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MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURES OF THE COLON IN RATS DURING
CHEMOTHERAPY FOR BREAST CANCER.
Choriev Elyor Bahodirovich
Bukhara State Medical Institute of the Ministry of Health of Uzbekistan.
E-mail: elyor47771189@mail.ru
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14685246
When we modeled mammary cancer in 6-month-old rats and administered
chemotherapy with paclitaxel, we encountered various pathological changes.
The div weight of 6-month-old rats with breast cancer treated with
paclitaxel ranges from 217.23 g to 259.34 g, with an average of 223.72 ± 2.37 g,
which is 5.94% less than that of the control group experience.
Visual assessment did not reveal differences between the intestines of the
group of rats with breast cancer after chemotherapy with paclitaxel and the rats
of the control group of the experiment, however, the organometric parameters
of the colon remained significantly lower than the values. The length of the colon
of rats ranges from 11.09 cm to 13.07 cm, with an average of 12.02 ± 0.3 cm,
which showed that it is 17.84% shorter than that of the control group.
A morphological study of the colon of rats in the control and experimental
groups was carried out in preparations stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The
relative numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, fibrocytes and
fibroblasts per 1000 cells were determined at 400× magnification.
The experiment noted changes in the nature of acute inflammation that
developed during chemotherapy for breast cancer, and the phenomenon of
restoration of the architectonics of the colon mucosa. The number of goblet cells
is reduced, the cellular composition is represented mainly by lymphocytes,
plasma cells, macrophages and single neutrophils. There was a sharp increase in
the number of mast cells, most of which are in degranulated form, compared to
the control group of experimental animals. The data obtained suggest that the
structures of the large intestine of experimental animals are damaged under the
influence of chemotherapy and this is consistent with the data of modern
literature on the inflammatory effect of chemotherapy on the intestine. The
formation of chronic inflammation in the colon of rats occurred against the
background of the development of inflammatory and traumatic morphological
changes in its wall.
In morphological studies, the distal colon of rats in the control and
experimental groups was covered with intact and bordered columnar
epithelium.
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The crypts were thin and deep, the crypts ranged from 138.64 µm to
174.21 µm, with an average of 156.12±14.06 µm, which was 10.02% less deep
than the control group.
Their epithelial lamina includes round and oval goblet cells. In the
epithelium of the crypt bottom there are from 2 to 4 cells that divide by mitosis.
Cellular elements, such as fibroblasts, fibrocytes, lymphocytes, single
neutrophils, histocytes and loose fibrous connective tissue, are diffusely
distributed among the crypts located in the stroma of the mucosal plate. The
basal surface of the private lamina of the mucous membrane is represented by
loose fibrous connective tissue, as well as cellular elements such as fibroblasts,
fibrocytes and, in small quantities, lymphocytes and macrophages. The internal
spaces of the lymphatic vessels are not dilated.
The mucous membrane of the colon consists of 3-5 layers of smooth muscle
cells with granular cytoplasm on the basal surface of the muscular plate. The
submucosa contains loose fibrous connective tissue consisting of cellular
elements and microvascular vessels, including several fibroblasts and fibrocytes,
lymphocytes and histiocytes. The accumulation of lymphocytes is observed in
individual lymphatic vessels. The transverse and longitudinal smooth muscle
layers are also represented by smooth muscle cells with granular cytoplasm. The
serous layer consists of loose fibrous connective tissue and one layer of flattened
mesothelial cells.
In contrast to the control group, in rats receiving chemotherapy for breast
cancer, during a morphological study, goblet cells were smaller, and the number
of cellular elements increased in the lamina propria of the mucous membrane.
According to the analysis of our morphometric experiments, in rats
receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer in the lamina propria of the colon
mucosa, there was a significant increase in the number of cellular elements in
the connective tissue between the crypts and the surface of the basement
membrane by 29 - 34%, respectively, compared with the control group.
Compared with the control group, the number of lymphocytes among the
cellular elements in rats receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer in the
experiment ranged from 30.27 to 37.41, on average 33.92±1.08, which is 58.5%
more. than in the control group. In this experiment, the number of neutrophils
ranged from 1.85 to 1.36, on average 2.15±0.5, which indicated that it was
57.7% more than in the control group of the experiment.
The number of plasma cells in the compared groups did not differ
significantly. The number of macrophages in rats receiving chemotherapy for
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breast cancer increased from 5.39 to 8.83, an average of 7.11±0.68, which is 2
times more than in the control group of the experiment.
The number of oval and round goblet cells in rats with breast cancer treated
with chemotherapy ranges from 58.14 to 64.59, with an average of 61.27±9.07,
which is 7.93% less than in the control group of the experiment, the number of
columnar cells ranges from 16.24. to 21.63, with an average of 18.98±3.1, which
is 58.18% less than that of the control group of experience.
The number of degranulated mast cells ranges from 10.25 to 15.49, with an
average of 12.92±0.3, which is 39.86% more compared to the control group.
From micrographs of histological sections of the colon, the absolute number
of cellular elements lying in the lamina propria of the mucous membrane was
determined by counting on a standard area (1000 μm
2
). The number of goblet
cells in the crypt was counted. The relative volume density of the stained
material in the lamina propria was determined in a standard unit of epithelial
area (1000 μm
2
).
At the end of the experiment, the depth of the crypts of the colon mucosa
in animals receiving chemotherapy was less than in the control group. This
indicates the negative effect of chemotherapy.
Colon material obtained from animals receiving chemotherapy was
characterized by degenerative and atrophic conditions. The appearance of
goblet cells is darkened, expanded, and unevenly covers the mucous membrane.
Round cell infiltration is observed polylocally in the submucosa.
In samples of the mucous membrane of the large intestine of animals from
the group receiving chemotherapy, swelling and pathological changes in the
submucosal layer of the epithelium are observed compared to the control
group. In the submucosa of the colon, thickening of collagen fibers and an
increase in connective tissue were observed. In this case, damage to all tissues
of the large intestine led to an increase in the thickness of the entire intestinal
wall.
Compared with the control group, in rats receiving chemotherapy for breast
cancer, a statistically significant increase in the relative volume fraction of
collagen fibers in the lamina propria of the mucous membrane between the
crypts and an increase in the volume fraction in the basal surfaces were
observed in the experiment. There was also a trend toward an increase in the
relative volume fraction of fibers on the basal surface of the lamina propria. The
volume fraction of collagen fibers in the lamina privatum of the mucous
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membrane was different in the compared groups. In the crypts, the ratio of the
relative volume fraction of collagen fibers to mature collagen fibers changed.
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