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ACTIVITIES OF THE PEOPLES LIVING IN THE KOKAND KHANATE
G.Obidjonova
Master's student FarDU 1st year
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14809778
Annotation
This article studies the occupations of the peoples living in the territory of
the Kokand Khanate. Also, each occupation is described separately and its
specific features are revealed.
Keywords
: sedentary, nomadic, semi-nomadic, livestock breeding, farming,
gardening, viticulture, crafts, handicrafts.
At the end of the 18th century, the territories of the khanate still consisted
of the Fergana Valley. The valley is located in a favorable climate and natural
geographical region, its area is 22.2 thousand km, including mountainous areas -
80 thousand km, its length from east to west is 300 km, and from north to south
sometimes 170 km. The population of the territories included in the Khanate
differed in their location and lifestyle. The Tashkent oasis and the irrigated part
of the Fergana Valley were densely populated and led a sedentary lifestyle, while
the desert, mountain, and foothill plains were inhabited by nomadic and semi-
nomadic people.
The settled population was more numerous than the nomadic and semi-
nomadic population. At the beginning of the 19th century, more than 40 percent
of the population were nomads and semi-nomadic, while by the end of the
century they accounted for 15 percent. According to economic activities, the
main part of the settled population was engaged in agriculture, crafts and trade,
while the nomadic and semi-nomadic population was engaged in animal
husbandry. Most of the agricultural crops in the khanate were typical of the
Central Asian khanates, and grain growing, gardening, vegetable and melon
growing, and sericulture were well developed. Of the grain crops, corn was
widely grown, which was the main consumer product of the poor in cities and
villages and was considered cattle feed. By the 19th century, the khanate began
to pay great attention to cotton cultivation, and the area under this crop was
constantly expanding.
The natural conditions of the western part of the valley were very favorable
for the development of horticulture and viticulture. The southwestern regions of
Khujand, Konibodom, Isfara, Sokh, Chimyan, Rishton, were mainly specialized in
apricot cultivation. During this period, mulberry trees were widespread
throughout the Fergana Valley, and they had long been cultivated for silk
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production in the foothills and ancient agricultural oases of Sokh, Isfara,
Namangan, and Asht.
The mountainous regions, mountain slopes, and hills of the Fergana Valley
were effectively used by nomadic and semi-nomadic populations for wintering
and grazing. At the same time, these areas were suitable for spring and autumn
grazing.
The poor peasants of the Kokand Khanate were even exploited by small
traders, and the middle and lower classes practically did not eat meat.
In the handicraft industry, even the production of one type or part of a
product, crafts and artisanship played an important role in the economic life of
the urban population of the Kokand Khanate. The crafts of the Kokand Khanate,
which had a long history of development, were highly specialized. This can be
especially observed in weaving and blacksmithing. Craftsmen were skilled
craftsmen who had mastered the secrets of their profession and were able to
raise the products they produced to the level of high art. Craftsmen tried to
ensure that the quality of their products was high. However, fierce competition
in the market prompted them to keep the secrets of their profession secret. The
subtleties of professions were taught only to their children, and sometimes to
their apprentices, and in this way they were passed down from generation to
generation.
In the Kokand Khanate, the capital of the country and all other cities. The
main part of the population was engaged in crafts and trades. Neighborhoods
had special workshops, teams and shops depending on their specialized craft.
This can also be seen from the names of neighborhoods and streets in cities.
Although the development of crafts was the same in almost all cities and villages
of the country, production was distinguished by its certain characteristics,
namely the type and quality of products. Blacksmithing, jewelry, weaving,
pottery, coppersmithing and other branches of crafts were widely developed,
and each city of the khanate became famous for the products it produced in a
certain field. In particular, the city of Kokand was famous for jewelry and paper
production, Shahrikhan and Chust for sewing and iron processing, in particular
for knife making, Margilan, Namangan and Andijan for silk weaving, Tashkent
for sewing, cast iron, iron and copper products. Notable areas of Khanate
craftsmanship include Namangan, The cities of Kokand and Margilan produced
satin, silk, adras and bekasam fabrics. Masters produced very high-quality
products in most cities, especially in Kokand. There were many experienced
masters in Kokand, who, having raised their products to the level of art, had
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regular customers and clients. This indicates that the craftsmen were constantly
provided with work.
In conclusion, it should be noted that in the city of Kokand, production was
also based on manual labor, and the main types of crafts were weaving yarn and
silk fabrics, making shoes, leatherworking, making pottery, blacksmithing,
saddlery, painting, coppersmithing, jewelry, carpentry, cart building, military
weapons production, carving, wax work, charcoal production, embroidery, skull
making, roofing, and the like. There were also gunpowder and papermaking
workshops belonging to the khan.
References:
1.
Qo‘qon xonligi arxivida ular nomma-nom sanab o‘tilgan. Qarang:
Троицкая А.Л. Каталог архива кокандских ханов Х1Х века. − Москва, 1968.
– С. 25.
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Воҳидов Ш. Қўқон хонлигида тарихнависликнинг ривожланиши. − Б.
83-85.
3.
БобобековХ. Қўқон тарихи. − Тошкент, 1996. – Б.100.
4.
Наливкин В.П. Очерки быти женшин туземного оседлого населения
Ферганской долины. – Казань, 1886. – С.132.
5.
Бейсембиев Т.К.Кокандская историография. Исследование по
источниковедению Средней Азии ХVIII- ХIХ веков. – Алматы: ТОО Принт С,
2009. – С. 198.
