European International Journal of Philological Sciences
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TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
26-29
DOI
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
14 April 2025
ACCEPTED
10 May 2025
PUBLISHED
12 June 2025
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue 06 2025
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Expression of Homonymic
Words in Uzbekistan And
Arabic Languages
Almardanov Dilmurod Eshmurodovich
Teacher, Department of Oriental Languages, Oriental University,
Uzbekistan
Abstract
: This study examines the expression and usage
of homonyms in Uzbek and Arabic languages,
highlighting the linguistic phenomenon where words
share the same form but carry different meanings. In
both languages, homonyms play a significant role in
enriching vocabulary, creating humor, and facilitating
poetic expression. The types of homonyms are classified
as lexical (including lexical and phraseological) and
grammatical. Uzbek homonyms emerge through
linguistic evolution, borrowing, and dialectical
variations, while Arabic homonyms, known as
compound words, are debated for their literal versus
metaphorical meanings. Notable examples from each
language illustrate the depth and variety of homonyms,
emphasizing their function in literature, art, and
communication.
The
study
also
distinguishes
homonyms from polysemantic words, highlighting their
structural and semantic independence.
Keywords:
Homonyms, lexical homonyms, grammatical
homonyms, Uzbek language, Arabic language,
compound words, polysemantic words, linguistic
phenomenon, wordplay, metaphor.
Introduction:
The words existing in the language are
divided into 3 types according to the relationship
between form and meaning:
1. Homonym
2. Synonym
3. Antonym.
Words that have the same form but different meanings
are called homonyms. The word homonym in
translation from Greek means "the same". For example:
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European International Journal of Philological Sciences
the word chang indicates the following meanings:
• dust, guard, dust; very fine powder of earth. For
example, chang rose.
• Chang is a musical instrument in the form of a
rectangular flat box, which is played with a double stick
with stretched strings. Dutar, chang... chess wall clock
appeared in a teahouse. (A. Kahkhor)
Homonyms are divided into 2 types: lexical homonyms
and grammatical homonyms.
Lexical homonyms:
1) within words;
2) inside phrases.
If the phenomenon of homonymy occurs inside a word,
it is called a lexical homonym. For example: the word
ash:
•
ash (noun)
–
a dark powder that forms as a
result of burning something. He ordered to take a
bucket of ash that stood in front of the kitchen. (P.
Tursun).
•
ash (verb)
–
to make sounds of pleasure,
sounds expressing joy: Why is Aziz so happy: His face is
smiling, his eyes are shining? (H. Gulom).
•
If the phenomenon of homonymy occurs
within a phrase, then it is called a phraseological
homonym. For example:
•
raise your head
—
raise your head from the
bottom up.
•
raise your head
—
rise up,
•
raise your head
—
come to your senses, start
to come to your senses.
•
So, there are 2 types of lexical homonyms:
lexical and phraseological homonyms.
•
In linguistics, grammatical homonyms are also
distinguished. Grammatical homonyms are formal
equivalences within suffixes. Suffixes that have the
same form but different meanings are called
grammatical homonyms. For example: the suffix -
им
indicates the following:bilim
–
ot yasovchi qo‘shimcha,
fe’ldan ot yasaydi.
•
my book
–
1st person singular suffix.
•
Homonyms arise in different ways:
•
As a result of the same form of words in a
language. For example:
•
blue (adjective)
–
the air is colored, light blue,
blue.
•
blue (noun)
–
the sky, the firmament: The stars
are shining in the sky.
•
blue (noun)
–
a plant such as coriander, dill,
onion. There is no blue color on the market now, either
in winter or in summer.
•
As a result of the loss of internal connections
between words with several meanings:
•
young (noun)
–
calculating life by years: How old
are you?
•
young (adjective)
–
calculating life by time: He is
much younger than me.
•
young (noun)
–
the liquid that comes out of the
eyes: If he cries sincerely, even a blind man will shed
tears. (Proverb)
•
Borrowed words become homonyms of Uzbek
words or words borrowed from other languages:
•
tur (Uzbek)
–
type, kind, variety: Gazlama turyu.
•
tur (Russian)
–
sports term: games of the second
round of the World Chess Championship.
•
zhora (Tajik)
–
participant in a conversation: If
zhora are not the same age, the conversation will not be
heated.
•
zhora (Tajik)
–
two pieces of fabric that weavers
weave in the same way: Atlas zhora.
•
Words from different dialects remain similar in
form:
•
dim
–
silence, silence, not making a sound: Dim
oynamok.
•
dim
–
an idea of warm and hot weather: It’s very
dim inside the house.
•
dim
–
completely, ut
terly: dim, don’t look at
them.
•
Homonyms are widely used in folk art, when
creating rhymes. For example: They say that a sunflower
•
They look at the sun all their lives.
In Arabic, homonyms are called compound words.
Compound words are words that express several
different meanings in one word. Compound words are
divided into the following types:
• Compound words in nouns. For example:
The word
حاكن
indicates both marriage and sexual
intercourse.
The word
ةلاص
indicates both prayer and supplication.
• Com
pound words in verbs. For example:
The verb
لات
indicates the meaning of reading or
following.
• Compound words in letters. For example:
The letter
ب
indicates various meanings. Jurjani listed
more than 10 of its meanings in his book “Mi’atu amil”.
There is a difference of opinion among scholars
regarding common words. One group of scholars say
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that there are no common words (amomin) in Arabic.
They say that expressing several meanings with one
word is metaphorical. That is, the first original meaning
is the truth, and the rest of the meanings are
metaphorical. This group of scholars is headed by
Imam Darsawayh. Other scholars believe that common
words exist, and they believe that all of these meanings
are true and not metaphorical. There are many
scholars who believe this, including Asma'i, Khalil ibn
Ahmad, Sibwayhi, Ibn Faris, Saalibi, Mubarrad, Suyuti,
and others. Examples of common words:
ىلوم
• slave emancipator;
• freed slave
ءارو
• behind
• in front
رحب
• sea;
• city;
• village
نطب
• belly;
• community;
• long feather of a bird
بلعث
• fox;
• tip of a spear;
• outlet of a pond
روث
• ox;
• sayyid;
• a large piece of cheese;
• fool;
• dust rising;
• the redness of dawn
دحج
• denial;
• lack of goodness;
• a small horse
ّ دج
• grandfather;
• seriousness;
• provision, fate;
• the earth;
• the shore of the sea or river;
• a sign, a omen;
• a black stripe on the back of a donkey;
• a well with little water (also used for a well with a lot
of water).
راج
• neighbor;
• helper in trouble;
• female genitalia;
• hypocrite
ثرح
• sowing;
• worldly wealth;
• reward;
• blazing fire;
• searching for something;
• woman
فرح
• letters of the al
phabet;
• side, direction;
• doubt, doubt;
• crossing;
• large camel
Homonyms are similar to polysemantic words in that
they are similar in form. However, the difference
between homonyms and polysemantic words is that a
polysemantic word is one word with several meanings,
and the meanings it expresses are internally
interconnected, based on the original and secondary
meanings of the same word. Homonyms are several
words expressing different meanings. Homonyms.
Words that have the same pronunciation and spelling
(shape), but different meanings are called homonyms.
For example, apple (fruit), apple (not to take
something); horse (animal), horse (to throw); water
(food), water (in water). Homonyms are mainly formed
from words of the same family. For example, swam (in
water), swam (eat food) - verb category. Sometimes
homonyms are formed from words of different
categories: noun (noun), noun (animal) - noun category,
noun (to throw) - verb category.
When adding suffixes to homonyms, some of them
(words of the same category) retain the property of
homonymy. However, in some (words of another
category), the property of homonymy is lost. For
example, atim (name), atim (animal) retain the property
of homonymy, atim (action) does not accept this suffix
and the property of homonymy is lost.
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Homonyms are also formed on the basis of
homonymous words: suz (in water), suz (food) - suzma
(yogurt), suzma (action); ol (red), ol (apple) - alma
(fruit), alma (action).
Homonyms and polysemantic words are similar to
each other. Because they have the same form in
appearance. However, while homonyms form one
word for each meaning, polysemantic words form one
word for all their meanings. For example, the
headword is one word, no matter how many meanings
it has. Fire itself is one word according to each
meaning. Accordingly, homonyms are mainly
distinguished from polysemantic words as follows. The
meanings of polysemantic words are related to each
other. For example, the combination of meanings such
as mountain top, human head, road head in the
headword is an expression of the head part (one
point). In homonymy, the meanings are not related to
each other. For example, "fire", "grass", "pass" in the
word "fire" have different meanings. Accordingly, the
word "grass" is a separate word for each of these
meanings.
Homonyms create a genre of humor in fiction.
A candle burns in my head
From my tears, the fire burns on the earth
From my tears, the blood made your path a tulip field
I have so much to say, the fire from my blood
(A. Navoi)
Homonyms are used as a play on words in fiction,
especially in askiya. In fiction, the art of metaphor is
created with the help of homonyms.
CONCLUSION
Homonyms, as explored in Uzbek and Arabic, reflect
the intricate relationships between form and meaning
within languages. Their development through linguistic
processes such as semantic divergence, borrowing,
and metaphorical extension illustrates their dynamic
nature. While homonyms in Uzbek often originate
from dialects and cultural interplay, Arabic homonyms
provoke scholarly discourse on their interpretation and
usage. Both languages leverage homonyms for creative
and rhetorical purposes, significantly impacting
literature and oral traditions. Understanding the
nuances of homonyms not only deepens linguistic
knowledge but also underscores the cultural and
expressive capabilities of language.
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