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TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
5-10
DOI
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
19 October 2024
ACCEPTED
12 December 2024
PUBLISHED
03 January 2025
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue01 2025
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative
common’s
attributes 4.0 License.
Bioecological
Characteristics of
Crataegus Turkestanica
Pojark. In the Kungurbuka
Mountains of The Chatkal
Range (Uzbekistan)
Murodali Tojiboyev
Associate Professor of the Depertment of Methods of Teaching Biology
and Geography of Andijan State Pedagogical Institute, Andijan, Uzbekistan
Аkramjon Yuldashev
Professor of the Department of Ecology and Botany of Andijan State
University, Andijan, Uzbekistan
Abstract:
This article presents the results of research on
the study of some biological and ecological features of
one of the species of Crataegus
–
C. turkestanica Pojark.
Issues such as the association of this species with plant
communities,
the
density
of
individuals
in
cenopopulations, the influence of environmental
factors on fruit yield were studied and the operational
reserves of fruits in the studied territory were
calculated.
Keywords:
Plant community, coenopopulation, age
composition of the coenopopulation, density of
individuals, stock density, biological stock, operational
stock.
Introduction:
The studied territory - Mount Kungurbuka
is located within the boundaries of 410 30' - 410 40'
north latitude and 690 45' - 700 00' east longitude and
administratively belongs to the Bustanlyk district of the
Tashkent region. It is located on the western part of the
Chatkal range of the Southwestern Tien Shan. Its total
length from southwest to northeast is about 20 km, and
its width ranges from 5 to 12 km. The total area of the
research area is more than 150 km2. The northern and
northwestern parts of the research area are bordered
by the Chirchik River. The foothills of the Karzhantau
ridge are located on the right bank of the river, almost
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parallel to the research area. In the north there is one
of the largest in the republic, the Charvak reservoir,
which arose at the confluence of the large rivers of the
Western Tien Shan, the Pskov, Koksu and Chatkal. With
a dam height of 145 meters, the water capacity of the
Charvak reservoir is 1.7 billion m3. The southern
border of the territory reaches Galvasai, and the
eastern border reaches Ishakkupriksai and Archali
Pass. The western spurs of the Maly Chimgan
Mountain with the highest point of 2098 m begin from
that place.
Kungirbuka Mountain is characterized by an arid and
subarid climate, with significant temperature
fluctuations and low rainfall. Conditions vary
depending on altitude, which directly affects the
composition
of
vegetation
and
phytocenotic
characteristics of species. The flora of Kungirbuka
Mountain is quite rich in species. According to our
calculations, the region has more than 600 species of
vascular plants, and among them there are many
medicinal plants that have pharmacological properties
and are used in scientific and folk medicine. In this
article, we present the results of many years of
research on the study of an interesting and promising
tree species Crataegus turkestanica Pojark (Hawthorn).
This species is of great importance in the formation of
Kungurbuka plant communities, for strengthening soils
on slopes and in preventing erosion.
Kungirbuka Mountain is subject to significant
temperature fluctuations: in summer it can be hot
here, and in winter temperatures drop significantly.
Crataegus turkestanica tolerates such climatic stresses
due to its drought resistance and ability to survive cold
winters.
Crataegus turkestanica is a species of plants in the
Rosaceae family, which is an important component of
the vegetation of mountain ecosystems in Central Asia,
including Mount Kungirbuka in Uzbekistan. This plant
is found at different altitudes, preferring slopes and
gorges where it forms stable plant communities.
The range of Crataegus turkestanica covers Kopetdag,
Pamir Alai, Tien Shan, Afghanistan and Iran. This plant
grows on rocky and fine-grained slopes, scree, among
rocks, on outcrops of gypsum-bearing clays, along the
banks of rivers and streams as part of various
communities, sometimes as single trees among grassy
vegetation, from the remnant mountains and foothills
to the middle belt of mountains [1].
The branches of the hawthorn are brownish-gray in
color; and the shoots are glabrous or slightly hairy,
thin, reddish-brown. The spines are absent or, less
often, few, thin, 12-15 mm long. The leaves are bright
green, slightly lighter on the underside, on hairy
petioles, slightly shorter or equal to the leaves. On short
shoots, leaves with a wedge
—
shaped, often wide base,
10-30 mm long, 7-30 mm wide, the lower ones are
three-divided, the upper ones are up to 3.5 cm long,
five-divided. On sterile shoots, the leaves are much
larger, up to 5 cm long and wide, five or seven-
branched, with incised blades, often wider than those of
the leaves of short shoots, and with a cut base.
Inflorescences are 12-15-flowered, often with slightly
hairy axes and pedicels. Flowers with a diameter of 16-
18 mm; sepals narrowly lanceolate, reaching to the
middle of the hypanthium; stamens 18-20; column 1,
straight or bent. The fruits are broadly ellipsoidal, 11-13
mm long, 9-11 mm wide, dark red, with 1 stone.
Flowering in June. Fruiting since September [2, 3].
Hawthorn is suitable for mountain forest reclamation.
Surface prostrate root systems strengthen the soil well,
preventing it from being washed away. A good honey
plant, the wood is beautiful, durable, and easy to
process [4]. It is used in folk medicine, as well as the
Pontic hawthorn [5]. The most complete information on
the biochemical composition and use of hawthorn fruits
is given in the works of M.S. Zokov, M.H. Malikov, E.H.
Botirov [6]. Hawthorn flowers and fruits are used for
functional disorders of cardiac activity, atrial fibrillation,
paroxysmal tachycardia, myocarditis, atherosclerosis,
heart obesity,
vegetative
dystonia,
circulatory
insufficiency in elderly people, rheumatism, insomnia,
hypertension and other diseases [7
–
9]. In folk medicine,
an infusion of flowers and fruits is taken orally for heart
neurosis, hypertension, suffocation caused by heart
ailments, a rush of blood to the head and severe
nervous shocks [8-10]. Hawthorn preparations improve
the blood flow of the coronary artery and contraction of
the heart muscle, therefore it is widely used for
cardiovascular disorders such as arrhythmia, myocardial
infarction, heart failure [8, 11]. The most important
biologically active components of hawthorn include
flavonoids, proanthocyanidins and triterpene saponins
[7, 10-15]. The main flavone and flavonol glycosides are
vitexin, hyperoside, quercitrin [7, 10]. It has been
established that it is flavonoids and triterpene saponins
that determine the diverse biological activity of
hawthorn
extracts
–
cardiotonic,
antiarrhythmic,
hypotensive, hypolipidemic, antidepressant, diuretic,
antioxidant [7, 11, 13, 14]. Hawthorn fruits are also rich
in pectin substances (PV), which are widely used as a
food additive (thickener and jelly-forming agent) [13,
16, 17]. Aqueous solutions of hawthorn fruit pectin are
characterized by a high viscosity index and are effective
in the preparation and stabilization of emulsions
compared with commercial citrus peel pectins [18].
METHODS
Field materials for these studies were collected in the
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period from 2022 to 2024 in the Kungurbuka
mountains as part of various plant communities.
Geobotanical descriptions of communities have been
carried out, herbarium materials of various age
conditions of the studied species, as well as other
species, have been collected.
Generally accepted methods are used in the
description of cenopopulations [19; 20; 21; 22; 23].
Ontogenetic states are given by comparative
morphological methods [24; 25].
Biological and operational reserves of raw materials
are determined according to generally accepted
methods [26; 27; 28].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In Central Asia Crataegus species are represented by 9
species. More species are found in the Middle
mountains, in the foothills. Of these, 5 species grow in
Uzbekistan [2, 3]. Crataegus species are significantly
xerophytic and light-loving plants. A typical form of
cohabitation of all types of hawthorns is sparse
woodland. One of the most common species of the
genus is Crataegus turkestanica.
The crown forms of the genus Crataegus, depending on
the nature of the main trunk, the number, size and
location of the main, secondary and subsequent
branches, are divided into several types. According to
these characteristics, C. turkestanica belongs to the
tree type.
Most individuals of this species have secondary
summer or autumn growth, depending on favorable
conditions. The leaves are in most cases deeply
dissected, almost to pinnate, and bear large bracts that
remain until autumn.
Observation of adult individuals of Crataegus
turkestanica showed that the branches of the lower
and middle tiers have a lot of thorns, they are absent
above. Under conditions of prolonged and extreme
dryness, the prickliness of the species degraded, since
these conditions did not favor the growth of twigs that
turned into thorns, crossing it at the earliest phases.
Species with small spines are considered more
primitive, and species with large smooth spines,
sometimes long-lived, are more progressive.
We must recognize some Asian species of
Crataegus as an intermediate group, since one part of
them approaches the European small
–
banded ones, the
other - the American large-banded ones.
Crataegus turkestanica It is widely distributed in the
Southwestern Tien Shan (Southwestern Tien Shan),
including in the Kungurbuka mountains of the Chatkal
range. In the western spurs of Kungurbuka Mountain,
there are large thickets of Crataegus turkestanica (up to
2 hectares) in the belt between 960-1480 m above sea
level, where it occurs as part of various formations, less
often in the form of pure plantations. The range of the
population of this species is expanding more and more
year after year. Below, the more drought-tolerant
Crataegus pontica C.Koch is mixed with Crataegus
turkestanica. More complete plantings of the species
are formed on soft loess slopes covered with brown
soils. Under these conditions, their density increases to
0.7.
We
studied
the
age
composition
in
ten
coenopopulations of the species, where sites with a
total size of 2500 m2 were placed, they were placed in
different habitats of the species with different
conditions. In five of these coenopopulations, the
number of Crataegus turkestanica individuals reached
from 369 to 424 individuals of normal condition. In only
three coenopopulations, their number did not exceed
200 individuals, but recently cut down individuals by
humans for fuel were visible (Table 1).
Table 1
The age composition and number of individuals in the coenopopulations of Crataegus turkestanica Pojark. in
the mountains Kungurbuka
Age
-related condition
Coenopopulations
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Virginal,
v
18
26
51
19
76
53
49
35
79
50
Generative:
g
1
24
29
73
9
81
75
79
38
77
39
g
2
32
36
115
41
138
108
126
43
142
35
g
3
27
15
99
14
44
92
30
24
25
28
Subsenil,
ss
10
19
13
11
23
34
13
17
16
24
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Senil,
s
13
17
9
5
19
10
11
17
13
21
Oppressed
individuals
10
12
14
11
18
9
29
15
19
22
Cut down
individuals
9
17
30
13
25
16
32
29
39
31
Total
143
171
404
123
424
397
369
218
410
250
At the time of the description of the age states of
Crataegus turkestanica, no juvenile and immature
individuals were found in any of the ten
coenopopulations. This means that they had either
dried up by that time or were not there at all. From
this, we can conclude that these coenopopulations no
longer restore themselves by seed reproduction. This
is facilitated by grazing and early mowing of grass.
The bulk of the number of individuals are individuals of
the generative state (g1, g2, g3), especially many g2
individuals (from 32 to 142 individuals in a
coenopopulation). This means that all the studied
coenopopulations feel good, bloom and bear fruit
abundantly. But there is a small number of old
individuals (state ss, s), which no longer bear fruit
(from 5 to 34 individuals in coenopopulations).
The most important point is that in all ten
coenopopulations there were depressed or completely
cut down individuals of Crataegus turkestanica (from 9
to 29 individuals and from 9 to 39 individuals,
respectively).
Thus, the total number of individuals of all studied age
states in the coenopopulations varies from 123 (CP-4) to
424 (CP-5) (Table 1).
The main part used in Crataegus turkestanica is the fruit.
In this regard, the size of the fruit plays a major role in
determining the yield and raw material reserves. How
the fruit parameters (length, width, stalk length) change
can be seen from the data in Table 2, where the fruit
width varies from 7.9 (CP-8) to 10.7 (CP-5) mm, and the
length from 9.1 (CP-8) to 12.5 (CP-7). Thus, the shape of
the fruit also changes depending on the ratio of their
length and width.
Table 2
Size of Crataegus turkestanica Pojark fruits in different coenopopulations (in mm, dry)
Fetal index
Coenopopulations
Average
indicator
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Fruit length
10,1
11,2
10,5
12,1
12,4
11,1
12,5
9,1
10,2
11,5
11,1
Fruit width
8,4
8,3
8,2
9,8
10,7
10,5
10,2
7,9
8,9
9,9
9,3
Length of the
stalk
11,1
12,3
10,5
9,4
10,1
8,7
12,0
11,5
11,1
12,2
10,9
Research on the study of the fruit reserves of
Crataegus turkestanica Pojark. was carried out in the
same coenopopulations. As the data in Table 3 show,
the total operational stock of raw fruits in all studied 10
coenopopulations is about 7 tons of raw weight.
Table 3
Total exploitable stock of Crataegus turkestanica Pojark fruits in the Kungurbuka Mountains
№
Coenopopulatio
ns
Total
area,
ha
Productivit
y, kg/piece
Yield,
kg/ha
Operating
reserve, kg
1
Chinorkent
1,2
17,398
420,452
504,542
2
Chaynaksay 1
0,8
14,481
615,442
492,354
3
Buluksu
2,1
7,412
416,484
874,616
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Humsonlik
uchgan
1,4
8,214
310,958
435,342
5
Chaynaksay 2
2,1
9,462
662,34
1 390,914
6
Kuruksay
1,8
7,288
441,329
794,392
7
Ovrazak
2,3
6,552
290,566
668,304
8
Karankulsay
(upper reaches)
1,5
7,09
425,4
638,1
9
Karankulsay
(middle current)
2,4
6,768
355,32
852,768
10
Karankulsay
(lower reaches)
2,0
8,481
343,480
686,961
Total
17,6
7338,293
CONCLUSION
It was revealed that Crataegus turkestanica dominates
and plays the role of an edificator in many
communities of the vegetation cover of the studied
area. It was established that the number of individuals
increases every year and the range of the species
expands. During the study, we came to the conclusion
that this species is the most progressive and
widespread species in the vegetation cover of Mount
Kungurbuka. But they are very negatively affected by
human economic activity. In this regard, measures to
protect the vegetation of Mount Kungirbuka (including
Crataegus turkestanica) should be multi-level and
include both environmental actions (creation of
reserves, monitoring of plant populations) and active
involvement of the local population through
environmental education and sustainable use of
resources.
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