EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES
ISSN: 2750-8587
VOLUME04 ISSUE12
194
SOCIAL, PHILOSOPHICAL, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF L.N. TOLSTOY'S NOVEL
"ANNA KARENINA"
Kobilov Abdumumin Karshievich
Academic Lyceum of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Samarkand, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
AB O U T ART I CL E
Key words:
Л. Tolstoy, Anna Karenina, realism,
psychological novel, morality, clash of personality
and society.
Received:
09.12.2024
Accepted
: 14.12.2024
Published
: 19.12.2024
Abstract:
Leo Tolstoy's novel "Anna Karenina"
(1873-1877) is one of the most significant world
literatures of the XIX century. It touches upon the
eternal problems of human life: love and family,
freedom and duty, social morality, and personal
happiness. Tolstoy creates a multifaceted canvas
of Russian life at that time, representing different
strata of society through the fate of the characters
and their internal conflicts. The article considers
the main themes and problems of Leo Tolstoy's
novel "Anna Karenina", such as the clash of
personality and society, the problem of love and
family, as well as the moral quest of the characters.
It analyses the novel's poetics, the ways of
revealing the characters' inner feelings, and the
methods of Tolstoy's psychology.
INTRODUCTION
The Tolstoy's novel explores the contradictions of late nineteenth-century Russian society, which was
on the cusp between traditional patriarchy and the emerging ideas of modernization. Through the fates
of the main characters - Anna Karenina, Alexei Vronsky, Konstantin Levin, and others - the author raises
the themes:
1.
The position of women in society. Anna Karenina symbolizes the tragedy of a woman who strives
for personal happiness but faces the condemnation of society. Her passion and desire for freedom come
into conflict with social norms. The condemnation of Anna as a 'fallen' woman contrasts with the tacit
acceptance of similar behavior by men (e.g. Vronsky).
VOLUME04 ISSUE12
https://doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-04-12-35
Pages: 194-197
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2.
The crisis of aristocracy and feudalism. Tolstoy's characters belong to different social groups:
Anna and Karenin are representatives of the aristocracy, and Levin is a landowner-progressivist trying
to reform the economy. Through their life collisions, Tolstoy criticizes the emptiness of the nobility and
searches for meaning in the work of the land and simple human values.
3. Family and marriage. The novel presents various models of family relationships: the unhappy
marriage of Anna and Karenin, the free love of Anna and Vronsky, and the harmonious relationship of
Levin and Kiti. The author shows that happiness is possible only with spiritual intimacy and mutual
understanding.
The psychologism and philosophy of the novel
One of the outstanding aspects of "Anna Karenina" is the deep psychologism and philosophical
reflections of the characters.
•
- The image of Anna Karenina. Anna embodies the inner conflict between feeling and reason. Her
love for Vronsky becomes not only a source of happiness but also a destructive passion that destroys
her life. The psychological portraits of Anna demonstrate the change in her state: from confidence and
love to despair and self-destruction.
•
- The figure of Konstantin Levin. Levin is the alter ego of Tolstoy himself. His search for the
meaning of life, his reflections on faith, labor and family values represent the philosophical basis of the
novel. Levin's happiness, unlike Anna's tragedy, lies in the simplicity and acceptance of life as it is.
•
- Motives of freedom and destiny. Anna strives for freedom from social fetters, but this freedom
turns out to be a tragedy for her. Tolstoy shows the irresolvable conflict between personal will and
social obligations.
The problem of love and marriage
In the novel, Tolstoy contrasts two types of relationships: true love and social conventions. The story of
Anna and Vronsky demonstrates the conflict between personal happiness and social morality. Anna
refuses to marry Karenin, which is an empty formality, but her feelings for Vronsky do not bring her the
happiness she expected. Tolstoy shows that love, devoid of a moral beginning, leads to the destruction
of personality.
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The family line of Levin and Kiti, on the contrary, becomes a counterpoint to Anna's story. Their
relationship is built on mutual respect, spiritual unity and sincerity. Levin realizes that true happiness
in marriage is based on simple and natural values.
Levin, one of Tolstoy's autobiographical incarnations, experiences a deep spiritual crisis. In his search
for the meaning of life, he turns to labor, family, and then to faith. Levin comes to realize that happiness
lies in a simple, 'righteous' life, consistent with moral laws.
Thus, Tolstoy argues that only labor and moral purity lead man to harmony with the world and himself.
Anna Karenina is the central character of the novel, whose image is filled with deep psychology and
tragedy. Her love for Vronsky becomes a protest against conventions, but at the same time leads her to
self-destruction. Tolstoy shows that Anna is not only a victim of society but also of her inner discord.
Her tragedy lies in her inability to find harmony between her feelings and morality.
The finale of the novel, where Anna commits suicide, emphasizes the inevitability of her fate in the
context of social and personal conflict.
Symbolism and artistic features
•
- The symbolism of the train. The image of the train permeates the novel as a symbol of fate and
the inexorable passage of time. Anna meets Vronsky at the railway station, anticipating trouble, and her
life ends in tragedy under the wheels of the train.
•
- Nature as a reflection of the state of mind. In the novel, nature often serves as a metaphor to
describe the emotions and inner world of the characters. For example, Levin's harvesting scene
symbolizes harmony and order in his life.
•
- Realism and composition. Tolstoy uses realistic details to create a three-dimensional and
believable depiction of reality. The composition of the novel consists of two parallel lines: Anna's tragic
story and Levin's happy life, which allows the author to show different aspects of human existence.
CONCLUSION
"Anna Karenina" by Leo Tolstoy remains a relevant work, touching on themes significant for all times.
Social criticism, deep psychology, philosophical search for the meaning of life and a unique artistic form
make the novel one of the masterpieces of world literature. Anna Karenina is a tragic heroine whose
rebellion against convention turns to ruin, while Levin embodies the path of reconciliation and inner
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harmony. Through these opposing destinies, Tolstoy offers a reflection on the nature of happiness,
morality, and the true values of life. The combination of personal drama and global issues makes the
novel relevant to this day, and its characters are alive and close to the reader. At the center of the work
is an eternal theme: the human desire for happiness and the search for harmony in a world full of
contradictions.
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