All articles - Energy and Fuels

There are several ways to calculate the amount of harmful vehicle emissions into the atmosphere. The article made a theoretical calculation of the amount of harmful emissions emitted by vehicles into the atmosphere, depending on the type of fuel.

The article presents the ways of improvement and development new weighted mud receipt based on composite lubricant from local raw materials and industrial wastes for drilling oil and gas wells. In the process of building oil and gas wells to maintain the stability of the walls, to prevent the flow of salts, and to prevent the penetration of formation fluids into the well, it becomes necessary to increase the density of the drilling fluid, which can be accomplished by introducing components with increased density.

Hozirgi paytda ko‘k-yashil suvo‘ti xlorellani chuqur o‘rganilishining sabablaridan biri, inson ehtiyoji uchun zarur bo‘lgan fotosintetik komponentlarga sistematik ravishda asosiy vositadir. Qishloq xo‘jaligida suvo‘tining suspenziyasi qo‘shimcha sifatida cho‘chqa, baliq, qushlarning ozuqasiga qo‘shiladi va oqova suvlarini tozalashda foydalaniladi. Bir qator mamlakatlarda oziq – ovqat mahsulotlarini biologik qimmatini oshirish maqsadida ham qo‘llaniladi. Xlorella, suvo‘tlari spirulin va lyutsernlarga nisbatan 5 marta ko‘p ko‘k - yashil pigment xlorofill saqlaydi. Fotosintez jarayonida suvo‘ti 12 % gacha yorug‘lik energiyasidan foydalansa, quruqlik o‘simliklarida esa 1-2 % tashkil qiladi [1].

Электр таъминоти тизимлари реактив қувватини носимметрик уч фазали токларини ўлчов ва назорат тизимларида қўлланиладиган IoT технологияли уч фазали электромагнит ток ўзгарткич датчиклари ва уларнинг тармоқга улаш моделларини тадқиқ этиш қўлланилиши тавсифлари келтирилган.

Elektr energiyasi boshqa turdagi energiyalardan bevosita yoki oraliq o'zgartirish yo‘li orqali olinadi. Buning uchun tabiiy organik energetik resurslardan va yadroviy yoqilg‘i, shuningdek, qayta tiklanuvchan energiyalardan, ya’ni daryolaming oqimi, sharshalar, okean oqimlari, quyosh radiatsiyasi, shamol, geotermal massalar va boshqalardan foydalaniladi. Elektr energiyasidan sanoat va qishloq xo‘jalik sohalarida, transportda, aloqa tizimlarida, fanda maishiy xizmatda kcng foydalaniladi. Elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarish va uni tarqatish energetika sohasiga tegishli hisoblanadi. Shuning uchun energetika xalq xo‘jaligining asosiy tarmog‘i hisoblanadi.

Dunyoda energiya rcsurslami qimmatlashib borishi, ishlab chiqarishning barcha sohalarida energiya tejamkorlik masalasini yechimlarini topishni ilgari suradi. Bu vazifani hal qilishning asosiy yo‘nalishlari elektr energiya iste’moli samaradorligini nazorat va boshqarish shuningdek, energiya iste’molini raqamlashtirish va avtomatlashtirishdir. Elektr energiya iste’moli samaradorligini oshirish vositalaridan biri ishlab chiqarish ko‘rsatkichlari va iqlim omillari hisobga olgan holda, qayta tiklanuvchan energiya ta’minoti manbalarini amaliyotga keng joriy etish hamda korxonalaming energiya iste’molini va energiya ta’minotini masofadan uzluksiz monitoring qilib borishni talab etadi. Hozirgi davming talabidan kelib chiqqan holda sohalarga arzon energiya ta’minoti manbalami joriy etish bilan bir qatorda ulami boshqarish va monitoring qilishda raqamli texnologiyalarni keng joriy etishni dolzarb hisoblanadi.

Jahonda energiya ta’minoti manbalari monitoringida axborotlarni taqsimlashning turli signal o‘zgartgichlarini keng qo‘llash, ular yordamida doimiy monitoring jarayonlarini amalga oshirishda elektr energiya istemol qiluvchi obektlarning uzluksiz va sifatli ishlashini ta’minlash bo‘yicha signallar bilan ta’minlovchi apparatlar, qurilmalar, vositalar hamda algoritm va dasturiy vositalarini takomillashtirishga qaratilgan qator ilmiy tadqiqot ishlari olib borilmoqda. Energiya ta’minoti tizimlarining ishonchli ish holatlarini ta’minlashda ishlab chiqarilayotgan energiya miqdori va sifatini manbalar quvvatini monitoring qilish asosida rejalashtirish, dasturiy vositalar va texnik yechimlarni ishlab chiqishga alohida e’tibor qaratilmoqda. Shu bilan birga elektr energiya manbalarining kattalik va parametrlarini ikkilamchi signallarga o‘zgartirish apparatlari tuzilish tamoyillari hamda ularning dasturiy vositalarini yaratish dolzarb masalalardan hisoblanmoqda.

In this article, due to the formation of the investment environment involved in the network of alternative energy from solar panels, increasing the level of provision of the population with renewable energy and related financial reporting, activating modern management mechanisms based on modern innovative ideas, developments and technologies, the methods of state management, organized on the basis of organizational and legal foundations.

The article provides analytical information on the role of socio-economic infrastructure, including housing and communal services, in improving the standard of living and well-being of the population, as well as energy efficiency and saving resources on the scale of apartment buildings.

The article discusses the design features and advantages of energy-efficient buildings. Problems in the field of energy saving were identified and recommendations were given  to improve energy efficiency, both individual elements and the entire building as a whole.

Actuality and demand of the theme of dissertation. Present stage of social and economic development of the Republic of Uzbekistan reflects the nature and the depth of economic reforms in economic complex of the country, the state and prospects of formation of the structure of market relations objects, diversity of property forms, including agricultural sector.
Engineering provision of agro-industrial complex (AIC) presents a principal growth factor in agriculture. At the same time in transition period from planned economy to a market one the activity of farm producers was hampered by negative factors, occurring in technical maintenance and services. In addition, maintenance of electrical installations in agro-industrial complex is at a low level; certain forms of maintenance and repair works were lost due to the lack of spare parts and elements and high-quality professionals. For example, Association "Agropromcncrgo", being previously a reliable energy supplier for villages, for various reasons, has ceased its activities on repair and maintenance of complex electrical equipment and electrical installations.
Under these conditions of undergoing restructuring of some branches of economy, effective organization of energy service in agriculture would allow to reduce: - material consumption, necessary for repair and operation works; - energy intensity of production process due to organizational and technical measures; - and to ensure high-productive utilization of energy equipment and hence - effective use of labor resources.
All this gives us the grounds to consider scientific study in organization of energy service in conditions of restructuring and improvement of activity of AIC enterprises as actual and urgent one.
The demand in dissertational investigation is connected with the development of energy service enterprises which would carry out the works on repair and modernization with efficient use of electrical equipment in conditions of development of farming in Uzbekistan and organization of local small enterprises, private and other companies and firms with different forms of property. The system of energy service, regardless of the form of property and the type of activity of enterprise-consumer, provides design, installation, assembly and startup of energy equipment and realization of all necessary processes of its operation, beginning from the stage of equipment introduction into operation. This is expressed in fulfillment of reliable operation of electrical equipment, provision of its long-term exploitation and realization of the complex of organizational and technical measures to render technical maintenance and eliminate refusals in equipment operation as quick as possible.
This investigation has great importance in connection to the Guidelines and Recommendations of I.A.Karimov - the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, stated by him while visiting on 25th of October, 2006 an exhibition «Uzbekistan Agrominitech - 2006» in Uzexpocenter, specialized in mini-technologies and equipment for agriculture, and to the Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan № ПП 2343 on 5th of May, 2015 «On program of measures to reduce energy intensity, to implement energy-saving technologies in the areas of economy and social sphere in 2015-2019».
The aim of research - is to develop scientific and methodological practically important bases to improve efficiency and operational reliability of electrical equipment, methods and forms of organization of energy services in agricultural sector of AIC.
Scientific novelty of the research consists in the following:
features of energy service enterprises have been analyzed;
scientific methods and practically important bases to improve the efficiency and operational reliability of electrical equipment, energy services organization in AIC have been worked out;
advanced scientific and methodological bases of energy services in conditions of AIC restructuring have been developed;
location points and the structure of energy service enterprises have been substantiated
new results of experimental studies and estimation of financial efficiency of energy service enterprises in AIC sphere have been obtained;
financial problems of realization of worked out principles of energy service organization have been substantiated.
Conclusion
Theoretical generalizations and practical solutions of actual scientific-technical problem to substantiate organization bases of development of energy in agriculture and energy service in conditions of AIC restructuring arc fulfilled in the dissertation. On the basis of carried out complex of scientific investigations the following results have been obtained:
1. By analysis of functioning of fuel-energy complex and system of agricultural electrification it was stated that power supply of rural energy consumers has its specific features, namely: rural consumers have relatively small but different characteristics in capacity, load, they arc located from each other over long distances.
In conditions of market planning with diversity of ownership forms and management one of the most important reserve of higher efficiency of AIC is an organization of proper maintenance service in this sphere.
It is also shown that one of the most important reserve of AIC efficiency is an organization of proper energy supply service which should be complex and include technical, technological, economic, organization and staff components.
2. It is shown that theoretical and practical problems of electric equipment operation should cover its use, maintenance and repair, as well as organization of high productivity and mobile electric technical service. Here the most important issue is the choice of the form of organization of energy service in AIC, structure principles and the level of technical equipment of its enterprises, organized with consideration of world and domestic experience.
An original program of mathematical and computer modeling of energy service has been worked out, a certificate of the Republic of Uzbekistan № DGU 02848 on 20.11.2014 was received, which facilitated solution of practically important problems of modeling of energy service system.
3. Investigation of refusal occurrence in electrical system of AIC has shown that the need for a more thorough supervision of each element, and constant monitoring of its mode of operation is necessary. During normal operation the regularity of electric equipment cannot be violated as this is increasing the intensity of refusals and wear probability. Electric equipment should be directed for capital repair or taken out from operation at initial period of failure of wear detection.
4. It is stated that concentration of available means and staff in the system of energy service leads to reduction of maintenance duration; production capacity of energy service enterprises should correspond to load amount, which is proportional to a number of equipment units in maintenance zone and intensity of maintenance requests flow.
Efficiency of implementation of measures on energy service depends on reduction in cost prices due to true rate setting, provision of optimal modes of equipment operation.
5. It is shown that to account expenses in cost prices of energy service it is necessary to consider average distance of transportation and configuration of energy equipment, by introducing correction coefficient -r|T.
6. Optimal location of all sectors of energy service enterprises is defined; it should strictly correspond to technological process of service by accepted scheme of movements, including electric repair shops.
7. Parameters of functioning of energy service enterprises arc optimized in conditions of transition to market economic relations; this includes: - process and tariffs instability, - dimensions of farmer’s peasant’s and shirkat households, -characteristics of electric equipment operation in conditions of breaking up of large farms, - number and state of obsolete electric equipment, - occurrence of once-only cutoffs in the system of centralized power supply.
8. Worked out pilot project of organization of energy service enterprises is implemented into the management of agriculture and water resources in Tashkent region of the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2013), and in machine-tractor fleet (MTF) of Karmanin, Kiziltepa, Navbakhor and Khatirchi districts of Navoi region (2009).
9. Carried out calculation of economic efficiency of investment project of organization of energy service has shown that in net discount profit (NDP) and in profitability index (PI) this project is profitable. Here profitability index is 4,278, the value of internal norm of profitability - 2,651 or 265,1%, payback time - 42 monds.
10. Worked out scientific methodical bases of energy service in AIC arc recommended for: the use in elaboration of scientific bases of prediction of power consumption; realization of organizational technical measures to increase an efficiency of utilization of energy resources, including renewable ones; development of scientific principles of application of automated systems of complex management by energy resources (ASCMER) in AIC spheres.
Total annual economic profit from implementation of study results, algorithms of software product and 9% increase in coefficient of readiness , 33% elimination of shutdowns due to two times limitation in duration of damaged equipment repair and due to increase in labor efficiency and labor resources economy is 142 million 91 thousand soum.
So, on the basis of theoretical generalization and practical realization, given in the dissertation, a major problem on efficiency increase in electric equipment operation has been solved; this problem has a considerable economic importance.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Owing to decreasing of reserves of oil and gas and also increasing of their cost on the world market, the role of solid fuel in fuel and energy balance of Uzbekistan has increased. However, ecological problems, rising at using of coal fuels have demanded for elaboration and introduction of new ecologically pure coal-fuel technologies. The same developed technology connected with coal using as fuel in form of water-coal fuel suspension (WCFS) has been advanced manufacturing recently in world practice. Combustion of coal in form of WCFS has some economical, ecological and operational advantages in comparison with powdered and layered combustion. Using of WCFS has allowed to increas effectivity of coal combustion, to utilize coal slimes, to decrease of explosion - danger of coal dust in energy boilers, decreases amounts of sulfur and nitrogen oxides emissions into the atmosphere. Introduction of relative cheap WCFS in practice promoted saving of energetical and material resources and limiting of environment pollution.
Taking into account above mentioned of WCFS advantages in comparison with modern types of fuel and also availability for it creation of cheap and local raw materials, development of new stable WCFS obtaining on the basis of Anhren and Shargun coals, as well as them rational combustion in different furnace aggregates instead mazut and natural gas can be used one of the perspective trend of energetic elaboration and coal industry of Republic.
The present dissertational work is focused on the implementation of the resolutions of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan the NPR-1442 dated December 15, 2010 «On the priorities of industrial development of Uzbekistan for 2011-2015» also Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated October 30, 2013 N292 «Development economy and management by coal industry rising qualitative level of developed new produce for account of design and exploratory and research works, dated June 6, 2013 year, N161 «Growth of coal industry for account of realization of priority investment projects directed to meet the growing population needs in coal industry for 2013-2018» which directed to accelerate implementation of modern scientific achievements and progressive innovative technology of WCFS based on Uzbekiston’s coals in the manufacture fields.
Purpose of research is consisted in development of technology of new types of fuel - WCFS based on coals of Uzbekistan; and their using in furnace aggregates of industries.
Scientific novelty of the dissertation research consist in the following:
physico-chemical properties (humidity, ash content, volatile substance content, carboxylic and hydroxyl groups, heating capacity) of Angren brown and Shargun black coals, were determined rheological properties of WCFS obtained based on low-ash and high-ash coals such as Angren brown and Shargun black coals were defined;
optimal amounts of stabilizing and plasticizing additions (NaOH, Са(ОН)з, SAS) for WCFS were found. When addition of stabilizers NaOH and Ca(OHh in the ranges 0,5-2,0% from initial weight of fuel, its viscosity increased, but dynamic stress of displacement is reduced, the viscosity of WCFS decreased in 1.5-2.0 times, and dynamical strain of displacement is increased in 2.0 times at rising of temperature from 20°C to 60°C respectively;
it was reveiled that viscosity the WCFS obtained based on brown coals is several more than the WCFS obtained based on black coal, e.g. if this value for WCFS, obtained based on sort of 2BPK is 2.52 MPa s, as WCFS from black coal sort of 1SSKOM will be 1.84 MPa s;
for fuel, dispersion phase which consist of particles up to 50 pm (80%), the influence of dispersion phase content to structural viscosity values, stability and burning was found. It is established that solid phase content is 38-40, 44-46, 49-51 and 52-55%, respectively in the WCFS obtained coals based on 2BPK, 2BOMSCh-Bl, 2BOMSCh-B2, and 1SSKOM;
stable and high caloric WCFS were obtained by mazut modification (which is contented 4-16% from initial weight of fuel) of Angren brown coals, sorts of 2BPK, 2BOMSCh-Bl and 2BOMSCh-B2. It was shown that heating capacity of WCFS based on 2BPK in optimal condition is 2900 kcal/kg;
the optimal regimes of technology proportional and full combustion of WCFS were worked out basis of the using new jumbo burner allowed delivery of heat pretreatment fuel and compressed air in the furnace aggregates.
CONCLUSION
1. For the first time possibility effective using low-and high-ash brown coals from Angren and Shargun deposits of the Republic of Uzbekistan has been sounded with purpose obtaining instead liquid fuel oil the alternative water-coal fuel suspension (WCFS), as well as existing optimal regime technology has been tested for normal and full their combustion with using new jumbo burner with pretreatment heating of fuel and compressed air.
2. Technology of WCFS obtaining based on of Angren coals of sorts 2BPK, 2BOMSCh-Bl, 2BOBSCh-B2 in complex with stabilizing and plasticizing additions NaOH, Ca(OH)2, SAS and by mazut modification was elaborated. It was shown that heating capacity of WCFS based on sort of 2BPK. make 2900 kcal/kg (12,2 MJ/kg), and it is increased as well as values of sedimentation stability and fluidity of WCFS at them modifying with mazut, stabilizers and plasticizing agents.
3. The correlation dependence of the main colloid-chemical parameters of WCFS was established rheological characteristics from physic-chemical properties of coal (ash content, water-absorbing capacity, heating capacity, volatile matter content, carboxylic and hydroxyl groups) their quantity in the fuel suspension, dispersion degree, stabilizing additions, and pH of dispersion medium. It was shown that in processed fuel suspension by established optimal quantity of stabilizing and plasticizing additions NaOH, Ca(OH)2, and SAS their values as stability, viscosity and fluidity are kept constant.
4. It was determined that structural viscosity of WCFS obtained based on brown coals is higher (2.52 MPa s in suspension obtained from brown coal sort of 2BPK.) than obtained based on black coal (1.84 MPa s in suspension obtained from black coal sort of 1SSK.OM) that connected enough with high of carboxylic and hydroxyl groups content in the macromolecules of brown coals.
5. It was established that at addition of NaOH, Са(ОН)г stabilizers in the range 0.5-2.0% from weight of fuel, its rheological parameters is practical constant with time; the structural viscosity of WCFS is decreased more than in 1.5-2.0 times, and dynamical strain of displacement is increased in 2 times at rising of temperature from 20°C to 60°C respectively.
6. It was shown the structural viscosity and stability of WCFS dependence on content in it the fraction of solid phase with size of particles is less than 50 pm. The values indicated suspension parameters are enhanced with increasing the content this fraction in the total mass of coal. Moreover, the suspension with optimal of viscosity values and stability are formed at content this fraction is not more than 80% in coal mass can be reached by regulation of grinding time of coal. It is found that the solid phase content is 38-40, 44-46, 49-51 and 52-55% respectively in the obtained coals based on 2BPK, 2BOMSCh-Bl, 2BOMSCh-B2, and 1SSKOM.
7. It was shown possibility of combustion of obtained stabilized WCFS in furnace aggregates with using new jumbo burner. It was determined that the process them combustion is characterized by high full burning of coal (98.0-99.7%) should be said with known mention the effect oxygen containing in the dispersion medium of fuel plays role as intermediate oxidizing agent at all stages itself combustion. In addition oxygen activates surface on the solid phase of fuel. The result burning of its sputtered particles is began but this fact is not carried out by combustion of coal-volatile matter, it is performanced on the surface where heterogenic reaction of oxidizing formed. It was determined WCFS with normal rheological properties can be obtained at using is not only main water with hardness 2.5 mg-eq./l) and also it meets requirements of LPC (limited permissible concentration) of industrial sewage (4.4 mg-eq./l) which is more reasonable and economically benefit.
8. Technological schedule, and instructions of obtaining and combustion of WCFS based on brown and black coals of Uzbekistan are developed, experimental - industrial tests (from 18.07.2013 to 20.07.2013 and from 14.11.2014 from 17.11.2014) of obtained WCFS at their combustion in furnace of driving chamber of Angren were carried out and at this economical effect at substitution of mazut on proposed in this dissertation WCFS has been equaled 291,6 ml. sum per year, only without the depreciation charges. It is shown that at substitution of existing types of fuels at present (mazut, natural gas and other) on WCFS at enterprises of stock company «Almalyk МСС», then in industrial scale at state stock company «Uzbekenergo», economic performance is sufficient increased. WCFS obtained is recommended as alternative fuel for wide application on a number of heat and power aggregates, agricultural and communal spheres of Uzbekistan.

Relevance and demand of the subject of dissertation. Experience of industrialized countries testifies that resource-saving is one of conditions of their sustainable development. Having our own stocks of organic-mineral raw materials, the republic considers this tendency, seeking to increase overall performance of the enterprises.
In oil and gas branch mining, storage of raw materials there is evaporation loss of hydrocarbons in steam-air mixture (SAM). It is estimated that due to their reduction, it is possible to increase production by 20%, reduce the burden of enterprises on the environment and health of the population. The specified losses come from replacement in the atmosphere of SAM from the gas space (GS) of tanks. That is why to equip them with fuel and fire evaporation suppress devices -pontoons, sorption systems and vapor recovery of fuels, import-substituting reagents and materials, is an important task of the industry.
In nonferrous metallurgy import substitution of the applied reagents, sorbents and increase of effectiveness of their use is also actual, stimulating development of technologies of localization of their production.
So, the need for absorbites for a recuperation of vapors of hydrocarbons, foaming agents for flotation of copper and molybdenic ores on the copper dressing-works (CDW) of Copper-smelting plant (CSP) JSC “Almalyk MMC” is high. There in the shop of processing of rare metals (SPRM) uses Kaolinum on outdated technology of a pelletizing of Mo concentrate: meanwhile, more efficient bindings are known.
Mentioned materials are colloid and chemical agents, regulators of processes in heterogeneous systems. Studying of the surface phenomena and equilibrium states on their interfaces, properties of the allocated components is the basis for resource-saving technology of new sorbents, surfactant for oil and gas branch and metallurgy.
The real dissertation work is focused on implementation of resolutions of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PP-916 of July 15, 2008 "On additional measures to stimulate innovative projects and technologies in production" and No. PP-1442 of December 15, 2010 "About priorities of development of the industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2011-2015", and also No. PP-2120 of February 04, 2014 "About the program of localization of production of finished goods, components and materials for 2014-16" which are directed on increase of effectiveness of the industrial production due to decrease in production expenses and product cost, introduction of the modem energy saving and resource-saving technologies.
Purpose of research is creation of evidence-based resource-saving the technological decisions, on the basis of high performance reagents, in dispers oil -at production, storage, in nonferrous metallurgy - at floatation enrichment of copper ores and production of a candle end of a middling product molybdenic.
Scientific novelty of the dissertation research consists in the following:
the novel system of light fraction of fuel recovery for reservoirs by condensation, sorption was developed;
the new sorbent - the KAU-M modified coal is developed;
the optimization of vapor recuperation regime of hydrocarbons with use local sorbents was carried out;
the new data on evaporation dynamics during the exploitation of industrial tanks for hydrocarbons storage were obtained;
developed, tested and implemented ways to fuel supply: pontoon, sorption, based on local raw materials;
the composition of bonding agent to granulate Mo-concentrate in comparison with existing composition (8-10% of kaolin in mixture with Mo-concentrate) facilitating extraction of Re, Mo from the candle end by sublimate-condensation and ammoniacal leaching, respectively, as well as the extraction of Au and Ag from the cake of ammoniacal leaching of Mo by cyanide leaching were developed;
the composition of the mixture to granulate Mo-concentrate with a novel binding SC containing (wt.%): Mo-concentrate 97.3-97.0; kaolin 2.0; watersoluble SC polymer 0.7-1.0 was proposed.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of the studied laws of the states of a number hydrocarbon and mineral ore dispersed systems, current scientific and technical tasks in the field of resource-saving in industrial sectors such as oil and gas, and metallurgy were solved. The main scientific and practical results obtained at the fulfillment of the dissertation work are following:
1) The regularities of oil and gas dispersions regulation were determined:
- Kinetics of adsorption of hydrocarbon vapors on solid sorbents;
- Absorption kinetics of hydrocarbon vapor by liquid absorbents;
- Fuel evaporation kinetics at the interface: liquid-vapor;
2) On the basis of the developed principles of vaporization control in the dispersed fuel systems, technological solutions were proposed:
- Adsorption vapor recovery fuels on novel adsorbents (active carbons, zeolites NaX, NaA, CaX, with the balance making of the vapor fuels recuperation, construction of adsorption isotherms, development domestic «Activated KAU-M carbon TSh 88.16-31: 2007» and the adsorption recovery units based on it);
- absorption vapor recovery by absorbent (diesel fbel, due to the «big breath» storage tank when filling in the «intermediate» tank fuel distributive system);
- fuel saving during the storage owing to reducing their evaporation, as well as owing to the area decreasing of the phase interface: the liquid-vapor (with the effect of 85-95%, by reducing the GS of reservoir and overlapping by 98% of fuel surface mirror by pontoon. Alternative for it structural material is polyethylene terephthalate, float shapes are cone with firefighting function).
3) Number of surfactants series AT and PT were developed based on local anthropogenic raw materials. Their colloid-chemical and performance properties were studied as foaming agents in devices extinguishing of cone-floats pontoons tanks storage of fuels and flotation benefication of Cu-Mo sulfide ores from Kalmakyr at JSC «Almalyk MMC».
4) HMC polymer SC has been developed on the basis of local anthropogenic raw materials representative itself a hydrolysis product of waste production polyacryl nitrile fiber for the resource saving production of candle end of molybdenum middling at SPRM CSP of JSC «Almalyk MMC», as the novel component of the charge granulation of Mo concentrate. Its new composition (wt.%): Mo concentrate 97.3-97.0, kaolin 2, water soluble SC polymer 0.7-1.0. When necessary, kaolin was less replaced by the bentonite and SC polymer on CMC or PVA, to adjust the concentration of substitutes. Hydrophilic, strength, structural, physico-chemical and technological properties of the charge Mo concentrate based on binders: kaolin and organic polymers derived from them granules and candle end were compared. Technology of candle end processing of molybdenum middling with the new charge is not differenced from existing technology, from traditional composition of mixture: 8-10% kaolin and the rest is Mo concentrate. However, it facilitates the extraction of Re, Mo out of candle by sublimate condensation and ammonia leaching, respectively, as well as the extraction of Au and Ag out of ammonia leaching cake of Mo by cyanide leaching.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Nowadays, in world the development of fundamental research in the field of microwave devices is one of the important scientific problems in the physics of semiconductors. The research aimed at studying the influence of the microwave field in the forming of an electromotive force in the p-n-junction and the processes of deformation effects in semiconductors, modulation and receiving of microwave signals are prospective.
In the field of development and investigation of microwave diodes main attention is focused on the manufacturing of microwave monolithic integrated circuit structures based on GaAs and InP, and modules based on them. Studies are carried out on manufacturing technology and supply of electronic components, discrete semiconductor devices. In order to expand their functional characteristics research of the effect of simultaneous exposure of RF electromagnetic field, deformation and light on the current characteristics of diode structures are relevant.
Research of the diode structure with an asymmetric concentration p-n-transition by giving to the charge carriers conditions of warm and hot electron allows to receive significiant information about the dynamics of its current characteristics depending on external influences such as deformation, thermal radiation, which are demanded in this time.
Therefore the study of the influence of the effects arising in semiconductor structures with simultaneous deformation and light in the microwave field in conjunction with changes in the cunent-voltage characteristics of the diodes serves as the basis for solving the problems raised in the dissertation.
Purpose of research is to study the influence of microwave electromagnetic field, deformation and light on the cunent characteristics of asymmetrical concentration pn-junction.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
for the first time it is proved that the open circuit voltage and short circuit current in asymmetric concentration p-n-junction placed into a microwave field occurs not only due to high temperature charge carrier, but also due to less hot carriers with a high concentration;
the dependences of CVC, short circuit current and open circuit voltage are considered for asymmetrical concentration p-n-junction in a microwave field in three-dimensional space, the dynamics of change by the third parameter are analysed;
it is shown that the non-ideallity ratio of cunent-voltage characteristics of p-n-junction in a microwave field is determined by the electron temperature Te, and holes Th, at a predetermined bias voltage U and described by the expression, taking into account the concentrations of electrons and holes, as well as their temperature coefficient and diffusion length, temperature of phonons, applied voltage and perturbations of potential barrier height;
it is revealed that the forming of EMF and current in low heating of charge carriers due to deviation of the electric field vector of the microwave inside the asymmetric concentration p-n-junction and Frenkel's effect and their increase at a strong heating of charge carriers due to the simultaneous perturbation of the potential barrier height;
the CVC is calculated at nonuniform heating asymmetric p-n-junction in a microwave field, showing the occurrence of curl currents lead to a reduction in the total current associated with the heating of the electrons and holes, and high-frequency disturbance potential barrier;
it is shown that the increase in the concentration of cunent asymmetric p-n-junction, caused outrage potential barrier height and an increase in recombination current in a strong microwave field, is inhibited by light to generate photocarriers, leading to the displacement of current-voltage characteristics of p-n-junction in the direction of smaller current values;
it is established that the deformation of asymmetric concentration of p-n-junction in a strong microwave field increases the generated cunent, and simultaneous exposure to light it causes its decrease.
CONCLUSION
1. The theoretical research shows that at low capacity of the microwave field dependence of the mobility not only hot, but warm electrons significantly perturb the height of the potential barrier, and lead to high-frequency EMF and the current. At high powers, the microwave heating of the electrons and the perturbation potential barrier height lead to an increase in active current, including short-circuit current and open circuit voltage.
2. The theory of three-dimensional CVC has been established of which a microwave field has been obtained for asymmetric p-n-junction short-circuit current and open circuit voltage. Three-dimensional CVC allowed to get a visual representation of the process of heating of electrons and holes of the microwave field.
3. Firstly, we calculated the CVC of p-n-junctions in a microwave field, taking into account warming up major carriers not only n - region (electrons) and p-region (holes). It was found out that the CVC of the diode depends on the temperature of the charge carriers that carry the primary current through the pn-junction.
4. It was found out that the occurrence of EMF and current in low heating of charge carriers are due to deviation of the electric field vector of the microwave inside the asymmetric concentration pn-junction and Frenkel's effect, and with a strong opening act - a significant change in the parameters of a potential barrier to the emergence of results in both EMF and currents as well as their growth.
5. The theory has been worked out of inhomogeneous heating of electrons and holes with simultaneous high-frequency disturbance potential barrier asymmetric pn-junction. CVC corresponding calculation shows that with eddy currents that are able to reduce the magnitude of the total cunent through the p-n-junction are excited.
6. It is shown that light generated photo carriers lead to displacement of CVC pn-junction towards negative values of the current, which, in its turn changes some effects of a strong microwave field on the asymmetrical pn-junction (suppressed recombination currents)
7. The mechanism of simultaneous influence on the asymmetrical pn-junction of three actions: the deformation, the strong of the microwave fields and light was determined. If the deformation and the microwave field increases the generated by a pn-junction current, the effect of the light, conversely, leads to its reduction.
8. It is established that reducing the amplitude and increasing the frequency of deformation lead to a change in the excessive concentration of electrons. The specific characteristics of the strain effect in semiconductors allowed to determine the change in the concentration of recombination centers in the sample.
9. Taking into account the concentration, temperature coefficient, diffusion length of the carriers of both signs, the temperature of the phonons, the applied voltage and perturbation potential barrier height, the universal expression for the imperfection was obtained.
10. In the study of phenomena related to the participation of non-equilibrium charge carriers, in particular, the calculation of ballistic photovoltage arising in thin films, there can be used mathematical tools applied in the calculation of the impact of the microwave field in the semiconductor structure. It follows from the calculations that the ballistic photovoltage is directly proportional to the light intensity and the determined speed of the photoelectrons, the time and the mean free path of excited carriers, and its magnitude (voltage) can prevail over the bulk of the electromotive force only in samples with a large mean free path with a strong absorption of light.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. The sharp increase all over the world number of cars and various vehicles demands manufacture qualitative motor fuel on basis energy-savings technologies. Since 2005 on present time all over the world the oil recovery and gas has increased more than by 55 %, and investigation of their underground stocks more than 3 times. Manufacture motor fuels from oil-gas condensate (OGC) mixes is based on the expense of a considerable quantity of energy and use of difficult devices. Last years requirements of quality motor fuels steadily grow, and at the same time instability on quantity and the prices of oil raw materials all over the world is observed. Technical and technological updating of oil refining factories, application energysaving manufacture methods are the basic criteria providing decrease of expenses by manufacture of mineral oil, in particular motor fuel and improvements of their quality. The above-stated strategic directions of development of manufacture in oil and gas branch correspond to a complex of actions for development of the enterprises.
As is known, manufacture motor fuels from oil-gas condensate mixes is based on one of power-intensive processes - difficult distillation (rectification). Thus now as the steaming agent it is used superheated water steam. Analyses show, that the negative phenomena listed more low confirm an urgency of the spent researches on perfection of theoretical and applied bases of application of the hydrocarbon steaming agent at reception motor fuel from oil-gas condensate mixes, an intensification mass exchange and definition of efficiency of application of hydrocarbon steaming agents: considerable power and technological expenses of manufacture superheated water steam; giving of water steam in rectification columns causes formation, in the course of condensation of hydrocarbon steams, a water condensate. In turn the branch of a water condensate from the received fractions demands special devices, carrying out of technological processes of clearing and additional power expenses; water steam and its condensate, being in structure of a mix of hydrocarbons, reduce intensity heat-mass-exchange processes and efficiency of technological indicators оборудований for their realization; high value of warmth of condensation of water steams (2260 kJ/kg) concerning this parameter at hydrocarbon steams (250-350 kJ/kg) promotes increase in power expenses at their condensation; the water condensate promotes strengthening of corrosion of contacting surfaces of devices; as a part of a water condensate there are rests of mineral oil, sulphurous and others the chemical compounds demanding additional expenses, connected with their removal and recycling. In turn these impurity aggravate manufacture environmental problems; watering of distillation fractions (especially avia-kerosene and diesel fuel) a condensate of water steam demands additional expenses connected with their dehydration.
Dissertational work is directed the decision in defined to degree of problems resulted in resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan the №PR-916 dated July 15, 2008 y. «About additional measures for stimulation of introduction of innovative projects and technologies in production» and the №PR-1442 dated December 15, 2010 у. «On the priorities of industrial development of Uzbekistan in 2011-2015».
Purpose of research. Creation of scientific bases energy-saving technologies of dry distillation of oil-gas-condensate mixes by a process intensification of mass given in a steam phase application of the hydrocarbon steaming agent at reception motor fuel.
Scientific novelty of dissertation research lies in the following:
the new technology of dry distillation oil-gas-condensate the mixes, based on an intensification mass-exchange processes by replacement of the traditional steaming agent by hydrocarbon steams is created;
reached intensification in a steam phase mass given more than three times at the expense of reduction 10 times thickness of a boundary film between contacting phases, and head given 6 times at the expense of high values criterion of hydrodynamic and thermal similarity at division oil-gas condensate mixes a method of dry distillation;
process change mass-exchange is shown at distillation oil-gas condensate mixes at the expense of considerable difference between physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbon and water steams;
technological parameters of processes of dry distillation oil-gas condensates mixes defined by recirculation 1,46 t/hour of hydrocarbon stripping agents through a rectification column are defined;
series of values increase of factor of diffusion taking into account change of molecular weight of hydrocarbons was defined by the settlement;
improvement of clearness of division distillate fractions on 5-7 °S is established at use of the hydrocarbon stripping agent in comparison with water steam at the expense of intensive mass-exchange between steam and liquid phases;
decrease in thermal loading in the course of condensation more than in 10 times is shown at use of the hydrocarbon stripping agent in comparison with water steam at the expense of the superiority thermal properties of the alternative stripping agent.
Conclusion
1. On the basis of an intensification mass-exchange processes by replacement of the traditional stripping agent (overheated water steam) on hydrocarbon steams, scientific bases of new technology for the first time are created - dry distillation oil-gas-condensate mixes in rectification column to a column, allowing to save heat power expenses for 66,4 %.
2. Researches of a thickness boundary diffusion films at rectification oil-gas-condensate mix with use of hydrocarbon stripping agents have shown, that a thickness of these films, on the average in 10,6 times there is less than thickness, formed by water steam.
3. The analysis of application as the stripping agent of hydro carbonic steams instead of water steam at distillation oil-gas-condensate mixes, has shown, that the factor increase mass given in a steam phase has averaged 3,2 times.
4. Degree of increase of factor mass given at rectification oil-gas-condensate mixes has averaged of 1,25 times depending on the applied stripping agent and distributed fraction.
5. The technological scheme of a supply of hydrocarbon steams in rectification columns for distillation carrying out recirculation is offered a mix, thus there is a possibility of reduction of the expense of the stripping agent on 11,7 %.
6. The technology on a basis recirculation of hydrocarbon steams which has a number of advantages is developed energy-saving: an exception of application of water steam, increase in an exit of light fractions, absence of a moisture in fuel fractions, reduction of power expenses in the course of condensation; elimination of ablation of petrol fraction by a condensate of water steam, increase in selection of fuel fractions at 2,67 %, reduction of corrosion of equipment, improvement of ecological conditions of manufacture, etc.
7. Optimum conditions of carrying out of process of rectification are established at application of technology of dry distillation of oil-gas-condensate mixes with use recirculation 1,46 t/hour (on 11,7 % it is less than water steam) hydrocarbon steams instead of water steam.
8. Improvement of clearness of division distillate fractions on 5-7 °S is established at use of the hydrocarbon stripping agent in comparison with water steam at the expense of intensive mass given between steam and liquid phases.
9. Decrease in thermal loading in the course of condensation more than in 10 times is shown at use of the hydrocarbon stripping agent in comparison with water steam at the expense of the superiority thermal properties of the alternative evaporating agent.
10. Settlement annual economic benefit at the expense of application of a new method of dry distillation oil-gas-condensate mixes for line ELOU AVT-1 Fergana OR productivity on 600 thousand tons raw materials in a year makes more than 500 million sums.

Subjects of research: rectification processes in an exhaustive string.
Purpose of work: increase of efficiency of process of rectification нефтегазоконденсатной mixes in an exhaustive column by replacement перегретого the water steam applied as the heat-carrier (the steaming agent), on steams heavy faction.
Methods of research: at determination physical and chemical and thermal properties of hydrocarbon raw standard methods of application are used, and at learning of its fractional composition - vehicle. Measurings of temperature, stress, raw and heat carrier discharge rates and other indexes are held by traditional methods. Treating of results of studies is held with use of methods of similarity theory and modelling.
The results obtained and their novelty: for the first time the dodge of an intensification of a mass-transfer is substantiated at rectification of a petrogas condensate mixture for the account of decrease of thickness of boundary films between contacted by phases at use of hydrocarbon steams of in the capacity of steaming agent instead of overheated steam; possibility of an intensification of process of heat change between the steaming agent and a distilled mixture by comparison of coefficients of a convective heat exchange vapour-phase with application of methane, ethane, propane and butane in relation to analogue - water steam is demonstrated; the effective method of rectification of a petrogas condensate mixture in an exhaustive string with application of steams of a high-gravity naphtha in the capacity of the alternative steaming agent allowing is tendered to augment culling of propellant distillates from raw.
Practical value: the elaborated optimum flow diagramme of heat input of steams of a high-gravity naphtha in a bottom part of an industrial fractionation tower allows to increase culling of light distillate fractions from composition of boiler oil on the average on 2,7 % and to diminish the discharge rate of steaming heat carrier on 11,7 %.
Degree of embed and economic effictivity: the technological operating instruction on application of steams of a high-gravity naphtha in exhausting a fractionation tower part is prepared. The elaborated recommendations, on the basis of solution it is production - operating personnel Bukhara petroleum refinery from October, 10th, 2011, are taken over to adapting jointly with specialists of factory to working conditions with the further implementation in production. Expectational annual economic benefit for the account application of a new method of pyrogenic distillation of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures in an exhaustive string Bukhara petroleum refinery compounds 1,3 mlrd. soums per year.
Field of application: the petroleum-refining industry.

Subject of research: tenzosensitivity films of ВьТез, SbjTej got under vacuum evaporation, high compensated silicon with deep level, flint p-n-transition, AGP film CdTe and Si.
Purpose of work: is a study of mechanism origin EMF in p-n-transition in strong microwave field.
The description in tenzosensitivities film by methods R(s) path and thermodynamics of the roundrobin processes.
Methods of research: the methods R(s) path in theories of the fluctuations. Modeling deforming effect. The Numerical experiments.
The results obtained and their novelty:
1. For the first time it is shown, that EMF arising due to non-uniform distribution of an electromagnetic field reduces vortical currents in p-n-transition.
2. The method of phase portraits for the first time is applied to research of deformation effects in semiconductors. The method of phase portraits allows to interpret all possible processes from one point of view.
3.Influence of illumination by own light on R (e) dependences of deformation effects Is established. It is shown, that factor tenzosensitivities the shined p-n-transition and own semiconductor it is possible to operate deformation £0, frequency and intensity of light.
Practical value: Method phase path can be use when checking the features semiconductor. The Results studies of tenzosensitivity can be used at development a new tenzogauges.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: results of work can be applied in electronic industry, in the field of power and in development of new kinds of strain gauges. Can are useful in scientific researches by definition of concentration generation the centers and speed of generation in semiconductors. The received results can be used in educational process in higher educational institutions.
Field of application: Microelectronics, solid state physics, physics semiconductor, optoelectronics.

The relevance and demanding of the dissertation the theme. Today, the world's countries with different level of provision of electric power, the average power consumption is 37% in the industry, including mining and metals industry accounted for 12 In connection with the depletion of easily recoverable reserves of mineral resources and the involvement in the exploitation reserves localized in more difficult geological conditions, energy consumption for mining industry is constantly growing. According to statistics, the annual consumption of electrical energy in the mining industry in the world is 913.2 TWh. By results of researches by 2030 the growth of electrical energy consumption will be average 1.8% per year. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of measures to ensure the needs and requirements of industry, energy saving and efficiency of the process, optimization of electric energy consumption.
Mining and metallurgical industry is one of the largest energy consumers in the Republic of Uzbekistan, in which special attention is focused on the organization of effective measures for the implementation of high-performance technologies. In this regard, notable progress has been made in creating high-performance process control systems, standardization of electric energy consumption, improvement of management systems of technological process on the based of intelligent systems.
Acquired issues of particular importance to reduce energy intensity of process ore beneficiation process and energy efficiency technologies for processing mineral resources in view of its inherent characteristics. In this area, the implementation of targeted research is a priority, while highly relevant research in the following areas: the development of a rational law of variable frequency drive, identifying energy-saving modes of operation of the induction motor with static and dynamic processes and the creation of its mathematical model, the development of the wear pattern of the pump unit, the development of a mathematical model of the process and electricity rationing electricity consumption, taking into account the definition of the significant factors influencing the process, to develop an algorithm of forecasting of electric energy consumption. Ongoing scientific research on research areas above indicated is the actuality of the dissertation topic.
This dissertation research is to a certain degree perform tasks provided for in the law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the rational use of energy" (1997), Decree of the of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan PD No. 2343 on May 5, 2015 "On the program to reduce energy consumption measures, the introduction of energy saving technologies in the fields of economy and social sphere for 2015-2019 " and the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 333 on November 28, 2012 "On additional measures to reduce manufacturing costs and reduce production costs in the industry", as well as in other regulatory documents adopted in this area.
The aim of the research is to develop technical solutions based on the variable speed drive with electricity rationing parameters that provide energy efficiency enrichment processes.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
identified the most important factors affecting the wear of pump components, developed a mathematical model of wear as a function of the main factors influencing it in the course of operation;
developed energy- and resource-saving operation of variable frequency drive system, "asynchronous motor - pump pumping pulp";
depending on the efficiency of installed electric power consumption of the degree of loading of the balls of the mill second-stage grinding the orc;
developed a comprehensive method of valuation and modeling of energy consumption parameters for the evaluation of energy saving efficiency;
developed a model for predicting the electrical energy consumption of the basic technological parameters of the function.

The urgency and relevance of the theme of dissertation. Today around the worldbroad application of cold in food, chemical the industries, etc. allows to provide to medicine, pharmaceutics rhythm of production, it is more rational to use fixed assets, to keep quality of foodstuff, drugs, etc. In recent years, according to the International institute of cold, about a third of world production falls to the share of perishable goods. The general losses of all food in the world make ~25%, fruit and vegetables ~35%, perishable goods because of a lack of refrigerating capacities ~20%.In this regard construction new and reconstruction of the operating refrigerators arc inseparably linked with technical progress in area of production, application of artificial coldandisone of important tasks.
For years of independence special attention is paid on production of refrigeration and climatic units of different function. Essential results on increase in productivity and efficiency of the compressors entering them and the hcatexchange equipment arc achicved.lt is possible to note especially reduction of power losses in devices.
Todayimprovement of schemes of the produced installations, conservation by use of the ozone-safe and not creating greenhouse effect coolants arc one of important tasks.Carrying out purposeful research works, in particular, development of safe mixes of coolants, effective hcatexchange devices, programs of calculation of refrigerating cycles and selection of componentsis one of importanttasks.
This dissertation research to some extent serves performance of the tasks provided by the Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan of April 7, 2011 No. PP-107 "About measures for development and strengthening of material and technical resources of storage of fruit and vegetable products for 201 l-2015"and also in other standard and legal documents accepted in this sphere.
The aim of research work is development of scientific and methodical bases of process of boiling of multicomponent mix of coolants on a surface with cross and ring flutes and of the hcatexchange device from pipes with cross and ring turbulizers.
Scientific novelty of the research work:
the heat exchange model at vesiculate boiling of hydrocarbonic coolants and their ncazcotropny mix R290/R600a/R600 on pipes with cross and ring turbulizers is created;
on the basis of the carricd-out tests skilled data on refrigerating capacity, energy expenses in the one-stage and cascade refrigerators equipped with the effective condenser, the evaporator and the condenser evaporator arc obtained;
dependence of refrigerating capacity, the spent power on a type of coolant, the place of application of effective pipes is revealed (in the condenser, the evaporator and the condenser evaporator);
semi-empirieal models of a thermolysis when cooling, heating, boiling, condensation arc offered;
on the basis of the analysis efficiency of hcatexchange devices with the pipes having ring flutes outside and smoothly outlined diaphragms inside is shown.
Application of knurled pipes in the evaporator thermodynamic is favorable, the efficiency of the condenser with cross ring turbulizers made of pipes 1,06 + 1,25 in an interval;
on the basis of the analysis efficiency of vapor-compression refrigerators with the hcatexchange devices manufactured of pipes, having ring flutes and ledges is shown. The best mashines on power characteristics with pipes No. 3 in the condenser and with pipes No. 4 in the evaporator have, respectively, efficiency and 0,59 at To. Application of knurled pipes in the condenser evaporator practically docs not influence efficiency of the refrigerator;
the criterion for assessment of power efficiency of hcatexchange devices is offered;
the technique of the eksergetichcsky analysis of the one-cascade vaporcompression refrigerator is developed. The technique is based on the sequence of the analysis of one-stage machinarics.
CONCLUSION
The main results of dissertation operation arc as follows:
1. The technique of processing of experimental results of the cascade refrigerator with the intensified hcatexchange pipes is developed.
2. Changes arc entered into a method of calculation of density of a thermal stream at vesiculate boiling taking into account parameters of surfaces with ring flutes.
3. Fall of temperature of condensation in the top branch when using all options of pipes with ring diaphragms and flutes as hcatexchange surfaces in the condenser is revealed.
4. The non zeotrop mix R290/R600a/R600 offered as the alternative agent to ozonoaktivny R12 has almost identical power indicators with R12.
5. Arc defined efficiency on refrigerators with condensers from effective pipes. Application of a pipe No. 2 in the condenser lowers efficiency of the mashine, and pipes No. 4 - does not influence on. The best surface of heat exchange is the surface from pipes No. 3.
6. Under equal conditions the refrigerating coefficient of the cascade mashine on pure propane is more, than on mix. With growth of temperature of boiling £ raises. The mashine with d! D- 0,945 pipes in the evaporator is most effective.
7. The criterion for evaluation of efficiency of hcatexchange devices is offered. The criterion of efficiency is based on a concept of an exergy. It is convenient to them to use for definition of the best options of the hcatexchange surfaces operating and selection thermodynamic of the naivygodny designed devices. The technique of the ekscrgctichcsky analysis of the one-cascade vapor-compression refrigerator is developed. The technique is based on the sequence of the analysis of one-stage mashincs.
8. Operation of the cascade refrigerator by means of the developed technique in the range it is analysed by 213 < To < 233 A?. r)e kritcry of efficiency served. The best mashines on power characteristics with pipes No. 3 in the condenser and with pipes No. 4 in the evaporator have, respectively, efficiency/^, =0,60 and 0,59 at To =213. Application of knurled pipes in the condenser evaporator practically docs not influence efficiency of the refrigerator. The maximum efficiency of the machine is reached at TO<213A’. In all cases atTo, exceeding 213 K, sharp reduction of efficiency is observed. Power characteristics of compressor and condenser knot of the refrigerator with the device equipped with effective pipes arc calculated. The size of losses of energy is reduced by 5190,5 kW ■ h/year at the 7000th hour of work in a year.

The relevance and demanding of the subject of the thesis. Today, in the world practice, in the sphere of ensuring the stable operation of electric power systems (EPS), pride of place goes to the creation of high-performance control systems of power generation and consumption processes, involving intelligent technologies. One of the most crucial tasks of rapidly developing modem EPS is ensuring its steady-state stability based on real-time operational data processing and analysis. In this area, the leading countries of the world focus on the improvement of control systems to ensure the stability of electric power systems, taking into account fluctuations of mode parameters. «Expenses for the creation of intelligent electric systems, including Smart Grid, arc as follows: USA - 7.1 trillion, China -7.3 trillion, Japan - 0.8 trillion US dollars. The use of the Smart Grid system in 2020 will allow the USA to save about 1.8 trillion US dollars»1.
Large-scale activities on the effective organization of power generation and improvement of the EPS stability arc held in the Republic of Uzbekistan. A number of research works arc carried out in this area, including high-performance reequipment of the steam-gas and gas-turbine technology, providing electricity generation, the development of effective control system of technological objects and improvement of methods and algorithms of research of control systems.
The world's attention is paid to the development of more advanced methods for determining the stability of electric systems, in particular, matrix methods and algorithms that allow to more deeply explore the modal properties of electric power systems, taking into account modem control devices. The implementation of targeted research is a priority in this field, while researches arc more relevant in the following areas: the development of matrix methods and algorithms for determining the stability of the electric power system based on automatic generator field regulators; the development of simplified criteria for determining the limit mode for the stability of complex EPS; the development of a model of synthesis of automatic field regulators on the basis of the system inclusion technology. Ongoing researches in the above-mentioned areas show the relevance of the subject of this thesis.
This thesis research is designed, to a certain extent, to perform the tasks stipulated in the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan ПП-2343 dated 5 May 2015ycar “On the Program of measures to reduce energy consumption, to implement energy saving technologies in the fields of economy and social sphere for 2015-2019 yy.”, in the Decree of Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No.238 dated 13 August 2015 year “On approval of the regulation relating to the republican commission on energy efficiency and development of the renewable energy resources”, as well as other legal documents adopted in this area.
The objective of the research is to develop matrix methods and algorithms of analysis of steady-state stability of complex EPS, to develop simplified methods of estimation of steady-state stability limit and synthesis of controller models based on the systems’ embedding approach.
Scientific innovativeness of the dissertation study consists in the following:
on the basis of Lyapunov’s function in the quadratic form, the simplified criterion of steady-state stability of the electric power system was obtained, which consisted in positivity of the first major minor of the quadratic-form matrix (<7n > 0), ensuring necessary and sufficient conditions of the EPS stability;
the combined use of the method of Lyapunov’s function in the quadratic form and node voltage equations was developed, which allowed for reducing studies of steady-state stability of a complex electric power system to the circuitry of a simple electric power system, or the “generator-bus” system;
a promatrix of the complex unregulated and regulated electric power system was developed on the basis of the system’s embedding method, which allowed for the study of dynamic properties of EPS;
the algorithm of pole transfer from the spectrum of the matrix of own dynamics of the electric power system was developed, which ensured stability and damping of fluctuations of the operation condition parameters at small oscillations in electric power systems;
mathematical model of the class of regulators of the complex electric system was constructed on the basis of the system’s embedding method, which ensured stability and damping of fluctuations of the operation condition parameters at small oscillations in EPS.
CONCLUSION
The theoretical and computational-experimental studies of steady-state stability of complex electric systems, carried out on the basis of the developed matrix methods and algorithms, using Lyapunov’s functions in the quadratic form and system’s embedding method, allow for the following conclusions.
1. Lyapunov’s functions in the quadratic form arc recommended as the effective method for studying the linear dynamic systems, including the electric power system described with the help of linear zed differential equations.
2. Adequacy of conditions of the steady-state stability loss of the electric power system, obtained on the basis of positivity of major minors of the quadratic-form matrix of the Lyapunov’s function in the quadratic from, to the same conditions provided by Hurwitz criteria, was proven.
3. Obtained theoretical and computational results allow one to investigate the stability of EPS “in the small” by means of analysis of the positivity condition of the first major minor of the Lyapunov’s function in the quadratic formq11; > Oand consider it to be the practical (simplified) criterion of steady-state stability of EPS, providing for both its necessary and sufficient conditions.
4. The combined use of Lyapunov’s functions in the quadratic form and nodal equations allows one to reveal the generator (station), operating in the complex EPS, which is coming to the limit in terms of steady-state stability. The mathematical condition of this proposition is dqnj /dFl -» max, i.e. the maximum of the derivative of the first major minor of the quadratic-form matrix by the regulated parameter for the j-th generator. It is evident that in this case, the study of the steady-state stability limit of the complex EPS turns into the study of the “generator-bus” circuit.
5. On the basis of the systems embedding method, promatrices of the unregulated and regulated complex EPS arc developed, which provide a full description of all kinds of characteristics of transitional processes, including the possibility of studying dynamic properties of electric power systems at small oscillations of their operation condition parameters.
6. The model is proposed, in which the regulator of the complex electric power system has been synthesized on the basis of the systems embedding theory to describe analytically the class of regulators ensuring stability and damping of oscillations of the studied EPS.
7. The conducted computational-experimental studies aimed at analysis of steady-state stability of complex EPS on the basis of the systems embedding method have shown the qualitative match of the obtained results with the results, checked in the course of practical running of electric power systems on the basis of Classical Methods that confirms the adequacy of the models developed to the already existing ones.
8. The mathematical model of the electric power system, resolved relative to deviations of absolute angles of synchronous generators, is developed, which can be used autonomously for the study of small oscillations of complex EPS. This model of small oscillations must be used together with node voltage equations, determining voltage modules of nodes and their arguments, representing absolute angles relative to the balancing node.

The aim of the research work The aim of the research work is to ensure the reliability of the primary measurement and secondary production and technological information circulating at various levels of the hierarchy of information management systems.
Scientific novelty of the research work is as follows:
developed methods and algorithms to ensure the required reliability of the measurement information;
the errors of multichannel analytical devices are analyzed, including the method for determining the error of measuring devices as a whole through the error parameters of the measurement channels and the achievement of the required reliability of the measurement information in the IMS;
an algorithm for controlling the reliability of information based on the existence of data redundancy and consisting of program blocks of preliminary control, conversion of communication levels and calculation of corrected values of controlled data;
solving the problems: ensuring the reliability of accounting for the operation of equipment and calculating current production capacity to determine the projected capacity at the required time interval of scheduling and operational management, calculation of the stability of production processes of the technological unit of the production site.
The outline of the thesis. The thesis consists of an introduction, five chapters, conclusion, list of used literature, applications. The volume of the thesis is 124 pages.

The aim of the research work. Comprehensive study modification mechanisms and features forming nano-dimensional structures in the surface layers PdBa, CoSi2 and GaAs at low energy ion bombardment, followed by heat and laser treatment.
Scientific novelty of the research work. A structural model of the surface of Pd-Ba activated in high vacuum and in an oxygen atmosphere was proposed and a technique for uniformly activating the surface of Pd-Ba alloys of a cylindrical shape by laser ablation and implantation of Ba’ ions was developed;
It was shown that the shape and size of the nanocrystallinc phases formed on the surface of Pd and Pd-Ba at irradiation densities D < 1015 cm" depends mainly on the surface microrelief, and does not depend on D > 5 • 1015 cm’2 at high doses; The most likely mechanism for the formation of areas with a crystalline structure under the effect of implantation of large doses of ions is the heating of the target in the region of the thermal peak, leading to melting of the material;
homogeneous regularly located nanoscalc phases and epitaxial nanofilms of Si and CoSiO on the surface of CoSii/Si (111) were obtained by the ion bombardment method (Ar+ and O’) in combination with annealing, and also the dependences of nanocrystallinc phase dimensions on energy and ion dose were determined;
mechanisms for the formation of one-component nanoscalc structures on the surface of materials of various types (metal alloy Pd2Ba, semiconductors CoSi2 and GaAs) and the type of chemical bond (intermetallic, covalent and ionic-covalent) in the bombardment with Ar+ ions;
Optimal conditions for ion bombardment and subsequent annealing of the Si-CoSi2-Si, CoSiO-CoSi2-Si, Ga-GaAs-Gc, GaAlAs-GaAs multilayer structures were determined and their energy band diagrams were constructed.