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TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
20-26
DOI
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
22 October 2024
ACCEPTED
14 December 2024
PUBLISHED
06 January 2025
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue01 2025
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Narrative Perspectives and
Colonial Critiques: A
Comparative Analysis of
Robinson Crusoe and
Heart of Darkness through
Literary Theory
Hamid Gaffer Mutib
Directorate of Education in Najaf Governorate, Iraq
Abstract:
This research emphasizes their narrative
stances and criticisms of colonialism. It compares and
contrasts Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness with Daniel
Defoe's Robinson Crusoe. The study uses narratological
and postcolonial theories to analyze how the characters'
experiences mirror and challenge European imperial
ideas.
Through Robinson Crusoe's claim of dominance over the
natural world and indigenous peoples, the story creates
a colonial worldview that embodies the Enlightenment-
era rationale for imperial expansion. Heart of Darkness,
on the other hand, exposes the degrading impacts of
colonization on both the colonizers and the colonized by
dissecting the beliefs of European supremacy through a
fractured narrative and an uncertain moral tone.
The study emphasizes how narrative tactics shape
ideological underpinnings by tracing the development
of colonial discourse from affirmation in Robinson
Crusoe to critique in Heart of Darkness. By contrasting
these writings, the study highlights their continuing
significance in comprehending the intricacies of
colonialism and how it is portrayed in literature,
providing insights into the relationship between
historical context and narrative form.
Keywords:
Narrative stances, criticisms of colonialism,
imperial expansion.
Introduction:
"General Overview"
Literary theory provides a refined framework for
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examining and assessing literary works, uncovering the
hidden ideologies and societal impacts of the works, as
well as the stylistic methods employed by the writers.
This comparative study analyzes the narrative
structures of two prominent literary works: Examples
of books that belong to the historical genre include
Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe. On the other hand,
Heart of Darkness is an example of a post-colonial
fiction. Joseph Conrad. These novels, one that is over a
hundred years old and the other a more modern novel
offer wonderful insights into the themes of
exploration, empire, and on the nature of human kind.
It is the aim of this paper to compare the civilizational
gaze turned colonial from Defoe to Conrad through the
further sublimation of narrative perspectives and the
critiques of colonialist discourse in both works to
understand the various strategies that are taken by
Defoe and Conrad as creative choices and the
outcomes of those choices.
The critiques of colonialism and its effects on people
and civilization are sharp in both books. These are the
two particular elements of the narrative points of view
employed in the novels Heart of Darkness and
Robinson Crusoe that have a big impact on how the
readers see the people and events that occur in the
stories. In using the first person narrative approach,
Defoe tells everyone about his lonely existence on a
barren island as the hero, Robinson Crusoe. This sort of
method makes it possible to assess ideas, feelings, and
a character's development throughout the periods of
solitude and survival more thoroughly. In Heart of
Darkness, Conrad has selected a sophisticated
narrative structure that includes a framing tale in
which the reader or listener learns directly from the
protagonist Marlow about his journey into the depths
of the darkness. The reader is forced to consider the
veracity and prejudice of the storyteller by the intricacy
and ambiguity added by the usage of a multi-level
structure in this narrative. (Leitch, 2001).
The novel lays out the typical colonialist plot of mind-
set that was prevalent during the colonial period.
Crusoe as the strong ruler of the island changed the
natives’ behavior to European norms, and his thinking
he was better than the natives is colonialism mentality.
Still, the novel also provides the reader with the view
of the interaction between the cultures and the races,
which reflect all the complexities of colonization
process (Defoe, 1972).
Through this novel Conrad makes use of the dark side
of imperialism present in the Europe’s conquest of
Africa by portraying Marlow’s trek to t
he center of the
continent. It depicts the cruel and unchristian
subordination and persecution of the African
continent, reduction of the native people to savages
and the Europeans to immoral barbarians. As a source
of social critique of the malefic effects of colonialism,
the work of Joseph Conrad a compelling yet morally
malignant character, Kurtz. The themes discussed in the
novel mirror basic questions about the society and its
inhabitants as they relate to dominance, consequences
of greed, and evil within people (Adams, 1991)
To gain better understanding and interpretation of
these stories, we apply various theories drawn from the
domain of literature. It is for this reason that
postcolonial criticism provides a framework through
which we are able to discern and then judge power
struggles, cultural tensions and representations of the
‘other’ in novels(Bhabha,2006). This theoretical
framework allows for considering how the authors
engage colonial discourses and whether they occupy an
oppositional or difficulties relationship with colonial
thought.
Furthermore, the use of self-starting narrative theory
helps in the understanding of the organization of the
point of view and the techniques of narration used by
both the authors, the Defoe as well as Conrad. By
examining the voices in the narrative, the framework
found in the textual works, and the changes of time and
space within the works of these authors, the
understanding of how these authors construct their
story and the method they use to forward themes may
be developed.
This paper study employed the literary theory approach
together with the comparative method to analyze
Robinson Crusoe and Heart of Darkness as well as to
discover the relative difference on the perceptive and
colonialist feelings expressed in these two books.
Analyzing the books using the colonial criticism and
focusing on the particular aspects of the colonial
scheme and the colonial involvement of the authors,
one can discern the relation of colonial power and the
chorused look for the humanness in the works of the
authors. The maturity that The Trial and Kindred brings
on recognizing the topics of these books as timeless
makes this understanding more overriding, thus
enabling a reader to appreciate these texts as works of
literature (Bhabha,2006).
The Statement of the Problem
One can precisely find much food for critical analysis in
narrative viewpoints and colonial criticisms in both
novels. This aspect of a first person teller in the novel
“Robinson Crusoe” is very effective as it allows
readers
to examine the mind of the protagonist as he struggles
to survive on an isolated island. The detailed near-
monologic narration by Crusoe allows the reader to
understand the nature of his transformation, critical
view on the authority, and relations with native people
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of the island. On the other hand, in Heart of Darkness
a complicated double focus is employed, and the
reader follows the journey into the very heart of a
continent only through the reports of the protagonist,
Marlow. This kind of writing creates an illusion of
confusion and contributes to the fact that readers are
question the validity and prejudice of the storyteller.
Uncertainty arises when we consider the fact and ask
how these aspects of the novels’ construction relate to
the reade
r’s understanding of the events, characters,
and ideas that are unfolded in both narratives.
As for criticisms of colonialism, Robinson Crusoe
reflects the colonizers’ colonialist worldview and the
colonialist values of the period. Crusoe DOMINION
over the island, the subjugation of indigenous people
and his Junoesque mission to shape their society in
accordance with his European/Christian standards are
a true reflection of eighteenth-century imperialism.
However, it does offer occasional glimpses into
empathy
–
into knowing how someone else feels
–
and
into the process of imitation, diffusion of ideas and
borrowings of customs from other societies. It brings
the complexity and elaboration of the trials and
difficulties that follow colonial encounters even closer
to reality for a more realistic approach. Conversely,
Heart of Darkness provides his quill to give a critique
on imperialism on the side of the Europeans. The heart
of darkness is a novel which shows the evil, cruelty, and
vices of the European empire and the native Africans.
Kurtz who is one of the main characters of the story of
represents the vices that colonialism unleashes or
brings to the native societies. Of all the characters in
Heart of Darkness, Conrad has created a character that
challenges the European imperialism and goes to the
core of human character. Overall, it is possible to
examine how the authors engaging with the colonial
discourse and employing colonial criticisms in their
writing tried to either conform or subvert the colonial
discourse
In this regard, this paper seeks to enhance the above
conceptions of travel and imperialism, and the notion
of existence as Fromm depicted in the texts of
“Robinson Crusoe” and “Heart of Darkness” in relation
to the narrators and the colonialistic worldviews found
in both works. Also, it aims at demonstrating how
taking a particular critical approach, for example,
postcolonial criticism helps in the explanation of a
particular subject area. Thus, assembling the kernels of
these tales, one can find out how the texts open up the
deep structure, contradiction, and indoctrination of
beliefs for the analysis of motives of the writers and
context of the social and cultural cultures where these
novel were produced.
"The Significance of the Study"
From a literary theory perspective, both Robinson
Crusoe and Heart of Darkness are highly deserving of
examination in terms of their academic and intellectual
value. This collection delves into the intricacies of
narrative perspectives and critiques of colonialism, so
enriching the field of literary studies with novel
interpretations of these important works. The research
extensively examines how writers deal with colonial
ideology, power relations, and the image of the "other"
through their depiction of exploration, imperialism, and
the human condition. In addition, it demonstrates how
significant and useful literary theory is for revealing
deeper layers of meaning in works such as narrative
theory and post colonial criticism. It also attests to the
significance of this book beyond literature because it
provides a historical framework and foundation for
contemporary
discourses
on
power
relations,
intercultural relationships and the lasting effects of
imperialism. Finally, through this study, we will be able
to understand these works better; besides this; it
provides more inclusive approaches to identifying the
complexities of imperialism, exploration and human
condition in literature as well as life in general.
METHODOLOGY
The aim of this study is to dive into the narrative issues
of point of view and imperialist objections expressed by
authors in both novels through a thorough textual
analysis. In close reading, the novels are examined,
particularly with reference to narrative structures and
styles. The study aims at identifying defining moments,
intellectual exchanges, and narrative techniques that
perpetuate empire, exploration, and human existence.
It also applies a theoretical framework
—
mainly
postcolonial critique
—
to assess these writings. This
method allows writers to reflect on their engagement
with colonial ideology as it relates to power dynamics
and the representation of otherness in general.
Furthermore, the essay uses other secondary sources
like books, academic publications and critical essays to
enhance analysis providing a wider understanding
regarding how the two works have been written about
in scholarly circles. Its rigorous approach involves
appraising Heart of Darkness and Robinson Crusoe
through deep textual analysis theoretical frameworks as
well as secondary sources among others in order to
examine colonial critiques and narrative points of view.
Lastly this work seeks to interrogate these topics
thoroughly.
Comparative Analysis
"Narrative Perspective and structure in Heart of
Darkness"
A narrative within a story is told in Charles Conrad's
novella Heart of Darkness. Start with sailor Charlie
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Marlow as he recounts an adventure down the African
Congo River. The Belgian Congo-based colonial
corporation known as the Company appoints him
captain of a river boat. The story of Kurtz, a colonial spy
who has become sick and may be insane, introduces
Marlow to the horrors of imperialism.
The jungle has a profound effect on Marlow's psyche,
both on his own and, perhaps, on the distorted psyche
of Western society as a whole. Marlow recovers after
Kurtz's death on the trek up the river, and characters
from Kurtz's past pay him a visit while he gets well.
In 1902, alongside two other works by Conrad, Heart
of Darkness was published as a novel in Youth: And
Two Further works. Nevertheless, it was not well-
received by the public. In the 1940s and 1950s, the
story was well-received by academics, but its message
about colonialism and its use of Africa as a vague
backdrop to examine the white mind were not
thoroughly examined.
Heart of Darkness was addicted to additional
postcolonial criticism and feminist interpretations in
the 1970s as Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe criticized
it for dehumanizing African people. Although its
continued inclusion on n course syllabuses since the
1970s, Heart of Darkness is currently seen as a more
contentious work within the Western canon due to its
firmly embedded white male viewpoint (Aziz, et al,
2015).
The intricacy of the colonial encounter and the power
relations are crucially shown in Heart of Darkness via
its narrative viewpoint and structure. Readers are able
to closely examine Marlow's moral and psychological
difficulties because of the first-person perspective. The
fragmented and non-linear structure effectively
conveys the chaos and bewilderment caused by
colonialism, as well as the intertwined and chaotic
nature of memory and reality. The unreliable narrator
enriches the narrative by bringing intricacy and forcing
readers to engage in a discerning analysis of the
colonial themes and criticisms. Heart of Darkness
challenges readers to examine colonialism, the
construction of narratives, and power relations within
the colonial encounter by utilizing specific narrative
choices and structure.
"The narrative structure and perspectives in Robinson
Crusoe"
Among the most famous and consequential works
written in the eighteenth century, you will find Daniel
Defoe's works. Even now, Defoe's works have a
profound effect on other writers. He checked and
rechecked everything.
He painstakingly culled the material down to the
essentials, leaving only what was necessary for the plot.
His writing was straightforward and uncomplicated.
Daniel Defoe's style, which he achieved through the use
of straightforward language, nautical jargon, short
sentences, and a new approach to producing English
literature, is just one of many traits that make him one
of the most significant writers of the eighteenth
century. Defoe immerses readers in the novel's world,
allowing them to experience the sights and sounds as
the characters do.
This research checks Daniel Defoe's usage of style in
Robinson Crusoe. Additional insights on the story's
storyline, topics, and the reader's perspective can be
gained from the research (Bhabha, 2006)
Storywise, Robinson Crusoe mostly follows his trip from
the island shipwreck until his rescue. Crusoe tells the
events in chronological sequence, hence the plot
advances in that way. The story gains credibility and
believability as the linear structure follows the historical
flow of time. The way Crusoe adapts to his new
environment, overcomes challenges with inventiveness,
and finally seizes control of the island is all visible to
readers.
The narrative viewpoint of Robinson Crusoe is
distinguished by the detailed and comprehensive
character of his story. Crusoe keeps thorough diaries of
his thoughts, views, and deeds. He goes into great
length on how he grows crops, builds shelter and tools,
and survives. The book's meticulous focus on detail
enhances its authenticity and substantiates Crusoe's
encounters.
The narrative perspective of Robinson Crusoe
embodies a colonial mindset and the exploration of
uncharted territories. Crusoe is a colonizer who
perceives the island as a vacant canvas to subjugate and
dominate. The tale exhibits a prominent inclination for
authority and a sense of entitlement towards the
territory and its assets. Crusoe's colonial perspective is
evident in his transformation of the island into a
miniature European society, assuming the roles of a
farmer, carpenter, and governor. The narrative
perspective reflects the colonial attitudes prevalent
during the historical period in which the story is set.
(Pawar, 2016)
Sincerity and uniqueness of the writing. Defoe manages,
unusually, to give his narrative colour and authenticity.
The painstaking and realistic depiction of the people and
natural setting of the book is especially important as it
is necessary to create the right atmosphere. The way the
book clearly captures and brings to life for the reader
the unique English character of the time is its strength.
Crusoe's moral rectitude lends a genuineness and
reliability to the entire work. Though the book uses
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direct, honest, precise, and upbeat language, a cold,
introspective, and depressing perspective with great
dramatic impact penetrates the primary mental image.
This is the kind of life view that an Enlightenment man
would really have.
According to Abir (2016:15), Defoe's detractors viewed
his fiction as an unintended consequence of his urgent
desire to support his family and avoid his creditors.
This viewpoint is supported by Maximillian E. Novak
(2004). According to Watt (2001) in The Rise of the
Novel, Defoe might be considered an exceptional case
of a renowned writer who shows minimal interest in
writing and does not provide any noteworthy insights
on it as a form of literature. According to Hammond,
the novel's lasting importance might be attributed to
its skillful integration of many literary styles and its
effectiveness
as
a
mythological
reference.
Furthermore, he asserts that a narrative that has
achieved the status of a fable must have substantial
literary and imaginative attributes, while also
addressing a deep psychological need in humans.
Watt (1957) argues that Defoe's fiction is the first to
depict both the broader scope of human life as a
historical narrative and the more immediate portrayal
of fleeting thoughts and deeds.
Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe is a thrilling tale of
adventure.
Pirates kidnap Crusoe and leave him for dead on a
desolate island off the coast of South America. He is
resourceful and determined, constructing housing,
growing his own food, and salvaging useful objects
from the disaster
A human footprint is discovered on the sand after
eighteen years of solitude. In the twenty-fourth year of
his imposed seclusion, Jesus saves a man named Friday
from the cannibals. An obedient servant emerges from
the native until the (Alba. 1918).
"Comparison of the narrative perspectives in both
novels"
"Heart of Darkness and Robinson Crusoe are separate
pieces of literature that explore themes of exploration,
colonialism, and the human mind. Both works utilize
first-person narrative perspectives, but they differ in
how they exploit these viewpoints to communicate
their plots and concepts. The protagonist of the novel
Heart of Darkness, named Marlow, narrates his
journey into the depths of Africa from a subjective
perspective. Marlow assumes the role of both the
protagonist and narrator, offering readers a very
personal and subjective portrayal of his experiences.
Marlow's perspective provides readers with a
thorough understanding of his thoughts, feelings, and
ethical dilemmas, enabling a detailed exploration of the
psychological and moral intricacies of the colonial
experience".
There is a radical shift in the relationship between voices
in a polyphonic book. The various narratological entities
may present their worldviews in the expected manner.
According to Lodge, a polyphonic novel is novel in which
a variety of competing views are given a voice and put
in play between and among individual talking subjects,
without being assigned and judged by an authoritative
authorial voice" (1990, p. 86) Consequently, the
authorial voice's authority is called into doubt in the
polyphonic novel since characters with multiple
worldviews are presented. The novel "writes itself" in a
polyphonic work because each of the narrators, in
violation of the author's authority, uses a distinct
narrative voice to write the story. As a democratic work,
the polyphonic novel typically features multiple voices
that are at odds with one another, including the
authorial voice, which naturally leads to questions
about authorial power
Regarding loneliness and isolation, the two works
couldn't be more different. In Heart of Darkness,
Marlow's isolation is mostly felt on a psychological level
as he deals with the deep effects of colonialism and his
personal conflicts. The narrative point of view highlights
the solitary nature of the human mind by focusing on
Marlow's philosophical and mental conflicts.
Colonialism of his day is reflected in Crusoe's power and
the idea of caring for the island's people and
environment. Instead of being sorrowful for his family
or trying to leave on the isolated island, Crusoe is
focused on establishing his kingdom and imposing his
"own culture." Rather than being a carefree romantic or
naive idiot, he comes out as more reserved, analytical,
and logical. The perspective reflected in Robinson
Crusoe is Eurocentric. Defoe uses the story of one man,
Robinson Crusoe, to paint a picture of the history of the
British Empires. "Truly, he exemplifies the stereotypical
English imperialist
—
a model planter-setter, explorer,
courageous protector of his realm, and benevolent ruler
of an ever-growing number of subjects for the benefit of
his king and nation. "According to Alam, establishing his
sense of identity is central to Crusoe's civilized purpose
on a lonely island. Crusoe asserts his kingship over the
island and its inhabitants, natural resources, and
commerce in the absence of any challengers or
contestants. He sets out to create a new civilization on
that planet. Colonizers distinguish themselves from
colonized and give themselves a distinct identity by
centering their attention on the self. In establishing his
colonizers' identity, Crusoe benefits from his
remoteness from his culture. He used the ship's cargo to
seize the entire island, demonstrating his capitalist
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nature.
Comparative Analysis: Colonial Critiques
"The
historical
progression
of
geographical
exploitation is shown in Heart of Darkness. Most
Europeans saw Africa as an ideal continent for
establishing political and cultural hegemony. The
Thames River, as portrayed in the novel, serves as a
metaphor of imperialism. The Thames, like any other
river, enables the flow of material, intellectual, and
emotional aspects between Europeans and Africans.
The proximity between Africa and Europe was
strengthened as a result of the demand for ivory and
financial resources".
"The Europeans had the intention of collecting ivory
from the Congo. Conrad portrays the master-slave
relationship through the Europeans' treatment of the
colonies, resulting in the colonists perceiving
themselves as "others." Heart of Darkness reveals the
deceitful actions of King Leopold II of Belgium, who
exploited his claimed purpose of civilizing to exploit the
Congo for his own gain. Ivory plays a vital role in the
Congo setting that Conrad has meticulously crafted in
this novel. The characters, such as Kurtz, the brick
builder, and the manager of the Central Station, are
captivated by the allure of ivory's power. The novel
Heart of Darkness depicts the contrast between the
Western concept of "self" and the notion of "others"."
By focusing on European actions, Conrad reveals the
true goal of the white conquerors. While claiming to be
on a civilizing mission, they have abused their power
and the colony to their fullest extent. The goal of
Leopold II's imperialism in this book is to consolidate
power. Agents were being dispatched by the Belgian
businesses that traded for commerce. Companies
headquartered in Belgium discovered the ivory trade
to be highly profitable. By consolidating their control
over the area, they were able to turn ivory into
currency. King demonstrates the evils of imperialism in
the Congo.
"Comparison of the Colonial Critiques Presented in
Both Novels"
Both works provoke a careful analysis of colonialism,
but they do so from different viewpoints and with
unique focuses. Robinson Crusoe depicts colonialism
as a method of asserting control and imposing
European ideals on a foreign territory, but Heart of
Darkness explores the psychological and ethical
aftermath of the colonial interaction in greater depth.
The novel Robinson Crusoe adeptly integrates a
critique of colonialism into its narrative framework and
worldview. Crusoe's efforts to recreate a miniature
version of European society on the island exemplify the
colonial mentality of asserting power and authority.
The book reinforces the concept of colonial dominance
and the belief in the superiority of European culture
over other civilizations. Crusoe's actions might be
interpreted as a reflection of colonial ideology, since he
forcefully imposes his own customs, religion, and beliefs
on the island and its inhabitants. Marlow, as the
narrator, effectively depicts the harsh truth of
imperialism by drawing parallels to the historical Roman
invasions of Britain. He emphasizes the avarice of the
Belgian invaders. The notion of ivory has sway over the
Manager, the Brick-maker, and several other Caucasian
persons in the story. Marlow used the term "plundering
of Britain" to describe the act of conquering. The
Caucasians
perpetrated
the
exploitation
and
brutalization of the indigenous inhabitants with the aim
of unlawfully seizing their ivory. Some see Heart of
Darkness as a spiritual odyssey in which a protagonist
undergoes a transformation from naivety to
enlightenment while pursuing a capitalist mindset.
Human solidarity is completely lacking. There is a dearth
of mutual understanding between those who are
dominated and those who are in power.
The title plays a pivotal role in the majority of literary
works, providing the reader with a clue about the
subject matter or the objectives of the authors. The title
of the novel, "Hart of Darkness," is ambiguous and
challenging to interpret. In addition to its literal
meaning, the term "Darkness" also carries symbolic and
political implications. The author has depicted the
Congo as a realm of "obscurity" to emphasize the
indigenous population's ignorance and superstitious
beliefs. Heart of Darkness suggests that Africa is an
enigmatic and ominous continent. Furthermore, the
term "heart of darkness" denotes a previously
unexplored region that is currently undergoing
colonization by its residents. (Pawar, 2016).
CONCLUSION
The analysis of Daniel Defoe's literary works, including
Heart of Darkness and Robinson Crusoe, has provided
view into the idea of colonialism in literature. These
works explain the interconnectedness of power, agency,
and morality in the colonial setting through their
narrative viewpoints, which exhibit both similarity and
differences. Robinson Crusoe, a representative of the
dominant imperialistic ideas of his era, embodies the
heroic archetype of the European adventurer who inters
his perspectives and control over the indigenous
inhabitants of the island. The Eurocentric perspective of
colonial speech is reinforced by portraying indigenous
populations as uncivilized and inferior, perpetuating
innate biases. Joseph Conrad's novel, Heart of Darkness,
includes a sophisticated narrative technique by tracing
the journey of Marlow as he tips with the intricate
ethical and psychological aspects of colonialism.
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Examining literature from diverse perspectives is
essential, and this research also investigates how
various cultures and historical eras have influenced the
reception and influence of different literary genres.
Future research may focus on the examination of
language and linguistic methods employed in
depictions of colonialism, as well as the impact of
literary theories such as postcolonial theory and
feminist theory on these narratives. Through the usage
of literary theory, we have acquired a comprehensive
understanding of the representation of colonialism in
literature by analyzing Robinson Crusoe and Heart of
Darkness. It is an essential to question and challenge
prevailing narratives, give more prominence to
marginalized voices, and critically analyze the
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