception silicate autoclave material by determinations correlation dependencies "structure-characteristic" and regularities hydratasionnog interactions mineral in silicate composition "barhan sand-lime-melted" at hydratasionnog to processing. Because of quick collecting certain portion by Sa(ON)2 alyminat by join process dissolutions of silica speeds up hydraalyminat calcium in saturated lime ambience with formation hydrasilikat lowered and is warned their transition about high main hydra silicates, forming hydra silicates type SSN(ln) are stable in hardening system. Armirovannyy, nitevidnim and voloknnistnimi crystal hydra mineral silicate brick shows the high factors physico-mechanical characteristic, atmosphere- and frost stability.
Due to exception plastic characteristic clinics forming lessee under his(its) thermochemical of the activations with fosfogypsum the process gas of the formation, increases the utilization ratio gas of the formation, grows shorter duration of the process вспучивания, speeds up the structurization, grows shorter time an izotermal aboutgreva gas of the concrete, increases his(its) toughness and frost stability, decreases waterabsorption.
Practical value: enlarges the source of raw materials for production of the silicate building materials autoklavnoy repeating over and over again to account of scale involvement broadly wide-spread in Uzbekistan лессов and lessoseen loam, enormous spare of the departure fosfogypsum, is reached economy of lime, and reduction to duration of their fabrication to account of the using THAL, providing high technician-working characteristic product and design. The Results of the studies served the normative base for development NTD on pilot production of the silicate brick and cellular concrete with use thermo- and THAL, on base which is organized test on issue experienced their party.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: The Results of the studies are checked in condition Urgenchskogo ZSM by issue to initial lot of the silicate brick in volume 3460 sht on base lime- silica searched for, with additive 15-20 % TAL. To account spare 4-5 % lime prime cost, on 100 kgs mixture reduction cost silicate mixture forms 2320 sum. that has allowed to get 110720 bags of the economic effect. At translation Urgenchskogo ZSM on issue of the silicate brick with additive TAL expected economic effect will form 41472000 bags/year.
Experienced-industrial test, called on on Dzhizakskom K.SM on issue of the initial lot of the cellular silicate concrete with use THAL has shown that prime cost of the cellular concrete of the recommended composition lower, prime cost of the traditional cellular silicate concrete. Expected economic effect under annual volume of production 64300 m’ silicate cellular concrete with use THAL will form 46937000 bags/year
Sphere of usage: industry of the building materials and formation industry RUz.

Актуальность работы. Интенсивное развитие оросительных мелиораций в Каршинской степи явилось мощным антропогенным фактором, изменившим водный и солевой режимы зоны аэрации и как следствие, мелиоративную обстановку на площади более 250 тыс.га. В зоне влияния Каршинского магистрального канала на массивах орошения и обводнения, вблизи водохнилищ и сбросных водоемов стали интенсивно разбиваться процессы вторичного засоления почв и подниматься уровень грунтовых вод. Сренегодовая минерализация грунтовых вод на орошаемых массивах увеличилась с 2-3 г/л до 4,5-5,0 г/л.
Водохозяйственная деятельность и мелиоративная ситуация, сложившаяся к концу 80-х годов, привели к снижению плодородия почвь на значительных территориях в результате их подтопления и засоления а также в ряде случаев загрязнения тежельми металлами.
В настоящее время В Каршинской степи орошается около 270 тыс.га. С целью снижения У ГВ интенсивно строится дренаж.К 1991 году орошаемые площади с дринажем составили 242 тыс.га. Строительство дренажа в какой-то мере снизило развитие негативных процессов. Однако существенного улучшения эколого-мелиоративной ситуации не наблюдается. В этой связи актуальной проблемой является разработка системы обоснованных мероприятий по улучшению экологической и мелиоративной обстановки в регирне.
Цель и задачи исследований. Цель настоящей работы заключается в разработке рекомендаций по улучшению эклолого-мелиоративной ситуации на орошаемых массивах Каршинский степи.
Для реализации цели было решены слудуещие задачи:
- выполнен анализ существующей водохозяйственной деятельности и оцеино ее влияние на формирование эколого-мелиоративной ситуации в регионе;
уточнено водохозяйственное районирование бассейна реи Кашкадарья применительно к совершенствованию управления водными ресурсами и выявлена возможность субирригации;
- оценено по ключевым участкам эколого-мелиоративное состояние земель;
- на основе прогнозов водно-солевого режима почв азработаны рекомендации по улучшению эколого-мелиоративного состояния орошаемых земель.
Научная новизм. 1. Дана характеристика эколого-мелиоративного состояния орошаемых земель и уточнено водохозяйственной районирирование приметельно к задачам управления водными ресурсами.
2. Усовершенствована технология способа субирригации путем регулирования коллекторно-дренажного стока с помоўью специальнқх устойств; прдложены расчетные формулы прзволяющие определить рациональное расстояние между регулирующими, и даны рекомендации по сокращению оросительных норм.
3. Разработаны рекомендации по улучшению эколого-мелиоративного состояния орошаемых земель и эксплуатации коллек горно-дренажной сети Каршинской степи.
выводы
1. Переброска Амударьинской вода в Каршинской магистральный канал (КМК) в 1973 году должна была создать наиболее эффективноные условия для использования водио-земельннх ресурсов массива. Однако наряду о положи тельным эффектом произошло и нежелательные изменения эколого-мелиоративаных условий региона, заключающиеся в следующем: за 20 лет освоения не была достигнута проектная урожайность хлопчатника (1973 г. - 26,3 ц/га, 1978 г. - 27,8 ц/га, 1990. - 22,8 ц/га), начался ннтенсиный подаем УГВ (до орошения фунтовые воды залегали на глубине 5-15 м и более) в 1973 г. со 3-4 и/год, 1974 г. - 2,34 м/год, 1978 г. - 1,67 м/год, 1980 г. - 0,22 год, 1991г. - 0,12 м/год. К настоящему время 35-40%к орошаемой плошоды засолено. Увеличилась минерализация оросительной воды, минерализация и объем стока коллекторнодренажных вод. Внесение повешенной нормы минеральных удобрения, постесидов и ядохимикатов назвали загрязнение почв.
1. По многолетним статиотичеаким данным (1973-1991 гг.) проанализирована водохозяйственная деятельность в Каршинской степи. Выявлено, что к настоящее времени удельной водозабор составляет 8 тыс.м3 при КПД равным 0,56 (проектный 0,75), что недостаточно для хлопково-люцернового севооборота.
2. При уточнении водохозяйственного районирования всего бассейна реки Кашкадерья выделено три водохозяйст венных района.
Для каждого района составлен упрощенный водохозяйственный баланс и найдены корреляционные связи между объемами водозабора и возвратных вод для разработки математических моделей использования водах ресурсов.
3. Исследована эффективность субирригации и шявяены площади для ее эффекгивного применения. Предложен способ риулирования коллекторно-древахного стока при помощи специально разработанного устройства "Каскад". Предложена расчегные формулы для количественной оценки зоны подпоре грунтошх вод вблизи коллекторов и дрен, что дает возможность рассчитывать площади влияния регулирующих устройств я определить рациональные расстояния между ниш, а также разработать рекомендации по совращению ороси тельных норм в зонах субиррягации.
5. Выполнен прогноз водно-солевого режима орошаемых земель Каршинской степи, для чего использована многокомпонентная модель солепереноса. 11роведан» полевые исследования и лабораторные парамегра модели для рассматривавших условий. Выполненные по модели расчеты позволили обосновать величины оросительных норм (9,3 -11,1 тыс.м.нетто), обеспечивающие поддержание благоприятного водно-солевого режима почв при допустимых урошях грунтовых воя.
4. Для улучшения эколого-мелиоративного состояния орошаемых земель необходимо ciporo соблюдать мероприятия, включающие в оебя промывку засоленных земель, обоснованный водно-соленвыми прогнозами режим орошения, рациональную эксплуатацию коллектерно-дренажной сети, включая регулирование уровня в о ткры тых коллекторах для создания субирригации.
По теме диссертации автором опубликовано 22 работы, основные из которых следующие:
1. Исследование метола расчета критического уровня залегания фунтовых вод на орошаемых землях. Тезисы докладов Всесоюзной научно практической конференции молодых ученых по проблеме "Экологическое совершенствование мелиоративное систем" М.: ВВИИЬМ, 1989,0,04 п.л. (в соавторстве).
2. Критерий оценки мелиоративного состояния орошаемых земель. Журнал "Сельское хозяйство Узбекистана". Ташкент, 1989,
JS 6, ОД пл. (в соавторстве).
3. Некоторые проблему подземной гидросферы Кигабо-Шахрисабской иожгорной лядины, Тезисы докладов научно фаятлчеоной конференции молодых ученых и специалистов Средней Азии по экологическим проблемам бассейна Аральского моря. Нукус, 1992,0,04 п.л.(в соавторстве).
4. Рекомендации по стабилизации подземных вод бассейна реки Кашкадарья. Журнал "Сельское хозяйство Узбекистана". Ташкент, 1992, Л 8,9 0,22 ц.л. (в соавторстве).
5. Рекомендации по улучшению экодого-мелиора равного состояния орошаемых земель первой очереди Каршинской стели. М.:ВНИИГиМ, 1992, 1,36 пл. (в соавторстве).
6. Эколого-меляоретивное воздействие субирригации в аридной зоне. М.: Труды ВНИИГиМ, 1992,0,21 п.л. (в соавторстве).
7. Изменение гидрогеолого-мелиоративных условий под влиянием ирригационных систем. М.: НТК ШШ. 1992,0,04 пл.

Objects under study: polyatomic molecules of organic compounds -imipraminc, amitriptyline, procaine, tctracthylammonium chloride and lidocaine.
Purpose: Determination of characteristic time and activation energy of the heterogen reactions of polyatomic molecule dissociation on the surface of oxidized tungsten and thermodesorption characteristics of the products of these reactions under single conditions of experiments by the isothermal methods of the non-stationary processes of surface ionization - voltage and flow modulation methods.
Methods of study: non-stationary methods of surface ionization - methods of voltage and flow modulation.
The results obtained and their novelty:
The basic characteristics of surface ionization have been experimentally defined - the ionization coefficient for the radicals (ch ,), .v ’ - ch ,, (с,нf)2N' - ch 2 and (с2hs)2n’c2ht for polyatomic molecules of imipraminc, amitriptyline, procaine, tctracthylammonium chloride and lidocaine.
The kinetic characteristics of thermodesorption have been experimentally defined for the radicals (ch ,), n’ - сн ,, (c2hs), n - ch , and (c,//s), n 'с,на being the heterogeneous reaction products of molecule dissociation - imipraminc, amitriptyline, procaine, tctracthylammonium chloride and lidocaine - by the voltage modulation method.
The kinetic characteristics of the heterogeneous reaction of polyatomic molecule dissociation with decay of (C-C)^ and (с - н bonds have been defined.
Practical value: A method of determining the kinetic characteristics of the heterogeneous reactions of polyatomic molecule dissociation have been proposed.
Application and economic effectivity: These results have been used to perform Grant Ф-2.1.7.
Field of application: physical electronics, heterogeneous catalysis, gas-analytical surface ionization industry.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. According to the Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan PQ-1442 «On the priorities of development of industry of Uzbekistan in 2011-2015» from December 15, 2010 rising of industrial manufacturing efficiency is overriding problem. Thereby, the consistent decrease of manufacturing costs and the cost value of semiconductor high-power devices (voltage suppressors, high-frequency rectifier diodes) which are manufactured by JSC «FOTON», provides for studies, aimed at improvement of their parameters and reliability as well as technological optimization, are the most important pre-requisites facilitating increase in competitiveness of manufactured devices and ensuring existing markets and new markets.
In the field of the protection of electronic equipment and prevention of failure of electrical equipments by pulse overvoltages among scientists of leading foreign countries USA, Canada, Holland and Japan tasks of research and development of high-voltage suppressors, as well as stabilizing devices based on power diodes are demanded.
These power diodes are widely used in power conversion devices, power supply systems and industrial process control systems. For their manufacturing diffusion technology of doping of silicon with boron and phosphorus is used, which is widely used for the manufacture of high-voltage diodes. However regarding the low-voltage voltage suppressors does not allow to get low differential resistance which can be obtained using the impurity providing a dramatic difference of the carriers concentration at the boundary of the p-n junction. Solving this problem requires new physical approaches that enable to obtain the high-concentration source - diffusant, which can be manufactured by use of arsenic. Moreover the efficiency of the power diodes is determined by the sharpness of the characteristics at breakdown voltages and nominal coefficient of suppression. In operating mode, power diodes under the influence of powerful pulses generate heat and their optimization is possible based on the physical analysis of heat transfer throughout the length of the structure, including the contact areas.
The demand of dissertation is derived from the need to implement advanced technologies, devices for grading and protection of electronic equipment, improve withstand impulse power that is associated with tasks requiring a focused approach to problems of reduction the technological failures and increase reliability, extend the scope of applications of power diodes, and reduce dynamic power losses.
This dissertation aimed at development of the manufacturing technology of low-voltage voltage suppressors with small scatter of the breakdown voltages and low differential resistance in both forward and reverse directions, development of radiation technology providing optimization of the breakdown voltage, increasing performance and improvement of quality of high-frequency diode.
At the same time, in a number of cases, these devices themselves need in protection from unexpected increase of current in circuit, which requires development of current limiters with characteristics reversible after influence of pulse of current. Based on the abovementioned, it is timely and actual to study in a comprehensive way both parameters of selected samples under research, and physical aspects of the production technology (for example, diffusion and radiation methods), aimed at design and technology optimization at manufacturing of the selected objects under research and, hence, obtaining optimal combi-nation of their parameters, including those related to radiation hardness requirements.
Purpose of research is development of optimized diffusion technology aimed at obtaining silicon diode structure with reduced differential resistance and enhancement of quality and reliability of high-frequency rectifier diodes and voltage suppressors under radiation.
Scientific novelty of disscrtational research consists in the following:
for the first time, technology is developed for manufacturing of low-voltage suppressor (less than 7 V) based on silicon p -n - structures doped with arsenic to apply for protection of power supply units;
for the first time, the method was developed for obtaining high-power silicon rectifier-suppressor diodes (10A) based on silicon p -p-n-n -structures with effective heat-removing contacts, which can be applied as rectifier, suppressor and blocker diodes;
the method is developed for obtaining stable to temperature ohmic contact to high-power diode with p -p-n-n -junction composed of three layers, one of which is tungsten and two others are silver layers, annealed at 450 “C, and copper disk galvanically covered with silver is selected as a heat-removing compensator;
universal double-generator method is developed to measure voltage suppressor characteristics with three times lower errors compared to those for singlegenerator method;
for the first time, current limiter with controlled operation current is designed based on gallium arsenide and contains first type conductivity semiconductor base, second type conductivity thin layer with two ohmic contacts located at some certain distance from each other and supplied with output electrodes;
the method is developed to determine voltage limitation efficiency via diode’s resistance dependence on reversed current density in the region of breakdown in a wide range of voltage values;
heat models are developed based on heat transfer and heating ofp-n-]unction when it is connected and pulse voltage is applied, assuming that the junction is heat potential and heat flow generator;
technological method is developed aimed at determination of appropriate irradiation mode, allowing optimal combination of voltage suppressor and high-frequency diodes parameters;
for the first time, protection device for electronic equipment is designed with option to indicate instant of voltage suppressor failure.
CONCLUSION
1. Low-voltage suppressors manufacturing technology is developed based on lube diffusion from high-concentrated arsenic source ensuring low deviation in breakdown voltage and low differential resistance.
2. The method is developed to obtain high-adhesive and heat dissipating oh mic contact to silicon high-power diodes. This methods includes spraying of tungsten and silver thin (0.1-Ю.З pm) layers on both surfaces ofp-n-yunction plate, and their consequent alloying with silver-plated copper heat compensator. This contact is used in developed blocking diode, which prevents failure of occasionally blocked unit of power station.
3. The method is developed for early stage rejection of voltage suppressors before installing them in casing by means of newly introduced parameter «efficiency coefficient», which is based on voltage suppressor resistance dependence on current in the breakdown mode.
4. The voltage suppressor heat model is developed to calculate and implement optimal sizes of crystal heat-removing compensators, to determine location of its active region relatively to the ohmic contacts, and, based on its characteristics, to describe it as temperature voltage generator and heat flow generator.
5. The improved double-generator method is developed to measure voltage limitation in high-power (pulse currents exceed dozens of Amperes) voltage suppressors, which can be used in measurements of reverse voltage and pulse component formed by current generator. Total measurement error occurs to be -2%, w hich is three times less than that of known single-generator method.
6. The unit for electronic equipment protection is developed based on voltage suppressor, providing automatic connection-disconnection of consumers in case of circuit overload.
7. The radiation technology is developed to optimize life-time of minority charge carriers and reverse resistance recovery time, breakdown voltage in high-frequency rectifier diodes and voltage suppressors.
8. Technological methods for calculation of reverse current and direct voltage drop, as well as volume charge layer thickness are developed to allow determination of optimal junction characteristics of high-frequency diodes related to gamma and electron irradiation dose.
9. Gallium arsenide based current suppressor is designed for low-voltage suppressor protection with reversible breakdown up to 14 V.
10. Results obtained in this dissertation related to voltage suppressor manufacturing technology and pulse parameters study methods are implemented in production at JS “FOTON”.