46
potential self-employed individuals to effectively conduct their activities and
create new projects. An important element of stimulating self-employment is a
correct tax policy, which eases the tax burden for self-employed citizens and
creates conditions for their more active participation in the economy. Expanding
the range of activities that can be defined as self-employed also contributes to the
development of this form of entrepreneurship, providing citizens with more
opportunities to choose and implement their business ideas. The development of
self-employment in Uzbekistan will not only create additional sources of income
for citizens, but also contributes to economic growth, the creation of new jobs and
increased tax revenues to the budget. This will strengthen the financial stability
of the state and improve the quality of life of the population, and therefore the
level of their well-being.
References:
1.
Baytenizov D.T., Dubina I.N., Azatbek T.A., Campbell David F.J., Karayannis Elias G.
Economic functions of self-employment // Economics Profession Business. 2018. No. 3.
2.
Klimonova A.N. Welfare of the population as a target for the activities of the state:
essence, elements, factors of well-being // Socio-economic phenomena and processes. 2016. No.
12.
3.
Assessing the readiness of Uzbekistan to enter the freelance market. IMRS.
https://imrs.uz/archives/news/freelance.
THE ROLE OF GENDER NORMS AND POWER RELATIONS IN SHAPING
ENVIRONMENTAL DECISION-MAKING, AND HOW THEY CAN BE
ANALYZED THROUGH A GENDER LENS
Mamadjonova Sarvinoz
PhD student of Westminster International
University in Tashkent
Sharofutdinova Dilobar Toshpulatovna
Senior Lecturer, Department of Organization of
Pharmaceutical Labor at Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute
Gender norms and power relations are pivotal in shaping environmental
decision-making processes and outcomes, often in ways that go
unnoticed.
Research has shown that gender inequalities can influence the
allocation of production assets within households, leading to male dominance in
decision-making regarding innovation uptake and use of outputs [1]. Additionally,
gender has been recognized as a key factor in understanding differences,
inequalities, and power relations in environmental justice struggles worldwide,
particularly in movements related to bodily wellbeing, land protection, livelihood,
and climate justice [2].
Analyzing these dynamics through a gender lens is
essential for comprehending how societal expectations and power imbalances
can influence environmental policies, practices, and their impacts.
47
Traditional gender roles and societal expectations assign specific roles and
responsibilities based on gender. Women are frequently associated with
caregiving and household tasks, while men are expected to take on roles related
to economic and political leadership [3]. These deeply ingrained gender norms
have implications for environmental decision-making:
Gender norms can lead to the perception that men are more "qualified" or
"knowledgeable" in environmental matters, especially in technical or scientific
fields [4].
However, it is important to note that women express higher concern
about the environment and are more likely to engage in pro-environmental
behaviors [5]
.
Moreover, gender norms influence who feels empowered to speak up on
environmental issues [6]. In societies where women have limited agency or face
cultural barriers to participation, their voices may be marginalized or ignored in
environmental decision-making processes.
Power imbalances based on gender significantly impact environmental
decision-making:
Gender imbalances in leadership positions within government agencies,
corporations, and environmental organizations can shape the direction of
environmental policies [7]. When decision-makers are predominantly male, the
concerns and perspectives of women and other gender-diverse individuals may
be underrepresented. Power imbalances can also affect how resources are
allocated for environmental initiatives. Decisions about budget allocation, project
prioritization, and resource distribution can reflect and reinforce existing gender
inequalities [8].
Furthermore, access to and control over natural resources often have
gendered dimensions. Men often have more control over resources like land and
water in many societies [9]. These imbalances can result in environmentally
unsustainable practices or unequal distribution of benefits.
Recognizing that gender intersects with other social identities, such as race,
class, and ethnicity, is crucial [10]. An intersectional approach helps uncover how
multiple factors shape environmental outcomes and decision-making.
Promoting inclusive and participatory processes that allow marginalized
gender groups to voice their concerns and contribute to environmental decision-
making is essential.
Developing and implementing policies that address gender disparities in
access to resources, employment opportunities in environmental sectors, and
leadership positions can help rectify gender imbalances in environmental
decision-making. Gender differences in views on environmental issues and policy
have been found among male and female environmental economists, indicating
the need for targeted policies to address these disparities [11]. Scholars have
highlighted the critical roles that women play in environmental management and
the impact of gender asymmetries in property rights on natural resource use [12].
Women tend to experience inequitable environmental burdens and have less
control over environmental decisions, which affects their health [13].
48
Environmental justice research, teaching, policy, and practice should be made
more gender aware and feminist-oriented to address these injustices [14].
Gender-inclusive environmental agendas require the integration of gender and
environmental issues, along with monitoring and evaluation practices to capture
the interrelationship between the two [15].
In conclusion, gender norms and power relations are central forces that
shape environmental decision-making. Analyzing these dynamics through a
gender lens is essential for identifying and addressing disparities, promoting
inclusivity, and developing more equitable and sustainable environmental
policies and practices. Recognizing the impact of gender on environmental
governance is a crucial step toward a more just and environmentally responsible
future.
References:
1.
Sherilyn, MacGregor. (2020). Gender matters in environmental justice. doi:
10.4324/9780429029585-21
2.
Rieko, Shibata., Sarah, Cardey., Peter, Dorward. (2020). Gendered intra‐household
decision‐making dynamics in agricultural innovation processes: assets, n
orms and bargaining
power. Journal of International Development, doi: 10.1002/JID.3497
3.
Joelle, C., Ruthig., Andre, Kehn., Wendy, N., Fisher., Emily, M., Carstens, Namie. (2021).
Consequences of a Zero-Sum Perspective of Gender Status: Predicting Later Discrimination
against Men and Women in Collaborative and Leadership Roles. Sex Roles, doi: 10.1007/S11199-
020-01199-X
4.
Robyn, D., James., Javkhlan, Ariunbaatar., Meaghan, Bresnahan., Chelsea, Carlos‐
Grotjahn., Jonathan, Fisher., Bridget, L, Gibbs., Justine,
E., Hausheer., Cynthia, Nakozoete., Sarah‐
Kate, Nomura., Hugh, Possingham., Kristen, Lyons. (2022). Gender and conservation science: Men
continue to out‐publish women at the world's largest environmental conservation non‐profit
organization. Conservation science and practice, doi: 10.1111/csp2.12748
5.
Robyn, D., James., Javkhlan, Ariunbaatar., Meaghan, Bresnahan., Chelsea
, Carlos‐
Grotjahn., Jonathan, Fisher., Bridget, L, Gibbs., Justine, E., Hausheer., Cynthia, Nakozoete., Sarah‐
Kate, Nomura., Hugh, Possingham., Kristen, Lyons. (2022). Gender and conservation science: Men
continue to out‐publish women at the world's largest environmental conservation non‐profit
organization. Conservation science and practice, doi: 10.1111/csp2.12748
6.
Nicole, Detraz. (2014). Gender and International Environmental Politics. doi:
10.1057/9781137338976_6
7.
Abdulmalek, Taher, Alhajj. (2022). Environmental behavior practice in government
agencies: Evidence from Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Problems and perspectives in management,
doi: 10.21511/ppm.20(1).2022.22
8.
Susan, Himmelweit. (2018). Gender Equality Impact Assessment: A Core Element of
Gender Budgeting. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-64891-0_5
9.
Anna, Sikira., Japhet, J., Kashaigili. (2016). Gendered Access and Control Over Land and
Water Resources in the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania. Journal of Natural
Resources and Development, doi: 10.5027/JNRD.V6I0.12
10.
Louise, Holt., Sophie, Bowlby. (2019). Gender, class, race, ethnicity and power in an elite
girls’ state school.
Geoforum, doi: 10.1016/J.GEOFORUM.2019.05.020
11.
Ann, Mari, May., Mary, G., McGarvey., Christopher, R., Gustafson., Taro, Mieno. (2021).
Gender, environmental issues and policy: An examination of the views of male and female
economists. Ecological Economics, doi: 10.1016/J.ECOLECON.2020.106877
49
12.
Seema, Arora-Jonsson. (2017). Gender and Environmental Policy. doi:
10.4324/9781315886572.CH19
13.
Karen, Bell., Karen, Bell. (2016). Bread and Roses: A Gender Perspective on
Environmental Justice and Public Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and
Public Health, doi: 10.3390/IJERPH13101005
14.
H, P, Rizal., P, Siahaan., Galuh, Yuliani. (2017). Implementation of Socioscientific Issues
Instruction to Fostering Students’ Decision Making Based Gender on Environmental Pollution.
doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/812/1/012012
15.
Itza, Castaneda., Cintia, Aguilar., Allison, Rand. (2013). Measurement and Reporting:
Important Elements of Gender Mainstreaming in Environmental Policies. Cornell Journal of Law
and Public Policy
XALQARO BRЕNDLARNI JALB QILISH ORQALI MAMLAKAT EKSPORT
SALOHIYATINI OSHIRISH IMKONIYATLARI
Malikov Numonjon
Jahon iqtisodiyoti va diplomatiya universiteti
“Xalqaro moliya va investitsiyalar” kafedrasi o‘qituvchisi.
Yangi O‘zbekiston iqtisodiyotining o‘sishi, ishlab chiqarish sohalarining
kengayishi, mavjud sohalarning zamonaviy texnologiyalar bilan boyishi, iqtisodiy
samaradorlikning oshishi va aholi farovonligining ko‘tarilishiga ta’sir
ko‘rsatuvchi omillardan eng muhimi mamlakatga kirib kelayotgan to‘g‘ridan
-
to‘g‘ri xorijiy investitsiyalar hisoblanadi.
O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti Shavkat Mirziyoyev tashabbus
i bilan
so‘nggi yillarda xorijiy investitsiyalarni jalb qilish, mamlakat investitsion muhitini
yaxshi
lash, xorijiy investorlar uchun qulay sharoitlar yaratish bo‘yicha olib
borilgan islohotlar o‘z natijalarini ko‘rsatmoqda.
Sa’y
-harakatlar natijasida sunggi yillarda barcha tarmoqlardagi dasturlarga
31 milliard dollarlik to‘g‘ridan
-
to‘g‘ri xorijiy investi
tsiyalar jalb qilindi. Natijada
o‘tgan 5 yilda sanoat 1,4 barobar, eksport 1,5 barobarga oshdi
[1]. Shu bilan birga
kelgusida
investitsion
islohotlarni
yanada
kuchaytirish
belgilandi.
Investitsiyalarni jalb qilishda iqtisodiy diplomatiyani va chet eldagi diplomatik
vakolatxonalar ishtirokini kuchaytirish muhimligi qayd etildi
. To‘qimachilik,
charm, qurilish materiallari, elektr texnikasi, oziq-ovqat, farmatsevtika, zargarlik
kabi tarmoqlarda yangi mahsulotlarni o‘zlashtirish,
jahon brendlarini olib
kelish orqali yangi bozorlarga chiqish muhimligi qayd etildi
.
Shuningdek, kelgusi 5 yilda iqtisodiyot barqaror o‘sishi uchun sanoatni yana
1,5 barobarga oshirish, eksportni 30 milliard dollarga yetkazish maqsad qilib
qo‘yilganligi, buning uchun 120 milliard dollar sarmoya, jumladan, 70 milliard
dollar xorijiy investi
tsiya zarurligi ta’kidlandi. Qisqa fursatlarda ushbu
raqamlarga erishish katta mehnat talab qiladi. Shu sababli biz rivojlanayotgan
davlatlarning muvaffaqiyatli tajribalaridan foydalanishimiz kerak bo‘ladi.
Jahon brendlari ostida mahsulotlarning ishlab chiqarilishi ularning yangi
bozorlarga kirib borishiga, katta hajmda eksport qilinishiga olib keladi.
