All articles - Geochemistry and Geophysics

Subject of the research: Jurassic sediments in Bukhara-Khiva region.
Purpose of work: development of the methodology of integrated interpretation of geological and geophysical data, and its application in studying formations, structure and composition of the Jurassic section of Bukhara-Khiva region, including treatment of the new conception of the geological evolution of sedimentary basin, and identification of lateral heterogeneities.
Methods of research: Integrated analysis of geological and geophysical materials, including drilling data, well logging data, seismic data, and also developed methodology of integrated interpretation of geological and geophysical data, including mathematical modeling of seismic wave fields.
The results obtained and their novelty: New scheme of the methodology of integrated interpretation of geological and geophysical data including mathematical modeling of seismic wave fields has been proposed. Cyclostratigraphic and seismic stratigraphic division of the Jurassic section. The history of geological evolution of Bukhara-Khiva region in the Jurassic time has been studied.
Practical value: Developed methodology of integrated interpretation of geological and geophysical data can be applied in detailed study of geological structure of other prospective oil and gas areas with similar geological and tectonic settings. Based on conducted seismic formation analysis and other a priory information, the zones with prospects for finding oil and gas traps have been identified.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: Developed methodology of integrated interpretation of geological and geophysical data has been introduced in the educational process in the faculty of Geology in the National University of Uzbekistan. The recommendations were given on conducting detailed seismic acquisition works, within discovered prospect areas, aimed at finding traps and pools of hydrocarbons.
Field of application: oil and gas sector of the Republic of Uzbekistan, exploration organizations, and system of education.

The urgency and relevance of the theme of dissertation. Process of global biodiversity loss goes on despite of intensive efforts taken during last twenty years in the World. The urgent and resolute actions should be implemented for sustainable management of biological resources and their efficient use.The capacity of systematical research and monitoring of biodiversity should be developed at the international and national level, effective national measures should be elaborated for in-situ and ex-situ conservation of biodiversity and genetic resources and for ecosystems function improvement1.
The protection and sustainable use of flora and fauna is the priority area of the state ecological policy in Uzbekistan. The efficientconservation of biodiversity componentsis connected with the degree of their study. But the floristic inventory is still impcrfectfor several regions of Uzbekistan. The purposeful data management has not been performedafter publication of the “Flora of Uzbekistan”.
The problem of conservation of natural landscapes is a very critical issue in the Fergana Valley. An actual floristic checklist of the Fergana Valley is still unavailable despite a long history of botanical research in this region. The information about species distribution and status of population’s wasexpired, and new investigations should be carried out.Thc inventory of flora, scientific data of plants distribution and actual status of rare and endangered species is necessary for security of ecosystems sustainable function.
Analysis of domestic floristic works shows that over the past decades there were no scientific researches on the specific components of the flora and leading groups of living forms.The study of monocotylcdonous geophytes of local flora of the southern part of the Central Asian Mountains is an actual issue of biodiversity research bccausethis group of plants has a leading positionamong the polymorphic families (Amaryllidaceae, Liliaceae, Xanthorrhoeaceae etc.) and genera (Allium, Gagea, Tulipa, Eremurus, Iris etc.) and also characterized by a high level of endemism.
To a certain degree, this dissertation serves the purpose of the implementation of several legislative acts of Uzbekistan including the decreeof the Cabinet Council of the Republic of Uzbekistanunder number 343 by 5 September 2000 “On confirmation of the regulations of the procedure of the state cadaster of plants and animals maintenance in the Republic of Uzbekistan”
The aim of the research work is determination of the taxonomic composition, compilation of an electronic database and creation of the living collection of monocotylcdonous geophytes.
The scientific novelty of the dissertational research is as follows:
the actual synopsis of monocotylcdonous geophytes of flora of the Fergana Valley has been composed, it includes 210 species of 25 genera and 9 families;
two new species have been found and described (Allium tatyanae F.O. Khass. & F. Karim, and Iris austrotschatkalica Tojibacv, F. Karim. & Turgunov);
seven new records for the flora of Uzbekistan have been found (Allium lutescens Vved., A. filidentiforme Vved., A. petraeum Kar. & Kir., A. viridiflorum Pobcd., Eremurus altaicus (Pall.) Steven, Iris alberti Rcgcl, Orchissalina Turcz.). In addition, several new findings have been detected for Chatkal, Fergana, Kurama and for Mogoltau ridges;
originality level of geophytes composition has been determined for mountain ranges, botanical-geographical regions and flora-cenotypcs of the Fergana Valley;
life forms ratio for monocotylcdonous geophytes of the Fergana Valley has been determined and it was revealed that the leading position is occupied by life forms "bulbous" over "rhizomatous";
index of endemism for geophytes of the Fergana Valley has been defined, it accounts over 22% of all geophytes.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of the conducted research on doctoral dissertation on the theme “Monocotylcdonous geophytes of the Fergana valley” the following conclusions were presented:
1. There have been revealed 210 taxa of monocotylcdonous geophytes in the Fergana Valley, belonging to 25 genera and 9 families. An actual synopsis and digital database with GIS-bascd maps has been created, and it shows a theoretical and practical significance of the study.
2. Two new species have been found and described, 7 new records for flora of Uzbekistan have been found.Thc geophytes composition of mountain ridges, botanical-geographical districts and flora-ccnotypcs of the Fergana Valley has been determined, and it provides an opportunity for their differential evaluation.
3. The majority of species (88.09%) is concentrated in polymorphic families of monocotylcdonous geophytes of the Fergana Valley (Amaryllidaceae, Liliaceae, Iridaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae).The composition of polymorphous genera -Allium (85), Gagea (34), Tulipa (21), Iris (20) and Eremurus (13) arc characterized by unique diversity. The high concentration of species in these genera defines the Ferghana Valley as animportantplant area of Central Asia.
4. Analysis of the geographical distribution of species shows predominance of the Western Tien Shan (57 species, 27.14%) and Pamir-Alay (37 species, 17.61%) classes of geographical range. This fact indicates the presence of local centers of speciation in these mountain systems.
5. The Alay ridge with 110 species and 30 true species (27.2%) holds leading position according to the species diversity. Flora of the Chatkal (79), Kurama (79) and Fergana (74) ranges represented by approximately equal number of species. But the number of true species is the highest in the Kurama ridge (18 species, 22.7%), because of high rates of endemism of the Chorkcsar district.
6. The composition of geophytes of the Fergana Valley according to flora-ccnotypcsshows thatprevailing number of species grows in the juniper forests (98), Iranian-Turanianphrygana (38), Iranian-Turanianscmisavanna (33) and shrubs which have relations with southern Iran and Himalaya groups. These flora-ccnotypcs distinguish by high percent (up to 73) of endemic species of the Central Asian Mountain province. This fact underlines the determining significance of these flora-ccnotypes in the formation of the Central Asian mountain endemic componcntof geophytes.
7. It has been proved on the basis of the taxonomic, chorologic and flora-ccnological analysis of monocotylcdonous geophytes thatthc Fergana Valley is one of the centers of speciation for Allium, Gagea and Tulipa genera. More than 68% of species of these genera are Central Asian Mountain autochthonous species.
8. It was identified an independent nature of the Western Tien Shan and Pamir-Alay species diversity areas, due to the presence of local centers of endemism in these mountain systems. The geophytes composition of mountain ranges, botanic-geographical districts and flora-ccnotypes shows the difference of two mountain systems.
9. Life forms ratio for monocotylcdonous geophytes of the Fergana Valley has been determined and it was revealed that the leading position is occupied by life forms "bulbous" over "rhizomatous". This is observed in the composition of the polymorphic families which arc dominating in the number of species in altitudinal belts, mountain ranges, botanical-geographical districts and flora-cenotypcs.
10. 48 species (22.85%) arc endemics of flora of monocotylcdonous geophytes of the Fergana Valley, this index of endemism is one of the highest in mountain part of Central Asia. The endemic geophytes of the Fergana Valley is unites the young progressive elements with local centers of speciation in genera of Allium, Tulipa, Gagea, Iris.

Subjects of research: silver- and gold ore deposits of Almalyk-Angren ore area and accompanying them platinum and platinoids in fine admixture.
Purpose of work: studying of silver- and gold ore deposits of Almalyk-Angren ore area for platinum-bearing.
Methods of research: mineralogical, geochemical, crystallomorphological, as well as mass spectrometer, electron probe, atomic adsorption.
The results obtained and their novelty: for silver and gold deposits it is established accompanying platinum-bearing. Forms of platinum and platinoids are mainly in fine admixture. Total content of platinum and platinoids is from less than 1 to 2,5-3 ppm and more (on the average 1,10 ppm). Relatively high content is typical for Pd, «light» platinoids (Pd, Rh) and platinum prevail. It is revealed earlier unknown precious metal (Au, Pd, Rh) type of exogenetic mineralization for the Yusuptash area.
Practical value: mineralogical-geochemical research ofAg- and Au deposits increases a practical importance of their nontraditional platinum-bearing. The materials of researches can be used for perfection of technology of frill extraction of useful components and as an additional source of reception of platinum and platinoids at a complex working off of ores.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: results of research are transferred in the form of the report to the State Committee on Geology and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Uzbekistan (ref. № 65 from 26.06.2008) with a priority of authorship of opening of precious metal mineralization that was unknown (perspective) before. Scientific and practical results are introduced to Open Society «Sharqiy Qurama» (the certificate about acceptance to use from 03.08.2009), the Tashkent chemical-technological institute (TCTI) to the chair of «Analytical chemistry and technology of precious metals» (the certificate of introduction from 27.01.2010), Open Society «Uzbekugol» (the acceptance certificate on introduction from 09.02.2009), SE «Geological museum» of State Committee on Geology and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Uzbekistan (an extract from the report on reception to introduction and use №4 from 09.06.2008 and the certificate of introduction from 12.01.2009). The part of materials of work and the methodical manual of the author «Typomorphism and crystallomorphological analysis of pyrites» is used on the lectures and practical trainings at the Geology faculty of NUUz and TCTI.
Field of application: the perfection of the technology of useful components’ extraction and additional reception of platinum and platinoids.

The actuality and relevance of the dissertation theme. In recent years, interest in the genesis of the formation of large deposits in the world increased. Global compilation of data on natural resources, reserves, mining operations carried out in Russia, the USA, Canada, Austria, France and Australia clearly demonstrates that that "almost all the major stocks are based precisely on the giant fields"3.
In the territory of Uzbekistan are discovered more than 1,800 deposits, including three superlarge deposits such as Muruntau, Zarmitan (gold-quartz, Southern Tien Shan) and Large Almalyk (gold-copper-porphyry, Middle Tien Shan) known throughout the world. On the basis of a new scientific paradigm -geodynamics including plate tectonics, deep geodynamics and terranin analysis, modern methods - computer analysis and forecasting is new possibility of objective estimation of ore content and metallogenic potential of the region to become a progressive basis for further prediction of new hidden gold-copper-porphyry deposits.
In the process of the geodynamic evolution of the Middle Tien Shan included in the global tectonic structure of the Central Asian fold belt it was defined two geotectonic structure - Chatkal terrane and Torgasay paleo marginal sea. The territory of the last one being the focus of large porphyry-copper deposits, nevertheless, has quite unexhausted metallogenic potential. Currently, there are many ideas and geodynamic schemes of the Middle Tien Shan Mountains formation, but there is no simple correlation of geodynamic environments with copper mineralization. Controversial conceptual model of development of the region is in need of clarification and the universalization of which the quality and accuracy of the prospecting constructions depend on.
To increase the success of all types of forecasting, prospecting and geological exploration work requirement is geodynamic interpretation of magmatic and related copper mineralization, as well as the improvement of prediction by bringing the methods of mathematical statistics and modeling.
The dissertation to some extent may contribute in solving problems defined in the Presidential Decree of the Republic of Uzbekistan № PP-1396 dated August 27th, 2010 «On measures to further improve the efficiency and organization of the system of exploration on measures to further improve the efficiency and organization of the system of exploration work», as well as other legal documents adopted in this area.
The aim of research work is to develop a geodynamic model of the Middle Tien Shan mountains on the basis of deep geodynamics (plumes, hotspots) and external (plate tectonics, terrane analysis) geodynamics concepts, as well as identifying the main geodynamic structures and relationship with magmatism and ore genesis.
Scientific novelty of the research work is in the following:
for the first time on the territory of the Middle Tien Shan it is highlighted two Precambrian geotectonic structures - Chatkal terrane and Torgasay marginal sea;
for the first time it is determined that the selected structure underwent seven geodynamic modes from Proterozoic to Cenozoic;
it is defined time of amalgamation of Proterozoic continental block - Chatkal terrane to the Kazakh-Kyrgyz microcontinent in the late Precambrian and accretion of closed Torgasay marginal sea due to the Caledonian orogeny in the Silurian, build up in the south of Kazakhstan Caledonian Orogen;
for the first time it is proven that endogenous occurrences of copper in the territory of the Middle Tien Shan related to the development of polychronous, polygenic centrifugal semicircular tectonomagmatic structure in which potential of porphyry copper deposits of Caledonide caused by granitoid magmatism and with Variscids in connection with shonkinite-sienit-monzonite mantle-crustal magmatism, formed all the copper-porphyry "Large Almalyk" deposits.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of the research on a doctoral thesis on « Geodinamic settings and copper mineralization of the Middle Tien Shan» provided the following conclusions:
1. Separated seven periods in the evolution of Chatkal terrain - from "exotic" fragments in a number of other continental blocks of Gondwana series, accreted to the Kyrgyz-Kazakh microcontinent in the Late Proterozoic, up to morphologically coherent Paleozoic structure: Chatkal terrane - Torgasay paleo marginal sea.
2. In the pair - Chatkal terrane - Torgasay sea, the first, mainly carried out the role of a source of terrigenous material into adjacent from west Torgasay paleo marginal sea, separated from the aquatory of Turkestan ocean by Kurama paleo island arc. The amount of terrigenous material was so great that during the Caledonian orogeny under Torgasay marginal sea formed granite-gneiss layer of the crust, which therefore became continental, "seamed up" with the surrounding continental blocks by widely developed in the region fractured granitic intrusions of the north-western trend. So a Middle Tien Shan- unit appeared with heterogeneous uneven continental crust.
3. The subsequent history of this unit can be traced in connection with the Devonian continental volcanic belt extending meridional across the territory of Central Kazakhstan, capturing Chatkal-Kurama region up to the northern border with Fergana valley. In Kazakhstan, within this zone are known large porphyry copper deposits and numerous occurrences, whereas in Uzbekistan related to this type, only one field - Sary-Cheku. This explains the resurgent interest in the volcanic belt, as potential carrier of concentrations of copper ore on the territory of Uzbekistan.
4. In the Kazakh paleocontinent are known porphyry copper deposits of Caledonian age due to granitoid magmatism. In the territory of Uzbekistan at this time were formed following granitoid complexes - Bashkyzylsay, Karakiya, Kitayuldy, Kyzata. To the metallogenic features is related permanent presence in heavy mineral concentrate of Caledonian granitoids of accessory chalcopyrite, which increases the potential for the discovery of porphyry copper mineralization.
5. Formation of porphyry copper deposits in the study area, author of dissertation connects with period of post quasi platform mantle revitalization, which was realized in connection with the development of the territory of Uzbekistan in the Early-Middle Carboniferous Transasian deep lineament and associated lineament of Kumbel-Ugam system in the Middle Tien Shan.
6. It is created areal model of Paleozoic magmatism and resulting endogenous copper mineralization, which is on the territory of closed Torgasay paleo marginal sea presented by semicircular volcano-intrusive tectonic structure with centrifugal character of magmatism and antidromic its manifestation at the end of the process.
7. Method for identification of statistical factors of localization of copper mineralization for Chatkal-Kurama region on the basis of geological data processing software and electronic maps database is created. The technique consists of programs «Density», «DISZONE» and GIS technology, it is designed to identify, analyze and assess the quantitative patterns of placement and prediction of ore deposits. It implements mathematical methods of metallogenic analysis and forecasting. GIS technology is used to transfer a variety of geological, inclusive of map information in digital form, creating a complete database for computer analysis and forecasting.
8. An electronic map is compiled, which is displayed in isolines density of copper objects in Torgasay paleo marginal sea, whereas the actual area of the Chatkal terrain was virtually "empty" for the copper mineralization. In the map also marked the linear form of concentration of copper objects, which coincide with the north-western strike of long-lived deep faults. In one of them are located porphyry copper deposits of Almalyk, others need special geological and geophysical additional study in order to create a common reference model of the geological structure of copper-porphyry deposits such as Kurama type.
9. The combination of lines and areas of copper concentrations led to the idea of a possible multi-layer occurrence of mineralization due to epithermal processes in the volcano-tectonic structures widely developed in the Kurama region. Especially as a convincing example of the presence of high-grade ore concentrations in the basal parts of the volcanic structures, i.e., the presence of deep ore layers is porphyry copper mine Grasberg in Indonesia, in which the vertical scale of the mineralization is 1000-1200 m.

The urgency and relevance of the theme of the dissertation. Rapid development of the industry in the world along with the growth of goods production has led to an increase in negative impact of production on environment. This, in its turn, sets the new tasks for researchers, including reduction of industrial wastes, reduction of amount of the toxic gases released into the atmosphere. For the last fifty years emissions of carbon compounds into the atmosphere arc 9 times greater. As a result of it environment is polluted and there is a global environmental problem.
When solving these problems, preventing environmental disasters and the processes of global warming of climate, the reduction of the impact of industrial emissions into environment becomes very important. Applying in practice of dust cleansing facilities and dust catchers for purification of gas pollutions in environment is an actual task. Dust catchers arc necessary not only for purification of industrial gases, but also for ensuring the operation of internal combustion engines in an optimum rhythm. All transport vehicles, used in mining, arc operated in the conditions of high dust content. In such conditions, abrasive particles of dust, getting into the working camera of the engine, cause wear of its surfaces and lead to the reduction of engine capacity, and to an increase in fuel consumption and lubricants.
After achieving independence in our country a great attention was paid on localization processes in many fields of industry, including the improvement and development of dust catchers in accordance to climatic conditions of the republic. More than 80% of the dust catchers, used in the industry, arc the dust catchers working on centrifugal force. Therefore, carrying out researches on improvement and development of new designs of highly effective dust catchers has a great scientific and practical value.
This dissertation research serves as an accomplishment of the problems provided in the Resolutions of Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 232-1 on April 26, 1996 "On approval of the regulations of the Committee on environmental protection" and RP-142 on May 27, 2013 "On action program on environmental protection of the Republic of Uzbekistan for the years 2013-2017".
The aim of the research is a development of industrial highly effective centrifugal dust catchers, and air cleaners for engines of vehicles and special equipment on the basis of the theory of aerodynamics of multiphase continua.
Scientific novelty of the research consists in:
the new design of a screw dust catcher is developed;
the new design of the air cleaner working on a basis of centrifugal force for engines is developed;
the method of determination of aerodynamic parameters of a flow inside a dust catcher is improved;
the mathematical model of processes of mass and heat transfer in aerosol flow on the basis of the kinetic theory is improved;
the methods of determination of efficiency and aerodynamic resistance of a dust catcher arc improved;
the method of determination of optimum parameters of a dust catcher is developed.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of the conducted researches on the doctoral dissertation on the subject "development of highly effective centrifugal dust arresters on a basis of aerodynamic processes" the following conclusions arc provided:
1. On the basis of numerical research of dynamics of a flow in a centrifugal dust catcher it is revealed that the whirlwinds arising in the device arc the main factors in decrease in efficiency of a dust catcher.
2. For the first time the analysis on the basis of the theory of stability of a flow has allowed to determine efficiency of the twisting dust arrester air devices. These researches will be useful when designing highly effective centrifugal dust arresters.
3. Researches on reduction of intensity of whirlwinds have led to creation of the stabilizer device which has allowed to increase efficiency of a dust arrester to 20%.
4. Researches of dynamics and a mass transfer of a turbulent two-phasc flow have allowed to determine coefficients of viscosity and diffusion. Researches in this area arc necessary for determination of the necessary sizes of elements for the first step of cleaning of a dust arrester.
5. Methods of determination of efficiency and aerodynamic resistance of a centrifugal dust arrester arc developed. These methods arc necessary when designing centrifugal dust arresters and air cleaners.
6. The optimization method of the sizes of details of a dust arrester is developed. The conducted researches in this area have allowed to develop the compact, highly effective and having minimum aerodynamic resistance of an industrial dust arrester and the air cleaner for the engine of vehicles.

The urgency and relevance of the theme of dissertation. Currently, as a result of degradation of croplands, desertification and water logging, water and wind erosion, salinization and pollution thousands of hectares of lands falling out from agricultural use. «In the world about 40% of irrigated landsarc saline in varying degrees, 7 mln. hectares of lands are exposed to degradation and each year 25 mln. hectares of landschanges to desert»1. As a result of the impact of the anthropogenic factor to the soils, growing degradation under these conditions in the different barriers of geochemical landscapes and evaluation processes of accumulation and differentiation of chemical elements is on a number of topical issues 2'
The study of chemical and geochemical features with pcdogcochcmical standpoint of saline soils with bad water and air permeability is one of the urgent problems of the agricultural practices in irrigated areas of Uzbekistan.
Study of Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, Ba, K, Sr and other macro and micronutrients, toxic metals and metalloids such as antimony, arsenic, cadmium, mercury,low studied and non-studied (Kist) elements: lithium, strontium, cesium, gold, scandium, ytterbium, lanthanum, samarium, tin, uranium, thorium and others in agricultural landscapes in the system of plant-soil-soil forming breeds, as well as in soil, arzyk-shoh, shoh-arzyk horizons, constitute the basis of the relevance of the topic.
In a world considerable scientific and practical importance has study of typomorphic and paragcnctic groups of elements in individual soil samples and soil-forming rocks. Great theoretical and practical importance is the study of migration and accumulation of a number of these elements in irrigated soils, pcdogcochcmical and other soil barriers. Along with the above definition of migration, accumulation of elements and development of background content, soil-gcochcmical barriers, bank of data, etc., in turn, make up the relevance of the topic.
In an open and closed-pcdogeochcmical conditions, in buried soils or pedoliths study of chemical elements and compounds, migration, accumulation, differentiation considered as relevant issues.
Decree of the President of Uzbekistan «On measures to improve ameliorative condition of irrigated lands and rational use of water resources for the period 2013-2017 years» from 19/4/2013 № UP-1958 and adopted on the basis of this decree of the Cabinet of Ministers on 28 November 2008, number 261 Programme of comprehensive measures to improve ameliorative condition of irrigated lands and rational use of water resources identified important challenges for the implementation of the program. Scientific validity and performance of these tasks to a certain extent arc given in the dissertation research.
Purpose of the study. Determination pcdogcochcmical and agrogcochcmical, ameliorative properties, as well as the fertility of irrigated saline, pedolithieal mcadow-saz soils of Central Fergana.
Scientific novelty of the research is in the following:
approximation to the surface arzyk-shoh and shoh-arzyk horizons, towards the center increases and approaches the surface;
defined baseline content of a number of micro- and macro elements in pedolithieal horizons and soils;
advanced features of oxygen and bilateral barriers;
opened molybdenum weak, medium and strong anomalies and defined their respective provinces.
CONCLUSION
Sequential study of the natural flows of chemical elements in soils and pedolithieal horizons, conducted in soil geochemical spectrum on the local and regional level, made it possible to put forward the following scientific positions.
1. Flows of chemical elements and their compounds bind all genetic soil horizons, as well as pedolithieal horizons and elementary landscapes in one geochemical landscape. These flows constitute a comprehensive system of interdependent chemical and biogeochemical cycles of the studied elements.
Proccssesof accumulation, migration, differentiation of chemical elements in soil and pedolithieal horizons and parent material occurs at the joint participation of pcdogenic, exogenic, cndopcdogcnic, man-made factors. These streams of elements in turn affect the nature of the substrate, i.e. soils,pedolithieal and soilforming rocks. In this process, unexplored elements form only scattering flows.
2. Flows of chemical elements in soilsplay a significant role in anthropogenic changing cycle of the elements. Particularly strongly influence localized streams of heavy elements such as Mo, Ba, Sr, and othersto the landscape blocks. This influence is reflected in the reduction of soil fertility and the deterioration of the living conditions of agricultural plants. The nature of migration and transformation of the studied chemical elements in the soil is a determined by the landscape-geochemical conditions and the properties of the elements.
3. The reason for the accelerated restoration of water-soluble salts, after washing pedolithieal soil serve shallow washingof salts, ie from the surface not deep arzyk-shoh, shoh-arzykhorizons in saz meadow soils. When watering wheat on not deep pcdolithicalsoils often shoots die, a cause of the this is watering, which arc held in May and moisten the soil to a depth of pcdolithicalhorizons, ie, to a depth of 18-33 cm, 32-55 cm. After the watering during 2-3 days, sulphate and chloride salts migrate upwards, thus in these soils under salinization by 0.5-1% of dry residue forms a temporary soda,under its influence firstly shoots becomes yellow and then die completely.
4. There is a degradation of arzyk-shoh, shoh-arzyk soil horizons with the growth of the cultural condition of irrigated lands. At the same time there is a gradual, slight destruction of horizons. This is a positive trend. For these horizons with increasing atomic weight and complexity of the nuclei increases Clark content of Na, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Rb, Sr, Ba, Sc, Cr, Co, Ni, As, Br, Cd, Sb, Cs, Hf, Ta, W , Au, Hg, La, Ce , Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Th, U et al.
5. The chemical potential in real solutions, such as soil solution is not determined by the concentrations of ions butby their activity.
With increasing concentration of sodium cationsdccreases its' activity. This correlation between concentration of the soil solution and sodium cation is 0.2 ie,is positive, and between average activity and activity coefficient is 0.66,that the relation is good.
6. Arzyk-shoh, shoh-arzyk horizons of irrigated meadow saz soils arc their genetic horizons and called pedolits. These horizons with a of result of a long-term irrigation and the cultivation gradually losethcir basic properties and disintegrate slowly.
7. Close chemical composition and concentration of Clark, accumulation, differentiation in arzyk-shoh 93-111 cm, 32-55 cm and 18-33 cm horizons provide a basis to judge the proximity of the genesis of these horizons.
8. Dissipation and accumulation of the chemical elements in the blocks of elementary landscapes and it’s mirror depend by properties of the elements by thcmselvesalong with the landscape characteristics. In the studied soils with increasing of atomic mass and charge of elements decreases their scattering, thusincreasing their accumulation.
9. The provinces with high the content of the elements the affect the soils of accumulative landscapes, such as irrigated meadow saz soils. Provinces with high content of the elements correspond to of oxidative, gley, evaporativebarriers, also carbonate-plaster, gypsum-carbonate barriers of the studied soils.
According the location from the surface of soil provinces and barriers the can be divided to deep-into (50-100 cm) and dccp-(30-50 cm), surface (0-30 cm). Influence of surface and deep provinces arc not the always reflected in the properties of plants, ie, their impact in turn depends on the penetration depth of the root system of plants.
10. In useful (elevated) provinces and associations content of elements in the soil is high in relation to the background, this situation is positive for a number of plants that arc in need of these items, resulting in increasing of plant productivity.
11. On the areas with negative provinces in the soil there is a shortage of a number of elements for the plant, to meet the needs that contribute the missing minerals.
12. The weak, medium, high elevated molybdenum province is characteristic for sulphate saline irrigated meadow saz soils, where it respectively contains 2-4 CC, 6-10 CC, 10-12 CC.
Lack of molybdenum for cotton plants is detected with an average content of molybdenum in an amount of less than 1.5 mg/kg.
13. For these soils and pedolithieal horizons content of macro elements Na, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Rb, Sr, Ba, microelements Sc, Cr, Co, Ni, As, Br, Cd, Sb, Cs, Hf, Ta, W, Au, Hg, lanthanides and radioactive elements La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Th, U et al. is as background content.
14. For Farmers Union, management of agriculture and water resources ofdistricts recommended produce agricultural crops, taking into account the length of the main massof roots of crops and the depth of the pcdolithicalhorizons. It is also recommended for supply of washing standards of water for these soils should be amended taking into account the depth of the pedolithieal horizons.
15. We recommend the use of materials of a dissertation by scientific-research, survey organizations and management of the land cadastre, department of nature protection during monitoring, evaluation and other works background amounts of macro- and microelements. Methods and the results of geochemical province, barriers that arc developed in the thesis, teaching aids used in the Fergana State University and Fergana Polytechnic Institute in teachingcourses of chemistry and biogeochemistry of soils, as well as special courses.

The aim of the research work is the development of a technique for calculating the seismodynamics of underground pipelines with complex conditions of interaction with soil.
Scientific novelty of the research work consists in the following: solution techniques for wide application of approximate numerical methods to the problems of seismodynamics of underground pipelines are improved; a technique for calculating stress-strain state (SSS) of underground pipelines under longitudinal oscillations is developed, it takes into account the linear and nonlinear interactions in “pipe-soil” system; a technique for calculating stress-strain state of complex systems of underground pipelines under the influence of seismic loads with distributed masses is developed; a technique for calculating stress-strain state for pipeline systems of orthogonal and non-orthogonal configurations is developed for an arbitrary direction of seismic loads.

The aim of the research work is working out of ways of clearing of impurity and activation of wet-process phosphoric acid (WPA), technologies of processing high-magnesia phosphorites to phosphoric acid and processing of secondary phosphates to concentrated phosphoric and microelement contents fertilizers by decomposition of activated WPA.
Scientific novelty of the research work consists in the following:
for the first time in a wide range of change of parameters as boiling temperatures, pressure of sated steams, warmth of steam formation, electric conductivity, pH in systems H3PO4-H2O, HjPOj-MgSC^-HiO, НзРО4-Мд5О4-NH4NO3-H2O and magnesium contents WPA, containing ammonium nitrate arc studied;
it is proved of improvement physical and chemical and rheological properties of the concentrated solutions of WPA containing ammonium nitrate, that occurs at the expense of destruction of hydrates of magnesium sulphate;
possibility of activation of phosphoric acid from magnesium contents phosphorites in the presence of ammonium nitrate is revealed;
for the first time law of distribution of components of phosphatic raw materials of Karatau is established at crushing and influence of the size of particles on degree of decomposition of phosphorite, which passes through a minimum with increase in the size of particles and the reasons of shielding of a surface of large grains by a crust from small crystals of calcium sulphate arc proved;
it is studied influence of magnesium to processes of decomposition of phosphorites and crystallisation of dehydrate calcium sulphate at vitriolic wetprocess phosphoric acid;
possibility of simultaneous clearing WPA from sulphates and fluorine in a unified technological cycle of manufacture WPA is established, allowing to intensify processes of clearing of acid for the account reduction of stages of process and to receive from phosphorites of Central Kyzylkum ecologically pure product - ammophos the premium quality with contents of P2O5 not less than 52%;
developed technologies of reception of the concentrated phosphoric fertilizers and fertilizers with microelements by decomposition of secondary phosphates with concentrated and activated ammonium nitrate of WPA and WPA, containing microelements.

The aim of the research work distinguish the difference between the sources of pollution of soils of desert region of the southern region of Uzbekistan by oil and oil products, and to develop biological treatment method.
Scientific novelty of the research work:
for the first time the distances on the pollution sources of several soil types of arid zone polluted by oil and oil products and the differences on soil profiles were revealed;
changes in the organic and anthropogenic carbon, and humus contents of the soils polluted by oil and oil products were studied;
created recultivation technology of combined application of the strains of MFD-100 Pseudomonas stutzeri, MFD-200 Pseudomonas caryophyllis, MFD-5000 Bacillus subtilisfox the arid zone soils polluted by oil and oil products;
developed the individual factors, algorithm and stages of recultivation of the soils polluted by oil and oil products, and done periodization of recultivation process;
rehabilitation parameters and coefficients of soil fertility after recultivation of the soils polluted by oil and oil products were developed.

The aim of the research work. Determination of the content of total and available forms of B, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Mo in various soils of the Zarafshan valley, revealing the regularities in the distribution of available forms by soil profile, studying the effect of micronutrients on the germination of cotton seeds, installed the role of cobalt in cotton nutrition, technology development of its application.
Scientific novelty of the research work. The content was determined for the first time and the dependence of the gross and accessible forms of microelements in various types and subtypes of soils in the right-and left-bank zones of the Zarafshan valley from the humus state, the reaction of the soil solution and the granulometric composition was established; the optimum concentrations of trace elements were determined when the seeds were frozen; the influence of microelements on the germination of seeds under conditions of sulfate and chloride salinity has been established, the most effective trace elements have been identified; the influence of cobalt on cotton has been studied, its physiological role has been established, the critical and maximum periods in plant requirements and the interaction of NPK and cobalt in the food process have been identified; in types soil and climatic conditions of the valley, optimal application rate, methods, terms for introducing cobalt microfertilizers were identified and their effect on yield and product quality was determined.

The aim of the research work is to identify the features of the formation of promising accumulations of hydrogen sulfide waters in the Ferghana basin.
The tasks of research:
specify peculiarities of hydrogcn-sulfidc water formation on developed and productive fields of Fergana basin;
study and establish relations between hydrogeological (M, Кф, £FbS) and geophysical (Pn, pK, f|K, y) parameters for fractured bearing sediments to trace productive aquifers within anticline structures of the southern bort of Fergana basin;
develop physical-geological model of hydrogcn-sulfidc water deposit for establishing prospecting criteria;
develop methodology of productive for hydrogcn-sulfidc water sites revelation using geophysical parameters and hydrochcmical data;
ground location of new productive for hydrogcn-sulfidc water sites of Fergana basin based on methods developed by author.
The object of the research work. Oil and gas fields located within southern bort of Fergana basin: Chongara, Northcn Soh, Chimion, Palvantash, Andizhan, Khodjaabad and Southern Alamishik.
Scientific novelty of the research work:
specified peculiarities of hydrogcn-sulfidc water formation on developed and productive fields of Fergana basin;
relations between hydrogeological and geophysical parameters for fractured bearing sediments to separate productive aquifers within anticline of Fergana basin have been established;
physical-geological model of hydrogcn-sulfidc water deposit reflecting relation between hydrogeological and geophysical parameters for establishing prospecting criteria have been developed;
methodology of productive for hydrogcn-sulfidc water sites revelation using geophysical parameters and hydrochcmical data has been developed;
location of new productive for hydrogcn-sulfidc water sites of Fergana basin: (Chongara, Northern Soh, Chimion, Palvantash, Andizhan, Khodjaabad and Southern Alamishik) has been revealed.
The outline of the thesis. Thesis work consists of introduction, five chapters, conclusion and list of used literature. Thesis volume is 120 pages of text.

The aim of research work is to identify the mineral and micromineral composition of ores and geochemical features of the distribution of gold, silver and other elements, the allocation of prospecting and evaluation criteria of gold and gold-rare metal mineralization of the Auminzatau and Bukantau mountains.
Scientific novelty of the research:
the difference of gold-rare metal and gold deposits of the Bukantau and Auminzatau is established on a complex of metasomatites and the manifestation time of different types of mineralization in them;
multistage formation of gold mineralization of Auminzatau and Bukantau and difference of gold, rare metal and gold ores is identified by a characteristic set of mineral assemblages, macro- and micromineral composition, typomorphic features of minerals and form of finding of valuable components;
geochemical relationship of gold in gold-rare metal mineralization with bismuth, tellurium and tungsten, and in gold ore - with silver, selenium and antimony is established, variability of geochemical associations of gold in near ore area associated with the zonal placement of mineral parageneses;
typical complexes of mineralogical and geochemical prospecting-evaluation criteria of the gold-rare metal and gold mineralization of theAuminzatau and Bukantau is highlighted and based on these selected promising areas.

Research aim: The aim of research work is, under the conditions of the Bukhara oasis, to study Lemna minor, Pistia stratiotes and Azolla caroliniana aquatic plants in the laboratory conditions as well as conducting experiments on the production of high-yielded algaes in collective farms under the field conditions, reducing mineralization of collector-drainage water and improving water quality, studying the growth, development and productivity of crops as a result of improved irrigation with improved drainage water quality, development of scientific and practical recommendations for farms and water management organizations.
Study area: The study was carried out at the educational-scientific laboratory of the Bukhara branch of the Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers as well as at the Yulduz drainage, which flows through the territory of Bukhara province’s “Mohammad Chorukiy” farm.
Scientific novelty of the research: The scientific novelty of the study consists of the following items:
to determine highly-mineralized drainage systems in the Bukhara province and study their changes due to natural and anthropogenic impacts;
to study the effectiveness of Lemna minor, Pistia stratiotes and Azolla caroliniana aquatic plants, reduction of their drainage water mineralization in the laboratory conditions;
to study the effect of Lemna minor, Pistia statiotes and Azolla caroliniana regarding their reduction of drainage mineralization in small reservoirs;
to investigate the growth, development and productivity of cotton as a result of irrigation with improved quality of drainage water and prepare scientific and practical recommendations on the basis of the research.
Implementation of the research results: Based on the results of the research, reduction potential of the mineralization of collector-drainage waters by a biological method and their use in irrigated agriculture have been practiced on irrigated lands of farms of Bukhara, Ramitan, Peshku and Shafirkan districts of Bukhara province over an area of 133 hectares during 2014-2016 for irrigation of Bukhara-6 cotton sort (data of the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources №04 / 32-342 on February 17, 2017). At the same time, the negative effects of water deficit were reduced, a yield of 5.4-6.2 cc/ha of raw cotton was obtained and pollution of the surrounding environment was addressed.
Structure and the volume of the thesis: The structure of the thesis consists of an introduction, five chapters, conclusions, a list of references, and implementation. The volume of the thesis is 120 pages.

The aim of the research work is to make an inventory of quantitative and qualitative composition of the biodiversity of ground vertebrates in various ecosystems of the South Aral Sea region, to reveal the structure of the population and study the ecological adaptation of birds and mammals to the conditions of the anthropogenic habitats.
Scientific novelty of the research is as follows:
It has been estimated that the modern specific difference of the vertebrates of the the South Aral Sea region consists of reptiles - 33 species, birds - 317, mammals - 67 species;
The index numbers of the studied group of animals has been established for the first time through the Kyzylkum, Usturt regions and the Lower Amu-Darya and has been comparatively rated of the conditions of habitats of the Aral ecological crisis;
For the first time large breeding colony of Flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) have been studied in Sudochi lake systems in Uzbekistan and the peculiarities of its breeding biology;
For the first time the peculiarities of omitho-fauna of artificial saxaul plantations on dried bottom of the Aral Sea have been established;
It has been found out the influence of drying-out of the Aral Sea on the reduction of specific diversity, slackening of gene pool, disturbance of aged numerical recurrence of mass animal species;
It has been revealed the decrease in fertility of polyestral species of small mammals in the Kyzylkum and in Usturt in different periods of ecological crisis.

Climate change is reshaping human mobility across the planet. Climate-related hazards such as floods, storms, and wildfires have already become major drivers of global human mobility. Policy advancements in the field of climate migration are unprecedented and critical, as they have impacts not only on a global scale but also at regional, national, and sub-national levels. These policies are especially important for countries and populations most vulnerable to climate change, particularly the least developed countries, landlocked developing countries, and small island developing states.

The aim of the research work is obtaining full information on gold ore objects, starting with NTO, their detailed mineralogical and geochemical characteristic, studying of regularities of their placement, conditions of formation and finishing with features of localization of technological types of ores, development of a technique and carrying out of geological and mineralogical and technological mapping in underground excavations of Balpantau and Yangi-Davon deposits.
Scientific novelty of the research work:
The allocated NTO on Balpantau and Yangi-Davon deposits are located in different regions and characterized by a certain chemical, mineral composition, elements impurity and are typomorphic for the Western Uzbekistan.
Placement of a gold ore mineralization is connected with conditions of formation of ore - hosting rocks, their lithologic structure, features of deformations and related fractures (structure of joint, spading, the slightly uncovered sides in combinations of faults).
Based on the revealed geological and structural conditions of a gold ore mineralization placement, the shown hydrothermal, metasomatic and hypergene processes the scheme of NTO formation is developed for the studied gold ore deposits of the Western Uzbekistan.
The developed technique of mineralogical and technological mapping considering regularities of mineralization placement and based on a mark assessment of extensiveness of indicator mineralization occurrences, extrapolation of results of technological researches within delineated areas is effective and allows receiving information on prevalence of technological types of ores on deposits.

The aim of the research work is to increase the productive capacity of the sands of Central Fergana, to improve anti-erosion technologies, and to develop new agrotechnologies for the care of crops.
Scientific novelty of the research worlds as follows:
For the first time, the improvement of agrophysical and agrochemical properties as well as nutritive regime of sand areas with a natural screen as a result of leaving of rye stubble of 14-15 cm height is proved;
The increase in yields of cotton and other crops included in the cotton complex on deflated hilly-barkhan and sandy lands is determined underapplication of effective norms of mineral and organic fertilizers;
The technology of water saving and improvement of the ecological and reclamation state of sandy lands by creation of natural and artificial screens is developed;
It is determined that as a result of creating natural screens in cotton fields of farms, the cotton boll are opened for 3-4 days earlier compared to conventional method;
A technology has been developed for the use of drainage and irrigation ditch deposits through measures aimed at improving the ecological state of the environment.

The aim of the research work is to increase the productive capacity of the sands of Central Fergana, to improve anti-erosion technologies, and to develop new agrotcchnologies for the care of crops.
Scientific novelty of the research workis as follows:
For the first time, the improvement of agrophysical and agrochemical properties as well as nutritive regime of sand areas with a natural screen as a result of leaving of rye stubble of 14-15 cm height is proved;
The increase in yields of cotton and other crops included in the cotton complex on deflated hilly-barkhan and sandy lands is determined underapplication of effective norms of mineral and organic fertilizers;
The technology of water saving and improvement of the ecological and reclamation state of sandy lands by creation of natural and artificial screens is developed;
It is determined that as a result of creating natural screens in cotton fields of farms, the cotton boll are opened for 3-4 days earlier compared to conventional method;
A technology has been developed for the use of drainage and irrigation ditch deposits through measures aimed at improving the ecological state of the environment.

The aim of the research work is the physical and chemical substantiation and working out of comprehensible technology of complex processing leach deposits Karaumbet and Barsakelmes to bischofit with reception myrabilit, plaster, a chalk and halite, using in quality desulfonation reagent distiller liquids - withdrawal UE «Kungrad soda factory».
The scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
for the first time, scientifically grounded data on the complex processing of the brine of Karaumbet and Barsakelmes lakes for magnesium chloride with simultaneous utilization of the distillation liquid - waste of soda production;
the influence of climatic factors of the region and evaporation on changes in wound composition;
the patterns of influence of technological factors on the degree of desulfuration, the rheological properties and composition of brine;
the technical solutions allowing to increase the degree of purification of desulfurized brine from residual amounts of sulphates and calcium;
developed a comprehensive and effective technology for processing the brine of Karaumbet and Barsakelmes lakes for magnesium chloride with the associated production of gypsum, calcium carbonate, halite.

The aim of the research work is development and implementation of hydrodynamic models for the mobilization of lenses of fresh groundwater for irrigation of agricultural crops.
The novelty of the research is as follows:
on the basis of the methods of the function of complex variables, the hydraulic equation describing the dynamics of changes in the horizontal and vertical displacements of the front of the desalination zone along the irrigation canal has been improved;
based on the methods of convective impurity transport (moisture, mineral and organic substances), a three-dimensional non-stationary hydraulic model for the transport of a heterogeneous mixture in the upper layers of the aeration zone was developed.
a hydraulic model has been developed that characterizes changes in the state of fresh lenses on the basis of applying the conditions of hydraulic interrelation and elements of control theory between surface and groundwater;
on the basis of convective transfer methods and the use of the element of control theory, a hydrodynamic model for controlling the state of moisture in the soil moistening zone was developed.

The aim of the research work was definitions of possibility of creation of a ferromagnetic condition in a highly compensated monocrystallinc silicon doping by method ion implantations and complex investigation of formation nanocluster structures, and also to research of clcctrophysical, magnetic properties.
Scientific novelty of the research work:
for the first time, is shown, possibility of obtaining by ion implantation method monocrystallinc highly compensated semiconductor, containing high spin nanoclusters with ferromagnetic properties;
for the first time, it is revealed formations high spin magnetic nanoclusters manganese at ion implantation and under certain conditions annealing of samples;
it was found ferromagnetism of samples Si <B, Mn> at a room temperature;
for the first time, it is revealed positive magnetoresistance and a kinetics and hysteresis of magnetoresistance connected with magnetic nanoclusters of manganese in an ion implanted samples Si <B, Mn>;
it is revealed the mechanism of magnetization and existence of the ferromagnetic condition, influencing transport properties of samples;
existence of a ferromagnetic condition it is explained by existence of exchange interaction between electrons of ions of impurity in a clusters and interaction between clusters;
it was found out that interaction between clusters and exchange interaction in clusters is not entered within the limits of one theory.

The aim of the research work is the development of technology for obtaining substances that reduce the viscosity of heavy oils based on the cotton phosphatide concentrate and soapstock, as well as their use in combination with EMO in the latter and their use in transporting the latter through pipelines.
The scientific novelty of research:
the chemical composition and colloid-chemical properties of local heavy oils are determined, which determine their high viscosity and low fluidity;
structural and rheological properties of local heavy Dzharkurgan, Mingbulak and other oil fields and their influence on the quality of the oil mixtures produced are determined;
created scientifically-based methods for obtaining ionogenic and non-ionic surfactants from phosphatide concentrate, cotton soapstock;
created effective compositions based on the obtained substances to reduce the viscosity of heavy oils;
the introduction of the proposed surfactant composition has been shown to have depressor activity on highly paraffinic oils, transferring refractory paraffins from solid state to liquid where new oil system is formed that solidifies at lower temperatures;
the positive influence of local heavy oil (with magnetic field strength equal to 1000-2500 oersteds) on the viscosity decrease and increase of their fluidity is proved.
combined method for lowering the viscosity of heavy oil and optimal technological mode, through the joint use of EMO, and the created SAA compositions.

The aim of the research work is justification of the design characteristics of the embankments of the roadbed from natural and stabilized saline soils.
Scientific novelty of research work consists in the following: improved existing design solutions for determining the estimated road surface performance of saline soils located throughout the territory of Uzbekistan; functional dependence of the road surface layer on saline soils on the number and type of salts contained in it was revealed; method of determining the saline soil moisture level in the road surface layer has been improved; method for improving structural relationships and properties of saline soils with surface-active treatment.

The aim of the research work is to reveal the configuration and content of the scientific picture of petroleum products contamination of groundwater in the natural conditions of Uzbekistan
Scientific novelty of the research:
the first time the scientific picture of petroleum product pollution in the structural tier of the modem water exchange of a large basin (the highest in terms of the organization of the hydrogeological system) is characterized, which reflects the essence of this phenomenon, the cause-effect connections with the environment, such as:
new version of the computational model of migration and transformation of petroleum products, in the format of a flow model with variable mass is developed, which components arc estimated (measured) by mass consumption and products mass.
map (scheme) of underground aquifer systems of the structural tier of the large Ferghana basin modem water exchange was developed by new mapping method in the scale of 1:200 000, which reflects the contamination sources locations and affected by them parts of water bodies.
the levels of petroleum products contamination of underground aquifers, open water currents and reservoirs (in interrelation) have been revealed.
the significance of the removal of petroleum products from the Fergana region to the Middle Syrdarya River in the moderate concentrations for the fishery limiting harmfulness was estimated; Syrdarya River, being in the region the basis of modern water runoff in aggregate, drains and also remove petroleum products contaminated water.
the recommendations on sanitation of petroleum-contaminated groundwater aquifers, water bodies and lands were developed in a modified format.

The aim of the research work is geological-petrographic, petrochemical and geochemical study of plutonic dyke formations of the Kyzylalmasai ore field in the South-Western spurs of the Chatkal ridge.
Scientific novelty of the research:
the association of lamprophyres (camptonites, odidites, kersantites) was first established within the gold-silver deposits of the Kyzylalmasai ore field;
for the first time geological-petrographic, petrochemical and geochemical features of plutonic dike formations of the Kyzylalmasai ore field were identified;
petrological-geochemical criteria of ore-bearing of lamprophyre magmatism of the Kyzylalmasai ore field have been developed;
plutonic dikes are defined as indicators of the deep forecast of gold-silver mineralization.