European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
and Management Studies
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TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
75-85
DOI
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
17 December 2024
ACCEPTED
19 January 2025
PUBLISHED
21 February 2025
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue02 2025
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Periodontitis - Symptoms
and Treatment
Djumaev Asliddin Abdusamadovich
Clinic Resident of the Department of Orthopedic Dentistry Samarkand
State Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Islamova Nilufar Bustanovna
PhD, Assistant Department of Orthopedic Dentistry Samarkand State
Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Abstract:
Periodontitis is an inflammatory gum disease
in which atrophy of tissues occurs, including the bone
that holds the tooth in its tooth socket.
Keywords:
Thin gum biotype, shallow vestibule,
insufficient bone thickness.
Introduction:
Periodontitis is an inflammatory gum
disease in which atrophy of tissues occurs, including the
bone that holds the tooth in its tooth socket.
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Atrophy of the tissues holding the tooth
This is an insidious disease: its symptoms may not have
acute toothache, and the disease in its advanced form
can lead to dangerous complications, including general
intoxication of the div. Therefore, it is very important
to start fighting periodontitis as early as possible.
The causes of periodontitis may be local and general
factors that first lead to gingivitis (inflammation of the
gums), and then to the spread of inflammation to the
underlying tissues and their destruction.
The leading etiological factor of periodontitis is the
microflora of dental plaque (plaque microflora), which
forms on the pellicle of the tooth in the area of the
gingival groove.
Plaque and microbial plaque
The pathogenic effect of microflora can manifest itself
due to its excessive accumulation in plaque or with a
change in the composition of microflora. In these
cases, gram-negative microorganisms, fusobacteria
and spirochaetes appear mainly.[2]
The following factors predispose to the development of
periodontitis:
• congenital features of the periodontal structure —
thin gum biotype, shallow vestibule, insufficient bone
thickness;
Features of the periodontal structure
• bad habits and common diseases —
smoking, chronic
emotional stress, diabetes mellitus, urolithiasis or
peptic ulcer;
• decreased saliva production due to taking certain
medications;
• tartar —
occurs as a result of the accumulation of
plaque in the recesses, which causes difficulty in self-
cleaning the gingival canal and maintaining the
inflammatory process in it;
Tartar
• traumatic bite (and its comb
ination with plaque is a
more destructive factor than the presence of only one
of them);
• deep or open bite —
the development of
periodontitis with malocclusion occurs in 36% of
children aged 11-13 years;
• crowded (crooked) teeth —
gum inflammation with
crowded front teeth is observed in 65% of children of
the same age;
• overhanging, unpolished or porous surfaces of fillings
and dentures contribute to plaque accumulation due to
poor hygiene in this area;
• breathing through the mouth, drying out the g
um
surface;
• the pressure of the tongue during its atypical
articulation displaces the teeth (more often the front
ones), making them mobile, which not only contributes
to the occurrence of periodontitis, but also complicates
its course;
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• teeth grinding
(bruxism)
—
injures the periodontal
structure and disrupts blood supply to the
microcirculatory system;
• violation of the composition and properties of saliva
—
viscosity and a decrease in its quantity or rate of
excretion.
If you find similar symptoms, consult your doctor. Do
not self-medicate - it is dangerous for your health!
Symptoms of periodontitis
The symptoms of periodontitis can vary depending on
the duration and severity of the inflammatory process.
The more severe the condition, the more pronounced
the signs of the disease.
For the first few months, periodontitis causes almost
no discomfort.
Usually the patient is disturbed:
• persistent or intermittent bleeding of the gums;
• bad breath;
• increasing the distance between teeth;
• pain whe
n food gets into the gaps between the teeth;
• feeling of discomfort while chewing;
• itchy gums;
• the feeling of loosening teeth;
• swelling, redness, and soreness of the gums;
• dental deposits in large quantities.
Symptoms of periodontitis
It is possible to cure periodontitis and find out the
causes of the disease only in a dental clinic. In order to
do this as quickly and easily as possible (including from
a financial point of view), it is worthwhile to be
conscious, that is, when the first symptoms of the
disease appear, consult a periodontist.
Pathogenesis of periodontitis
Common diseases of the div reduce the barrier and
protective functions of periodontal tissues, as a result,
resistance to pathogenic microbes is greatly reduced.
The most important of them are: viral diseases, herpes,
diabetes mellitus, leukemia, vitamin deficiency, peptic
ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, skin diseases,
urolithiasis, the use of certain medications, stress.
The effect of stress: scientific experiments have proven
that severe constant stress causes pathological
mechanisms in periodontal tissues. Psychoemotional
trauma affects neuro-endocrine-immune relationships.
Hereditary factors of predisposition to periodontitis
include
functional
disorders
of
neutrophilic
granulocytes and monocytes, a decrease in the
protective function of the oral fluid, a small thickness of
the alveolar bone and a thin mucous membrane of the
gums.
Smoking is a common risk factor for the occurrence and
development of periodontitis. Tobacco smoke contains
more than 2,000 potentially toxic substances for oral
tissues. Smokers form tartar and plaque more actively,
thus creating good conditions for the reproduction of
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bacteria. In addition, nicotine affects the vascular bed
of the gums, impairing microcirculation.
Violation of the function of the sex glands: excessive
amounts of estrogen and progesterone in the blood
increase the permeability of periodontal vessels and
the sensitivity of the gums to the effects of
microorganisms.
Classification and stages of periodontitis development
According to the severity of the disease, there are
three degrees of periodontitis:
• mild —
periodic bleeding, periodontal pockets no
more than 4 mm, bone changes are practically not
visible on radiographs;
• medium —
bleeding gums, pockets from 4 to 6 mm,
root exposure is present;
• severe —
the depth of the pockets is more than 6
mm, gum soreness, difficulty chewing, the appearance
of gaps between the teeth, tooth mobility.
Три степени пародонтита
Течение заболевания можно разделить на четыре
стадии:
•
острый пародонтит;
•
хронический пародонтит;
•
обострение (в том числе абсцедирование) —
возникает на фоне ухудшения общего состояния,
появляется отёчность, покраснение и болезненность
десны, из карманов выделяется гнойный экссудат;
•
ремиссия —
жалобы отсутствуют, десна
бледно
-
розового цвета, плотно прилегает к зубам,
очагов воспаления нет, оголённы корни зубов,
клинические карманы не обнаруживаются.
По распространённости пародонтит бывает:
•
локализованным —
поражение происходит в
области нескольких зубов, чаще из
-
за нависающих
краёв пломб и коронок, а также скученности зубов.
•
генерализованным —
поражение десны в
области всех зубов, чаще это происходит
по причине
плохой гигиены полости рта.
Localized and generalized periodontitis
Complications of periodontitis
The main consequence of untimely diagnosed
periodontitis is secondary adentia, that is, tooth loss
and, consequently, a decrease in the volume of bone
tissue in the area of the affected teeth. Subsequently,
this may lead to the inability to perform an implantation
and provide the patient with a non-removable
prosthesis.
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Secondary adentia
But complications due to extensive infection can also
cause the appearance and development of various
diseases and problems.
• Rheumatoid arthritis. It was revealed that patient
s
with periodontitis are 2 times more likely to develop
rheumatoid arthritis. It has been established that
bacteria associated with gum inflammation are found
in 50% of people suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. If
the gums are affected, there may be a side effect such
as swelling of the joints.
• Myocardial infarction or stroke. It has been proven
that bacteria, pathogens that cause inflammation in
the gums, are also involved in thrombosis, which can
lead to such severe complications and consequences.
• Atherosclerosis. The waste products of pathogenic
bacteria and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines
change the susceptibility of the surface receptors of
endothelial cells in blood vessels, which leads to
pronounced sedimentation of molecules, followed by
apoptotic destruction of vascular endothelial cells.
• Extensive sepsis. If the patient has a weakened
immune system, the infection accumulating in the
periodontal can spread through the blood and lead to
infection of the div.
• Diseases
of the respiratory system
—
pulmonary
emphysema, bronchitis, pneumonia.
Periodontitis is dangerous for pregnant women: an
infection that is located in the oral cavity provokes the
release of special active substances that can lead to
inflammation of the uterus, which increases the risk of
premature birth.
Diagnosis of periodontitis
In the diagnosis of periodontitis, clinical data and
duration of the disease are of great importance.
When examining a patient with periodontitis, the doctor
pays attention to the quantity and quality of dental
deposits, the condition of the gums, the depth of the
vestibule of the mouth, the bite, the condition of the
frenules of the tongue and lips, the mobility of the teeth,
the presence and depth of periodontal pockets.
During the initial examination, a Schiller
—
Pisarev test is
performed, the hygiene index and periodontal indices
are determined, and a special periodontal chart is
compiled. This map identifies periodontal pockets, and
records their depth and width.
Periodontal card
The chart describes which dental deposits, mobility, and
bleeding each tooth has. The roots of the teeth are
exposed. The periodontal chart is refilled after the
course of treatment, then it is done annually to monitor
the course of the disease.
In periodontitis, the study of scraping from the gingival
pocket by PCR, chemiluminescence of saliva and back
seeding of the removable gingival pockets are used.
Additional examinations may include a biochemical
blood test for glucose and C-reactive protein, as well as
the determination of serum antibodies IgA, IgM and IgG.
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Additional examinations may include a biochemical
blood test for glucose and C-reactive protein, as well as
the determination of serum antibodies IgA, IgM and
IgG.
In order to determine the severity of periodontitis,
orthopantomography is performed
—
an image of the
complete
upper
and
lower
jaw
and
the
temporomandibular joint. This method is less
informative, it is used mostly for joint examination.
Computed tomography is the most accurate diagnostic
method, it eliminates errors in the diagnosis of
periodontitis, as the tomogram makes it possible to
accurately determine the type of bone pockets and
measure their prevalence, width and depth.
According to CT, the periodontist evaluates the
condition of the bone tissue in different planes, which
cannot be done using film images. Therefore, the
doctor will correctly determine the stage of the disease
and competently plan treatment.
Targeted intraoral radiography makes it possible to
examine the periapical tissues and the interalveolar
bone in the area of 1-2 teeth.
If there is a concomitant pathology, the doctor may
refer the patient to other specialists for consultation
—
a
general
practitioner,
endocrinologist,
gastroenterologist, hematologist, immunologist or
rheumatologist.
Treatment of periodontitis
At any stage of the disease, treatment begins with the
removal of dental deposits, microbial biofilm, soft
plaque and tartar.
The tartar is removed by ultrasound, the gingival stone
is eliminated with special curettes. The soft and
pegmented plaque is removed with the Air Flow device
—
it allows you to restore the natural shade of the
enamel. Next, all the surfaces of each tooth are
polished and sanded with special pastes and brushes.
The procedure ends with antiseptic gum treatment
and applications of anti-inflammatory balms.
Anti-inflammatory
therapy
is
performed
after
professional oral hygiene and before other medical
procedures (for example, curettage of the gingival
pockets, vestibuloplasty).
The mild stage of periodontitis begins to be treated with
local antiseptics (in the form of gels, ointments,
mouthwash solutions), in more severe cases
—
with
antibiotics, antifungal agents and hormonal drugs.
If the depth of the gingival pockets is more than 5 mm,
surgical intervention is additionally required. Deep
cleaning of periodontal pockets from subgingival stones
and pathological tissue is carried out by dissection or
without
dissection
of
the
gum.
Sometimes
gingivoectomy is performed
—
excision of periodontal
pockets, including their treatment with curettes and
removal of necrotically altered tissues.
A prerequisite for the treatment of periodontitis is:
• prosthetics;
• restoration of missing teeth;
• correction of malocclusion;
• elimination of
orthodontic problems of the oral cavity;
• caries treatment.
Elimination of defective fillings and prosthetics
During the treatment of the disease, the overhanging
edges of the fillings in the interdental spaces are
removed. A very important point is the removal of low-
quality crowns that are deeply embedded under the
gum (this arrangement of artificial crowns helps to
deepen the gingival pocket), as well as illiterate
dentures.[9]
Laser treatment of periodontitis
The essence of this therapy is the introduction of a laser
LED into the periodontal pocket. A laser is used to
remove the pathological tissue.
Laser treatment of periodontitis
After treatment, a sterile, clean periodontal pocket is
closed, thereby preventing the penetration of
pathogenic microorganisms.
In the early stages of periodontitis, sometimes one
procedure is enough. In advanced forms of the disease,
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several sessions are performed. They are performed
once a week.
Various types of beams (CO2, diode or neodymium)
are used to eliminate periodontitis with a laser.
The main advantages of laser treatment are:
• bloodlessness of the treatment method —
laser
radiation literally seals all small vessels during the
procedures;
• painlessness —
anesthesia may not be required
during laser treatment, as the patient does not
experience significant discomfort.;
• rapid rehabilitation —
immediately after the
procedure, the patient can return to his usual lifestyle;
• minimal number of contraindicatio
ns
—
laser
treatment is indicated for young children, pregnant
women, and allergy sufferers.
Plasmolifting
Periodontitis can be treated by local injection of
plasma obtained from the patient's blood into the
damaged soft tissues of the oral cavity.
During plasmolifting, the gum cells are stimulated,
resulting in their natural regeneration. Under the
influence of platelets and leukocytes contained in
plasma, inflammatory processes are stopped.
Indications for plasmolifting:
• gingivitis;
•
periodontitis of 1-3 degrees of severity;
• periodontal disease;
• inflammation of the walls of the hole after tooth
extraction;
• inflammation of the bone and soft tissues around the
implant;
• healing of soft tissues after dental surgery;
• prevention of
gum diseases.
The plasmolifting procedure is a unique technique that
has no analogues. It is based on the application of PRP
therapy technology. In dentistry, it is called
Plasmodent.
Laser treatment is indicated for patients who have
manifestations of inflammatory or atrophic diseases of
the oral mucosa. In addition, it is used to activate, as
well as significantly accelerate the restoration of bone
tissue after implantation or bone plastic surgery.
The main task of plasmolifting is to stop the
development of the periodontal inflammatory process
and activate the natural restoration of the gum, its
structure, color, as well as to prevent the destruction of
bone tissue.
Forecast. Prevention
At an early stage of the disease, it is possible to
eliminate inflammation and completely restore bone
tissue.
With a moderate or severe stage of periodontitis, a
much larger amount of treatment is needed. This is an
anti-inflammatory
therapy
aimed
at
relieving
suppuration and relieving inflammation: vector, laser,
photo and plasma therapy. Curettage of pockets and
osteoplastic surgeries are often necessary to restore
lost bone. This significantly complicates and increases
the cost of treatment. The patient should be under the
supervision of a doctor and undergo a course of
supportive therapy every 2-3 months.
In the presence of extracted teeth and their divergence,
a comprehensive and systematic approach to the
treatment of periodontitis is needed. An integrated
approach is, first of all, the coordinated work of the
entire team of doctors: a periodontist, a therapist, a
surgeon, an implantologist, an orthopedist and an
orthodontist.
Since the first signs of the disease are poorly expressed
in the early stages of the pathological process, timely
and accurate diagnosis plays an important role in
prevention and treatment. The diagnosis of
periodontitis at an early stage cannot be established
without computed tomography and dental scans.
Since microbes are the cause of periodontitis, the first
stage of prevention and treatment of the disease is
professional and home oral hygiene. The success of the
prevention and treatment of periodontitis largely
depends on the quality and daily elimination of
microbial plaque from the surface of teeth and gums.
92% of people in the world brush their teeth incorrectly
and insufficiently. For full-fledged tooth cleaning, the
correct technique is needed: the brush on the cheek and
lips is positioned at an angle of 45 degrees to the tooth
axis, sweeping movements are performed from the gum
to the teeth, while the bristles partially penetrate into
the gingival groove and interdental spaces.
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Proper dental cleaning technique
The lingual surface of the teeth is cleaned with the
same movements. The chewing surface of the teeth is
cleaned with back and forth movements. The area of the
last molars (7 or 8 teeth) is cleaned with a mono-brush.
Mono-brush
No brush cleans the space between the teeth
efficiently, so you need to use dental floss or special
brushes.
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Dental floss and a special brush.
An irrigator is a great alternative to brushes and floss.
It not only perfectly cleanses the interdental spaces, but
also trains and massages the gums.
Irrigator
Occupational hygiene is one of the most important
components in the prevention of tooth loss in
periodontitis. The procedure consists of removing
microbial plaque, supra- and subgingival dental
deposits and stones by a doctor. With careful and
competent daily home hygiene, professional hygiene
should be done every six months.
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