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THE IMPORTANCE OF ANCIENT MONUMENTS IN
SURKHANDARDO REGION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
PILGRIMAGE TOURISM
Samarov Fakhriddin
teacher at
Karshi International University
(QarDU doctoral student)
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14778013
Annotation.
Over the years of independence, the focus on old architectural
monuments in our country has changed radically, working towards government
protection, preservation, repair and restoration of these historical assets. The
work done in this regard can be seen in the example of ancient monuments in
Southern Uzbekistan. The topic is analyzed separately through the example of
several historical and architectural structures in the Surkhandarya region.
Keywords:
Surkhandarya region, Termez city, Termez district, historical
complex, ancient madrasah, pilgrimage tourism, historical and architectural
monument, restoration, repair, conservation.
The formation of a national ideology in the field of spirituality in recent
years, the first place in the issue of educating the younger generation in the
spirit of our cultural heritage, respect for our rich traditions and universal
values, loyalty to the ideas of our great country and independence indicates the
correctness of the policy carried out in Uzbekistan[1.1].
Recent trends in the global economy, such as the rapid development of
tourism and recreation, have a significant impact on the Central Asian region,
including Uzbekistan, in various regions and countries[2.1]. The visit to the
places of pilgrimage is connected with the tourism sector,which in the 21st
century became the most advantageous sphere in the world. Now he is in third
place after the field of automotive and oil refining. The development of the
tourism sector is important in strengthening the national and regional
economy[3.1].
It is known from history that our country is one of the most ancient places
of human civilization, and the magnificent historical and architectural
monuments created by our ancestors over the past millennia serve as proof of
this. Such ancient monuments can be found in such ancient cities of our country
as Bukhara, Samarkand, Khiva, Karshi, Shahrisabz and Termez. During the years
of independence, the work of preserving such historical monuments in their
original state through repair, restoration and strengthening, which have become
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silent witnesses of the past, has risen to the level of state policy, and large-scale
practical measures have been taken in this regard.
Ancient cities in Uzbekistan, such as Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, and
Shahrisabz, whose history dates back almost 3,000 years, are recognized as
"Open-air museum cities," and the number of tourists interested in and visiting
such historical regions is increasing day by day. In this regard, the issue of more
modern development of pilgrimage tourism in our country is becoming one of
the most important issues on the agenda.
Currently, significant progress has been made in preserving Uzbekistan's
cultural heritage. There are more than 8,200 cultural heritage monuments in our
country, of which more than 4,000 are under state protection [4]. Also, in 1991,
the Ichan Qala reserve in Khiva, in 1993 the center of Bukhara, and in 2000, the
monuments in the center of Shakhrisabz were included in the UNESCO World
Heritage List.
Surkhandarya region, one of the ancient regions of Uzbekistan, also has
many historical and architectural monuments preserved in its ancient cities and
districts such as Termez, Denov, Boysun, Sherabad, and Jarkurgan. Today, there
are a total of 561 cultural heritage sites in this region, of which 444 are
archaeological, 36 are historical and architectural monuments, 39 are
monumental art monuments, and 42 are listed as places of interest [5].
One of the oldest monuments in this region, the Sayyid Otaliq Madrasah, is
a building of historical importance. There are different views among scholars on
the history of the construction of the madrasah. The famous scholar S. Tursunov
in his work “Architecture of the Surkhan Oasis: Past and Present” noted the
following about it: “This historical madrasah is an ancient monument of the 17th
century, and its construction is associated with the name of the Joybor Khojas of
Bukhara. Bukhara Khan Imamqulikhan married his sister to Tajiddin Khoja
Hasan Joybori and granted him the lands of Pirmast in Bukhara and Denov in
Hisar as a gift. Tajiddin belonged to the lineage of the Prophet's sons and had the
title of Sayyid among the people. The madrasa was built between 1612 and 1628
and was named after Sayyid Otaliq” [6.81-82].
During this period, the influence of the Joibor khodjas was very high, and
they were always in the special attention of the khans of Bukhara. Tajiddin Khoja
Hasan Joibor was known as an excellent scholar of the Naqshbandi order, one of
the sheikhs with great devotion to it. After being granted a large plot of land in
the Denov region, he built a madrasah here to widely spread the Naqshbandi
order. During the Ashtar Khanate period, just like in the Shaybanid state, the
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Joibor khodjas, who came from the village of Joibor near the capital Bukhara,
had great influence. The great Khojas of Joibor, such as Sheikh Muhammad Islam
(1493-1563) and his descendants Khoja Sa'd (1531-1585) and Tajiddin Khoja
Hasan (1574-1646), owned large tracts of land in Bukhara, Samarkand, Karshi,
Merv, and other regions, and these estates were passed down from generation to
generation as inheritance and were exempt from all taxes [7].
The total length of the Sayyid Otaliq madrasah is 90 meters and its width
is 66 meters. The number of rooms is 114. The madrasah was built over a period
of 26 years, and the construction was supervised by the master Ahmad Mamat
Bukhari [8.419-420]. In the past, 400 students studied at this educational
institution, and 33 teachers taught them [9.5]. During the years of independence,
this ancient monument has undergone several renovation and strengthening
works. In particular, in 2006, the old madrasah was repaired and strengthened
with funds allocated by the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the
amount of 5 million soums [10].
Also, based on the “Program of Comprehensive Measures for the
Development of Tourism in Surkhandarya Region in 2020-2021” of the
Surkhandarya regional administration, a working group of the regional
Department of Cultural Heritage was formed and necessary instructions were
given to the relevant authorities to preserve and improve the infrastructure of
the Alovuddin Attor, Khoja Muhammad Zohid shrines and the Sayyid Otalyk
madrasah in this region. In 2020-2021, repair and preservation work was
carried out on the above-mentioned historical and architectural monuments
[11].
Another historical and architectural monument in this region is the Hakim
at-Termizi complex, the history of the construction of ancient monuments in this
ancient place dates back to different periods. The famous scientist E. Qabilov
noted: “The mausoleum of Hakim Termizi, one of the unique architectural
monuments of the Surkhan oasis, is a bouquet of architectural art of different
periods. Between 1091 and 1095, a mausoleum was built over the grave of at-
Termizi in accordance with the instructions of the ruler of the Karakhanid
dynasty, Ahmad Khizr. From the lower part of the wall of this mausoleum to the
surface of its dome, it is decorated with very complex carved and patterned
plates, in which wonderful Islamic and Girkh patterns are vividly intertwined
with Kufic inscriptions” [12.141].
The marble sagana installed on the ancient mausoleum dates back to the
Timurid era, and according to sources, it was installed during the reign of Prince
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Khalil Sultan. During the reign of Bukhara Khan Abdullakhan II, a mosque with 9
domes was built in the courtyard of the complex, but this historical monument,
unfortunately, has not survived to this day. In the 19th century, a 4-domed
mosque was built based on Bukhara architecture.
The first information about the historical complex and the ancient
monuments located on its territory was written by A. Bykova. Scientific research
was carried out on the monument by B.P. Denike and B.N. Zasipkin, scientists of
the Museum of Eastern Culture. Also, the Termez Archaeological Complex
Expedition (TAKE) under the leadership of M.Ye. Masson conducted extensive
scientific research on the territory of the ancient complex in 1936. In 1938, G.A.
Pugachenkova wrote about the ancient mausoleum, in 1947, V.P. Pertov, and in
1955, V.M. Filimonov and K.A. Shakhirin conducted research on the restoration
of the monument [13.111].
During the years of independence, many historical and architectural
monuments in our country, including historical and architectural structures in
Surkhandarya region, have been preserved through large-scale repair,
restoration and protection work. In particular, by a special resolution of the
regional governor dated October 14, 1997, more than 10 ancient architectural
structures in this region were transferred to the Surkhandarya regional branch
of the “Golden Heritage” international charitable foundation, and practical work
was carried out to preserve and protect several monuments in this ancient
complex [14.3].
According to historical sources, the initial foundation of this historical
monument was built in the 9th-11th centuries, but the main part of the complex
was fully formed in the 14th-15th centuries. The total size of the ancient
complex is 28.0x29.0 meters, and the historical mausoleum is 5.10x4.70 meters
wide, and baked bricks measuring 27x28x4.5-5 cm were widely used in the
construction of the monument [15.2]. The mausoleum of Hakim at-Termizi was
scientifically studied in 1955-1957, and its appearance in the 14th-15th
centuries was restored. Also, in 1980-1981 and 2001-2002, the mausoleum and
the honaqoh were restored and finishing works were carried out [16.111].
In conclusion, it can be said that the study and study of ancient historical and
architectural monuments and artifacts in various regions of our country are
closely related to the great past and future of our people. The systematic work
on the repair, restoration, preservation and protection of these historical
structures carried out during the years of independence allows not only to
preserve the national cultural heritage, but also to gain a deeper understanding
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of the history and culture of society. All this serves as a source of spiritual and
moral education, especially for the younger generation, and contributes to the
promotion and development of our country's cultural heritage on an
international scale
.
References:
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Jomurodovich E. A., Alimovna E. Y. Possibilities of development of tourism
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Jomurodovich E. A. Possibilities of Developing Tourism in the Southern
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Peerian Journal. – 2022. – Т. 11. – С. 92-96.
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Ergasheva Y. A., Eralov A. J. The Importance of Kashkadarya Region in the
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Current archive of the Cultural Heritage Agency. 2024. Report for April.
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Current archive of the Surkhandarya regional cultural heritage
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