175
Volume 5, Issue 10: Special Issue
(EJAR)
ISSN: 2181-2020
MPHAPP
THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL
CONFERENCE
“
MODERN PHARMACEUTICS: ACTUAL
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
”
TASHKENT, OCTOBER 17, 2025
in-academy.uz
UROLITHIASIS UROLITHIAS CLASSIFICATION
–
TYPES AND COMPOSITION
OF STONES IN UROLITHIAS DISEASE
Eshmuradova F.O'.
Suyunov N. D.
Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Tashkent city, Republic of Uzbekistan
e-mail: eshmurodova1993@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17332485
Relevance:
urolithiasis
are common type of urological disease, accounting for approximately
12% of the population. The increasing incidence of the disease is associated with risks such as chronic
kidney disease and end-stage renal failure. The literature provides a classification of stones based on
the chemical composition, types of stones, etiology, and risk factors. According to the World Health
Organization, stones are classified according to their composition as follows: calcium-based stones
(75–85% oxalate or phosphate), uric acid stones (5–10%), struvite stones (5–15%, associated with
infection) and cysteine stones (1–2%). Urolithiasis is the formation of stones of various sizes in the
urinary tract due to the deposition of chemical substances due to metabolic disorders. The recurrence
rate of urolithiasis is up to 50% every 5 years.
Objective of the study:
to study the classification of urolithiasis, stone types and chemical
composition.
Materials and methods:
the study used methods related to urolithiasis in the world and the
Republic of Uzbekistan, statistical data, literature, retrospective clinical, and comparative analysis
methods.
Results:
the classification of urolithiasis, i.e. urinary stone disease, is usually based on the
chemical composition of the stones, which determines the etiology, risk factors and treatment
strategies. Based on the Global Burden of Disease studies conducted by the World Health
Organization and its partners, the global prevalence of the disease was studied in 204 countries, and
the age-standardized incidence rate decreased by 17.5% (14.7–20.0) in 1990-2019, but an increase is
observed in hot regions due to climate change and environmental factors. In Uzbekistan, Central
Asian countries, environmental factors (dry climate, water salinity, a sharp decrease in the Aral Sea)
can increase the prevalence of the disease from 4–5% to 7–8%, which leads to dehydration and
increased mineralization.
Summary literature
according to the analysis, it was found that the classification of urolithiasis,
the types and composition of stones in urolithiasis are different in different states, countries, and
regions. Based on this analysis, we will study the distribution and epidemiology of urolithiasis in
different regions.
Table
Used literature
Type
Prevalenc
e
Common
Causes/Risk Factors
Formation
Mechanism
Management Notes
Calcium
(oxalate/pho
sphate)
70–80
percent
Hypercalciuria,
hyperoxaluria,
obesity, metabolic
syndrome
Supersaturation
on Randall's
plaques
Hydration, diet;
lithotripsy/URS for
larger stones
Uric acid
8–10
percent
High-purine diet,
gout, acidic urine
Free-particles
in tubules
Alkalinization,
allopurinol
176
Volume 5, Issue 10: Special Issue
(EJAR)
ISSN: 2181-2020
MPHAPP
THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL
CONFERENCE
“
MODERN PHARMACEUTICS: ACTUAL
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
”
TASHKENT, OCTOBER 17, 2025
in-academy.uz
Struvite
7–15
percent
Bacterial infections
(urease producers)
Alkaline urine
precipitation
Antibiotics, surgical
removal
In the end
1–2
percent
Genetic (Cystinuria)
Amino acid
reabsorption
defect
Fluid intake, chelators
like tiopronin
Causes and Risk Factors
Formation involves urine supersaturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation, and retention,
influenced by crystallization promoters/inhibitors and cellular injury. General risks: dehydration,
high-sodium/protein diets, genetics, hot climates. Type-specific: monogenetic for cysteine, others (4
percent of adults). Oxidative stress and osteogenesis factors may contribute.
Conclusions:
urolithiasis is a multifaceted pathology that occurs as a result of complex
etiological factors. Its classification and identification of causes are important in clinical practice and
serve as the basis for developing individualized treatment and effective preventive measures. Studies
conducted in recent years show that the metabolic and genetic aspects of urolithiasis require a deeper
study. Also, the formation of a healthy lifestyle and dietary habits is important in preventing the
disease.
