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mavzusida xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy konferensiyasi
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коммуникационных технологий в 2022–
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–
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Узбекистан и искусственный интеллект: шаги к интеграции
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novogo-uzbekistana
ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS OF STUDENT TOURISM IN CENTRAL ASIA:
VISA POLICIES FOR STUDENT MOBILITY
Akhrorova Nilufar Uktamovna
PhD student, “Silk Road”
International University of Tourism and Cultural Heritage
Abstract.
As Central Asia becomes an increasingly popular destination for academic
pursuits and cultural exchanges, enhancing the visa framework is essential for student tourism
development. Therefore, this article provides an overview of the current visa policy for student
tourism in Central Asia.
Keywords:
student tourism, Central Asia, visa policy, student mobility.
Visa policies governing student mobility in Central Asia are closely related
to many factors, including historical heritage, cultural dynamics, and
international influences. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the nations of
Central Asia inherited education systems characterized by centralized, Soviet-
style structures, which they later struggled to transition to more modern,
decentralized systems. This historical background has significantly shaped
current visa policies and has often led to restrictive measures limiting access for
both domestic and international students. The evolution of language policies,
closely linked to cultural identity in the region, further complicates the situation,
as they can facilitate or hinder educational institutions from reaching a diverse
student group. In recent years, Central Asian countries have increasingly sought
to adapt their education systems to Western standards based on initiatives
aimed at promoting international cooperation and regulatory regionalism.
However, these efforts have not turned into constant changes in visa policy,
which remains unsolved. Rich cultural heritage in the regions offer unique
“MILLIY IQTISODIYOTNI ISLOH QILISH VA BARQAROR RIVOJLANTIRISH ISTIQBOLLARI”
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opportunities for educational collaborations which are beneficial for academic
landscape. Serious reforms are needed to create a more inclusive and conducive
environment for local and international students to take advantage of these
opportunities.
The current level of visa policy for students in Central Asia is shaped by a
complex interplay of historical legacies, international influences, and regional
dynamics. The region’s visa policies are influenced by the remnants of Soviet
-era
educational structures, the adoption of Western educational reforms, and the
strategic interests of global powers.
These factors
collectively impact the
accessibility and mobility of students within and beyond Central Asia.
1.
Historical and Cultural Influences:
the collapse of the Soviet Union left
Central Asian countries with educational systems heavily influenced by Soviet
centralist traditions. This legacy has affected the development of visa policies, as
these countries navigate the transition to independent educational frameworks
[1]. Language policy, an important aspect of cultural identity in Central Asia, also
plays a role in shaping education and visa policy. Language policies in the region
have evolved alongside education reforms, affecting student mobility and access
to education [3].
2.
International Influences and Reforms:
Central Asian countries are
increasingly adopting Western educational discourses hybridized with local
traditions. This led to reforms that emphasized decentralization, privatization,
and curriculum change, and had an indirect effect by bringing visa policies in line
with international standards [1]. The EU and other international bodies have
been actively involved in educational initiatives in Central Asia. These initiatives
are aimed at harmonizing education standards and facilitating student mobility,
which may influence visa policies to make them more accessible to international
students. [2].
3.
Economic and Political Context:
The transition to a market economy in
Central Asia has created challenges for education financing and infrastructure,
affecting the region's ability to support international student exchange.
Economic constraints have led to a focus on strategic partnerships and
international aid to strengthen the education system [4]. The geopolitical
interests of major countries such as the USA and the EU have also shaped the visa
policy. These powers have strategic interests in the region, which will influence
their involvement in education reforms and visa facilitation.
4.
Challenges and Opportunities:
Despite international support, Central
Asian countries are facing serious problems in reforming the education system.
Issues such as low literacy rates, deteriorating infrastructure and teacher
shortages are affecting the region's attractiveness to international students.
However, the region's strategic location and cultural richness create
opportunities for educational cooperation and student exchange. Visa policies
that facilitate such exchanges can improve the region's educational status and
global integration [5].
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Table 1.
International influences on student tourism.
International impacts
1
Visa
Restrictions
and
Geopolitical
Considerations
a)
visa policies are often used by nation-states as tools to manage
mobility, balancing economic and political interests with
security concerns. This results in unequal access to foreign
spaces, where students from Central Asia may face more
stringent visa requirements compared to those from more
privileged nations [8].
b)
the global network of visa policies is influenced by the actions of
democratic and autocratic states. Central Asian countries, often
characterized by stable authoritarian regimes, may not be
centr
al in the global visa network, which can limit their students’
mobility [9, 10].
2
International
Partnerships
and Economic
Interests
a)
the European Union’s engagement with Central Asia, driven by
both security and economic interests, has led to initiatives aimed
at promoting good governance. However, these efforts are often
hampered by the prioritization of interest-based objectives over
governance-related ambitions [11].
b)
China and Japan’s foreign polic
ies towards Central Asia reflect
their economic interests and the need to redefine their roles in
international affairs. These policies can influence visa
accessibility by shaping bilateral relations and economic
partnerships [12].
3
Educational
Reforms and
International
Aid
a)
since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Central Asian countries
have been influenced by Western education discourses, leading to
reforms that align with global standards. These “traveling
policies” are often supported by international
aid, which can
indirectly affect visa policies by promoting educational exchanges
and collaborations [1].
b)
international agencies and financial institutions have played a
crucial role in supporting education reforms in Central Asia,
which can enhance student mobility by improving educational
infrastructure and opportunities [14].
4
Regional
Integration and
Student
Mobility
a)
in the Asia-Pacific region, there is a growing trend of intra-
regional student mobility, driven by globalization and regional
integration efforts. This trend may influence Central Asian
countries to adopt more open visa policies to facilitate student
exchanges within the region [13].
b)
the international mobility of students and educational programs
in Asia highlights the importance of cross-border collaborations,
which can lead to more accessible visa policies for Central Asian
students seeking education abroad.
Source:
Formed by the author.
By developing cooperation with global educational institutions, Central Asia
can create a more dynamic and interconnected academic environment. This not
only attracts international students, but also encourages local talent to seek
“MILLIY IQTISODIYOTNI ISLOH QILISH VA BARQAROR RIVOJLANTIRISH ISTIQBOLLARI”
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opportunities abroad, thereby enriching the region's academic and cultural
diversity. Furthermore, the establishment of scholarship programs and
exchange initiatives can further encourage students to engage in cross-border
educational experiences, thereby strengthening ties between Central Asian
countries and their global counterparts. In addition, the developing picture of
student mobility in Central Asia is further complicated by the increasing number
of international educational partnerships that seek to attract foreign students
from different nationalities.For example, countries such as Kyrgyzstan and
Kazakhstan have become popular destinations for Indian students for medical
education due to their low tuition fees and proximity [7], which not only
enhances regional cooperation but also poses challenges related to language
proficiency and cultural integration.
Based on the concepts given above, we suggest that international influences
significantly should shape the accessibility of visa policies for students in Central
Asia with the help of
geopolitical, economic, and educational factors
. These
influences can be in the form of
visa restrictions, international partnerships, and
educational reforms
, which collectively impact student mobility in the regions.
The following sections explore these dynamics in detail in Table 1.
While international influences play a significant role in shaping visa
policies for Central Asian students, domestic factors such as political stability,
economic conditions, and educational infrastructure also impact these policies.
The interplay between international and domestic influences creates a complex
environment where visa accessibility is continually negotiated and redefined.
In conclusion, the current level of student visa policy in Central Asia
reflects a multifaceted situation influenced by historical heritage, cultural
dynamics and international pressures. Although the region has significant
potential for educational cooperation and student mobility, existing policies
often remain restrictive and inadequate in meeting the needs of local and
international students. The remnants of Soviet-era educational structures and
contemporary challenges such as economic instability and bureaucratic
inefficiency impede the development of a progressive visa system. Furthermore,
cultural aspects, while important to regional identity, may inadvertently limit the
appeal of Central Asian institutions to a diverse student div. Despite
international efforts to reform education and encourage student exchange, the
application of visa policy has been inconsistent. The geopolitical interests of
major powers further complicate the landscape and often overshadow the
immediate need for real educational progress. To take advantage of the region's
strategic location and cultural wealth, Central Asian countries need to implement
significant reforms in their education systems and visa policies. This includes
fostering partnerships that improve local education standards and create an
inclusive environment for international students.
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ELABORATION OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF THE
REGION
Khayitova Feruza Bakhrom kizi
Research center "Scientific bases and issues of economic development of
Uzbekistan" under the Tashkent State University of Economics
Annotation:
This article presents modern trends in the development of foreign economic
relations of the region, strategies and practices aimed at strengthening economic ties between
countries and regions, as well as globalization and integration of these modern trends, digital
economy, sustainable development, development of transport, logistics infrastructure,
innovation and technological progress. These trends are the main factors in the development of
interregional economic relations, which serve to ensure economic growth, increase trade and
investment flows, and support sustainable development. In our country, these trends play an
important role in ensuring the country's economic stability and increasing its competitiveness in
international trade.
Key words:
Country, economy, foreign economic relations, export, import, foreign trade,
network, global trade agreements, goods and services.
