No. 11 (2024) Volume - IV Issue - XI

The article analyzes the role of spirituality in the development of personal growth and how individuals with high spirituality act as promoters of national ideology, serving as important tools in the development of society. The article also explores how spirituality helps shape a person's inner world, spirit, and moral values, which play a key role in promoting national ideology—namely, advocating for the interests, history, and traditions of one's nation. Additionally, the article examines the conditions and factors necessary for increasing youth activism, the role of youth in the development of society, the relationship between democracy and spiritual factors, and the importance of spiritual growth for young people.

Switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) have become a fundamental component of modern power electronics, offering significant advantages over traditional linear power supplies. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of SMPS, emphasizing their efficiency, compactness, and versatility in various applications. By utilizing high-frequency switching techniques, SMPS can convert electrical power with minimal energy loss, making them ideal for applications ranging from consumer electronics to industrial systems and renewable energy technologies. The paper explores different topologies of SMPS, including buck, boost, and flyback converters, highlighting their unique features and applications. Additionally, the discussion includes the challenges faced in designing SMPS, such as electromagnetic interference (EMI) and thermal management. Finally, the paper underscores the critical role of SMPS in enhancing energy efficiency and reducing carbon footprints in an era where sustainable energy practices are paramount. Through this exploration, the study reaffirms the importance of SMPS as a cornerstone of modern power electronics and its relevance in advancing technological innovations.

The problem of early diagnosis of temporomandibular joint dysfunction remains important in dentistry today. The prevalence rate of diseases of the temporomandibular joint ranges from 35% to 83% according to various researchers.

This article reveals the significance of emotional intelligence for a human being, in particular, for an adolescent; characteristic features of emotional intelligence development in adolescents of 14-17 years old are given. Also the article contains the results of the research of pupils of 9-11th grades. The comparative analysis of the above-mentioned research with the results of the study of emotional intelligence in schools in the 2023/2024 academic year gives a clear picture of the development of emotional intelligence in modern adolescents.

This article deals with the issue of evaluation of emotional intelligence in adolescence of young generation. It gives a detailed description on the characteristic features of emotional intelligence and the importance of proper formation of emotional intelligence in adolescents in the stage of development as a person.

The Shopping Guide Robot System is a cutting-edge solution designed to enhance the customer experience in large shopping malls and commercial spaces. This system provides real-time route guidance to help customers quickly locate their desired stores by calculating the shortest path. It offers personalized recommendations based on customer profiles, adjusts dynamically to environmental changes, and supports multilingual communication to cater to diverse clientele. The robot not only guides users to their destinations but also answers inquiries about mall events, discounts, restaurants, and other services. Through advanced autonomous navigation technology, the system ensures a safe and efficient shopping experience, making it an invaluable tool in modern retail environments.

In the complex treatment of generalized periodontitis, special attention is paid to the correct combination of conservative and surgical methods of treatment, which reduce the activity of destructive processes in periodontal tissues and restore the lost anatomy [1-9]. However, despite various additions and modifications, conservative and surgical interventions on the periodontal itself do not create sufficient conditions for effective relief of pathological processes and restoration of periodontal tissues [10-18]. In some cases, the use of new technologies, including the use of occupational hygiene, dental splints and other conservative methods of treatment, does not lead to the stabilization of destructive processes in the alveolar process, and in some cases contributes to the further destruction of periodontal tissues and surrounding bone tissue with the formation of defects of various sizes. The problem of dental preservation in patients with generalized periodontitis of II-III severity is still relevant. The organizational inconsistency of dentists of different specialties, the lack of a real medical examination of patients with periodontal disease create prerequisites for the interruption of treatment at the level of conservative therapeutic agents and the active course of destruction of bone tissue of alveolar processes.

Congenital cleft lip, alveolar process and cleft palate are among the most difficult deformities of the maxillofacial region, the number of children with such deformities is 1 per 1000 newborns and continues to grow [3, 4, 13, 18]. Treatment and rehabilitation of such patients is an urgent problem due to abnormal facial development and secondary deformities, speech and chewing disorders, a long recovery period and the need for social adaptation of the child [8]. Modern literature describes the treatment of children with complications of cleft lip and palate, and there is an opinion about the need for an integrated approach [11, 19]. Children with this disease can receive full-fledged rehabilitation and social adaptation in specialized medical centers [7, 14]. The aim of the work is to demonstrate the effectiveness of interaction between orthodontists and maxillofacial surgeons on the example of a clinical case of complex rehabilitation of a patient with congenital cleft of the left upper lip, alveolar process and cleft palate.

Recently, the city of Samarkand has implemented a set of measures aimed at improving, diagnosing and treating vertical anomalies, namely open bite, and at the moment many scientists and practitioners have begun to study more deeply the factors leading to the development of this anomaly. In clinical practice, etiological factors, endogenous and exogenous factors, as well as the living conditions of this patient, taking into account the age of the patient, are of particular importance. We carried out preventive measures for children aged 6 to 15 in 37 patients with an open bite.[1,2]

Taking into account all aspects of this anomaly, we set ourselves the task of diagnosing patients with open occlusion using modern methods, taking into account their age and type of anomaly.

 open bite is considered as an independent form of dental anomalies, and can be combined with other disorders in the transversal or sagittal direction.[3]

According to the literature, an open bite occurs in 62% of cases together with the mesial ratio of dentition

An open bite is a serious anomaly of the maxillary system. According to the results of a survey and observation by Nigmatova R.N., Shaamukhamedov F.A., Nigmatova I.M. (2017), open bite was 1.4% among children aged 3-6 years. According to L.P. Grigoriev (1995), 1.12% in children aged 7-16 years. 2.7% in the distribution of anomalies of the maxillary system.[5,6].

However, a number of researchers claim that by the age of 9-10, the frequency of open bite decreases, which is associated with the elimination of bad habits that contribute to the development of the anomaly, as well as with the normalization of respiratory and swallowing functions. In later adolescence, there may be a repeated increase in the prevalence of open bite due to late bone growth in the facial region of the skull [4].

In the last decade, mesial occlusion has been studied in many countries through the use of modern diagnostic technologies for the timely treatment of this anomaly. The basis for diagnosis is an X-ray cephalometric examination of the facial skeleton, which allows us to identify the leading pathogenetic mechanisms and conduct differential diagnosis of combined forms of anomaly, which cannot be carried out on the basis of clinical data alone (N.G.Abolmasov, 1982; E.N.Zhulev, 1986, etc.).

The Presidential Decree No. PF-134 of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the approval of the National Program for the Development of School Education for 2022-2026 outlines several key tasks aimed at enhancing educational resources. Among these, it emphasizes the creation of textbooks, workbooks, and educational manuals for upper-grade students by September 1, 2024. Additionally, it mandates the implementation of specialized electronic systems (such as S-testing, Onlinedu, digital textbooks, etc.) for assessment and teaching, as well as the development of 10 mobile electronic resources and 100 multimedia products for new generation textbooks [1].

It would be fair to note especially the scale of the irreversible socio-economic reforms within the framework of the “Development Strategy of New Uzbekistan for 2022-2026” [1], as well as the measures taken towards the development of an economy based on effective market mechanisms. However, revealing the bright prospects of the path of socio-economic, political-legal, cultural-educational and spiritual-ideological development formed based on the populist policy of New Uzbekistan – “person-society-state” requires the creation of a legal system in the spirit of the new society.

This article analyzes the role of the national question in the state governance system, its connection with political processes in historical periods, and the characteristics of the national policy pursued in Turkestan during the Soviet colonial era. The article also highlights some aspects of the measures implemented by the central government regarding the localization policy in our country. The role and importance of the local personnel policy in the fate of the people, as well as the social-political activity of Turor Risqulov, are discussed to some extent.

In recent years, online learning platforms have revolutionized the way education is delivered at universities. The rapid growth of digital learning environments has raised important questions about how these platforms affect the efficiency of teaching in higher education. This article explores the impact of online learning platforms on teaching efficiency in universities, focusing on how they influence faculty workload, student engagement, course management, and learning outcomes. The article reviews current research and offers insights into both the benefits and challenges of integrating online platforms into university teaching systems.

In our opinion, this article highlights some interesting aspects of the idea of gender equality. Naturally, the article is largely of an introductory nature and does not claim to fully cover and solve all the problems in this area. One of our main goals is to draw attention to the need for further theoretical research and practical solutions in this area. The article also covers current issues of ensuring equal rights and opportunities for women and men in New Uzbekistan, a theoretical and empirical analysis of the problem of ensuring equality of women and men in law, ethics and social practice, analytical documents and studies of international organizations, as well as the works of domestic and foreign scientists, identified using a combination of historical, comparative and other methods.

This study presents a detailed analysis of electricity losses in rural power transmission lines operating at 6-10 kV, using SAIDI and SAIFI reliability indices for post-implementation assessments. To proactively evaluate operational efficiency, we model energy losses in the system’s components, including substations, overhead lines, cable lines, and step-down transformers. The Qibray 35/6 kV substation is used as a case study for calculating these losses. Our findings highlight that additional losses are notably higher than calculated losses, emphasizing the importance of external factors in loss modeling. This comprehensive approach offers insights into enhancing system reliability and performance for rural power distribution systems.

The article is devoted to the problem of methods of teaching writing and written speech to students in universities of Uzbekistan. It examines groups of various written and speech exercises aimed at developing students' writing skills and abilities. It shows the role and close relationship of the Russian language teacher to consider and pay attention to communicative and educational functions, important constructions of educational lessons on a communicative-speech basis and teaching the Russian language, pay great attention to three main components: calligraphic, graphic and orthographic.

Prior to the age of exploration, exploding into life after Columbus’s westward journey across the Atlantic in 1492, a different exploration of an unknown world occurred after the fall of Constantinople in 1453. For well over a millennium, the Byzantine empire was the eastern stronghold of Christendom, paralleling the Roman church in the west. The Ottomans with superior military technology breached the walls of the famous imperial capital, simultaneously ending the Medieval assumption that Christendom was unassailable. Byzantine scholars seeking to protect the vast stores of manuscripts housed in Constantinople emigrated to Northern Italy, bringing with them Greek texts long forgotten in the west. These texts fueled an already burgeoning intellectual environment in such cities as Venice, Florence and Milan.

Gender studies are becoming increasingly important for understanding and regulating inter-gender relations in society. The concept of gender culture is one of the main concepts of these studies, the article highlights the essence, components and levels of this concept, and outlines methods for the formation of gender culture.

This view was selected since there were rare cases in the whole literature related to teacher education. On the other hand, defining a hermeneutic model could be expected to provide a more objective and tangible of teacher education nature and its configuration in the minds of those who directly deal with or discuss it. The main question for which this study tried to find an answer was whether it was possible to present a hermeneutic model for giving an operational definition to teacher education. To answer the question, the study followed a survey-qualitative methodology: first the concept of teacher education was investigated through archival scrutiny and its definition deficiencies were determined.

This paper delves into the semantic analysis of phrasal verbs with the particle “up” in Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe. Phrasal verbs, known for their versatility, are a key feature of the English language. This study explores both their literal and figurative meanings, as well as their polysemous nature, offering insight into how Defoe skillfully uses these expressions to enhance the narrative. By analyzing selected examples from the novel, the paper highlights the multifaceted nature of “up” particle phrasal verbs, revealing how they convey ideas of completion, direction, emphasis, and multiple meanings in different contexts. The research not only examines the linguistic function of these expressions but also underscores their significance in enriching the thematic depth of the text. Ultimately, this study contributes to the broader understanding of language use in literary works, focusing on the nuanced role of phrasal verbs in Robinson Crusoe.

The article is devoted to the study of the terms borrowed from foreign languages into Russian. The reasons for borrowings are considered. The paper deals with the military-technical terms. The purpose of the research is to consider the ways of translation of borrowed Englishlanguage terms into Russian. To achieve the determined goal the English dictionaries specialized in military vocabulary have been analyzed with the aim to choose borrowed terms and to determine the ways of their translation. The attention is paid to such ways as transcription, transliteration, calquing and semantic calquing. Also, the mixed type is under consideration. The examples for each method of translation are presented. The conclusion about the frequency of the use and relevance of each way of translation is made.

In the modern world, the Russian language is experiencing rapid linguistic creativity. In the media, in various societies and especially in the Internet space, a variety of wordplay is widely used, unexpected new formations are used.

This paper explores the significant contributions of Western scientists to the development of mathematics from ancient Greece to the modern era. Key figures such as Euclid, Archimedes, Newton, and Gauss are examined for their groundbreaking work in geometry, calculus, and number theory. The study highlights the interdisciplinary impact of these contributions, illustrating how mathematical innovations shaped fields like physics, engineering, and computer science. Additionally, it emphasizes the cultural and historical contexts that facilitated mathematical advancements, showcasing the dynamic evolution of mathematical thought and its lasting legacy in contemporary society.

The article "Press of Karakalpakstan" discusses the productive work of press and media workers during the war years.