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units of language in the context should be taken into account. In order to penetrate into the true
meaning of verbal artistic creativity, it is necessary to understand the writer's intention and,
consequently, the analysis of the work on the metasemiotic level is necessary. For this, it is necessary
to obtain information of a historical-philological nature, i.e. to know the vertical context of a work.
Linguo-poetical analysis is accessible only to those who possess the necessary philological
culture and the ability to perceive and comprehend different works of verbal and artistic creativity.
Undoubtedly, when acquiring a foreign language, learning and studying it, a person
simultaneously penetrates into a new national culture, receives a huge spiritual wealth, stored by the
studied language. Students of secondary schools and university students, learning a foreign language,
and in particular English, get opportunities to join the national culture and history of the people of
Great Britain.
The issues of communication between cultures and people in connection with the teaching of
foreign languages are deeply and intensively studied by many linguists. In the new conditions, with
the new formulation of the problem of teaching foreign languages, it became obvious that a radical
increase in the level of communication training, communication between people of different
nationalities can be achieved only with a clear understanding and real account of the socio-cultural
factor. One of the famous linguists E.Sapir in his work "Language. Introduction to the study of speech
" writes," Language does not exist outside culture, that is, outside the socially inherited set of practical
skills and ideas that characterize our way of life "[3;185].
The solution of the problem of the relationship between language and culture largely depends
on the identification of universal and specific features in the perception of the world by carriers of
different cultures, which is largely accomplished through language learning. According to the
statements of the famous scholars E.M.Vereshchagin and V.G.Kostomarov "A person simultaneously
penetrates into a new national culture, receives a huge spiritual wealth, stored by the language being
studied " [2;97].
Language is a mirror of the surrounding world, it reflects the reality and creates its own picture
of the world, specific and unique for each language and, accordingly, the people, the ethnic group,
the speech community that uses this language as a means of communication. Language as a way of
expressing a thought and passing it from person to person is closely connected with thinking.
There are different definitions of culture given by the famous scholars. Here are some of them.
According to a standard view, a culture is a complex set of shared beliefs, values and concepts which
enables a group to make sense of its lif e and which provides it with directions for how to live.
Culture is the set of attitudes, values, beliefs and behaviors shared by a group of people, but
different for each individual, communicated from one generation to the next.
REFERENCES
1. Верещагин Е.М., Костомаров В.Г. Язык и культура. Москва,1990.c.155
2. Галиева М.Р. Вербализация концептосферы Word в английской, узбекской и русской
языковых картинах мира. Дисс. на соискание уч. степени канд.филол. наук. Ташкент, 2009.c.97
3. Гальперин И.Р. Текст как объект лингвистического исследования. Москва. 1981.c.185
PHRASEOLOGY AS AN INDEPENDENT BRANCH OF LINGUISTICS
Utebaeva A.D., Sarsenbaeva G.K.
Assistant teacher of NSPI named after Ajiniyaz
1st year student of NSPI named after Ajiniyaz
By phraseology we mean the branch of linguistics dealing with stable word- combinations
characterized by certain transference of meaning. Despite differences of opinion, most authors agree
upon some points concerning the distinctive features of phraseological units. Phraseology is the
branch of lexicology specializing in word-groups which are characterized by stability of structure and
transferred meaning. Phraseological units, or idioms, as they are called by most western scholars,
represent what can probably be described as the most picturesque, colourful and expressive part of
the language’s vocabulary.
172
The basic units of analysis in phraseology are often referred to as phrasemes or phraseological
units. Phraseological units are (according to Prof. Kunin A.V.) [2;123] stable word-groups with
partially or fully transferred meanings ("to kick the bucket", “Greek gift”, “drink till all's blue”,
“drunk as a fiddler (drunk as a lord, as a boiled owl)”, “as mad as a hatter (as a March hare)”). While
according to Rosemarie Gläser, a phraseological unit is a lexicalized, reproducible bilexemic or
polylexemic words. We can find the meaning of a phraseological unit by one of its components (when
it is motivated). In cognitive linguistics tradition, idioms are claimed to have conceptual motivation,
on the other hand there are many phraseological units, the meaning of which cannot be found by
knowing the meaning of one of its components (when it is not motivated). Its meaning should be
traced by using the compositional analysis method. This method helps in need to discover the
semantic meaning in the semantic field [1;143].
Integrity (or transference) of meaning means that none of the idiom components is separately
associated with any referents of objective reality, and the meaning of the whole unit cannot be
deduced from the meanings of its components;
Stability (lexical and grammatical) means that no lexical substitution is possible in an idiom in
comparison with free or variable word-combinations (with an exception of some cases when such
substitutions are made by the author intentionally). The experiments show that the meaning of an
idiom is not exactly identical to its literal paraphrase given in the dictionary entry. That is why we
may speak about lexical flexibility of many units if they are used in a creative manner. Lexical
stability is usually accompanied by grammatical stability which prohibits any grammatical changes;
Separability means that the structure of an idiom is not something indivisible, certain
modifications are possible within certain boundaries. Here we meet with the so-called lexical and
grammatical variants. To illustrate this point I may give some examples: "as hungry as a wolf (as a
hunter)", "as safe as a house (houses)" in English.
On the whole phraseological units, even if they present a certain pattern, do not generate new
phrases. They are unique. Interlanguage comparison, the aim of which is the exposure of
phraseological conformities, forms the basis of a number of theoretical and applied trends of modern
linguistic research, including the theory and practice of phraseography. But the question of
determining the factors of interlanguage phraseological conformities as the main concept and the
criterion of choosing phraseological equivalents and analogues as the aspect concepts is still at issue
[3;267].
The analysis of special literature during the last decades shows that the majority of linguists
consider the coincidence of semantic structure, grammatical (or syntactical) organization and
componential (lexeme) structure the main criteria in defining the types of interlanguage
phraseological conformities/disparities with the undoubted primacy of semantic structure.
Comparing the three approaches discussed above (semantic, functional, and contextual) we
have ample ground to conclude that have very much in common as, the main criteria of phraseological
units appear to be essentially the same, i.e. stability and idiomaticity or lack of motivation. It should
be noted however that these criteria as elaborated in the three approaches are sufficient mainly to
single out extreme cases: highly idiomatic non-variable and free word- groups.
According to the functional approach they are also regarded as phraseological units because of
their grammatical (syntactic) inseparability and because they function, in speech as word-equivalents.
According to the contextual approach red tape, mare's nest, etc. make up a group of phraseological
units referred to as idioms because of the impossibility of any change m the 'fixed context' and their
semantic inseparability.
The status of the bulk of word-groups however cannot be decided with certainty with the help
of these criteria because as a rule we have to deal not with соmp1ete idiomaticity and stability but
with a certain degree of these distinguishing features of phraseological units. No objective criteria of
the degree of idiomaticity and stability have as yet been suggested. Thus, e.g., to win a victory
according to the semantic approach is a phraseological combination because it is almost completely
motivated and allows of certain variability to win, to gain, a victory. According to the functional
approach it is not a phraseological unit as the degree of semantic and grammatical inseparability is
173
insufficient for the word-group to function as a word-equivalent. Small hours according to the
contextual approach it is literal meaning. If however we classify it proceeding from the functional
approach is a word-groups which are partially motivated is decided differently depending on which
of the criteria of phraseological units is applied [4;134].
There is still another approach to the problem of phraseology in which an attempt is made to
overcome the shortcoming of the phraseological theories discussed above. The main features of this
new approach which is now more or less universally accepted by linguists are as follows:
- Phraseology is regarded as a self-contained branch of linguistics and, not as a part of
lexicology.
- Phraseology deals with a phraseological subsystem of language and not with isolated
phraseological units.
- Phraseology is concerned with all types of set expressions.
- Set expressions are divided into three classes: phraseological units (e.g. red tape, mare's nest,
etc.), phraseomatic units (e.g. win a victory, launch a campaign, etc.) and borderline cases belonging
to the mixed class. The main distinction between the first and the second classes is semantic:
phraseological units have fully or partially transferred meanings while components of, phraseomatic
units are used in their literal meanings.
- Phraseological and phraseomatic units are not regarded as word- equivalents but some of them
are treated as word correlates.
- Phraseological and phraseomatic units are set expressions and their phraseological stability
distinguishes them from free phrases and compound words.
- Phraseological and phraseomatic units are made up of words of different degree of wordness
depending on the type of set expressions they are used in. (cf. e.g. small hours and red tape). Their
structural separateness, an important factor of their stability, distinguishes them from compound
words (cf. E.g. blackbird and black market) [5;178].
REFERENCES
1.
Mieder W. Proverbs as cultural units or items of folklore. In H. Burger et al. (Eds.),
Phraseology: An international handbook of contemporary research. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2007. P. 394-
414.
2.
Кунин А. В. Английская фразеология: теоретический курс. - М., 1981
3.
Abdullaeva N.E. Semantic and linguocultural features of English and Uzbek proverbs
with concept of friendship // Problems of Modern Science and Education, 2017. № 7 (89). P. 85-91.
4.
Honeck R. P. A Proverb in Mind: the Cognitive Science of Proverbial Wit and
Wisdom. - Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997.
5.
Karamatova K.M., Karamatov X.S. Proverbs, maqollar, пословицы. -Toshkent:
Mehnat, 2001.
МАДАНИЯТЛАРАРО МУЛОҚОТДА ИНСОН ХАРАКТЕРИНИ ИФОДАЛОВЧИ
ФРАЗЕОЛОГИК БИРЛИКЛАРНИНГ “WHITE/ОҚ” РАНГИ БИЛАН ҚЎЛЛАНИЛИШ
ХУСУСИЯТЛАРИ
Худайбергенов А.А.
НукДПИ инглиз тили ва адабиёти
кафедраси катта-ўқитувчиси. ,PhD.
Ҳар бир халқ тилини инсонларнинг уни ўраб турган борликни билиш, идрок этиш ва уни
ўзлаштириш йўлидаги кўп асрлик тарихи, кундалик ижодий интилишлари ҳақидаги ажойиб
саргузаштлари баёни тўғрисидаги маълумотлари сақлайди. Шу сабабли ҳам инсонни ўраб
турган атроф-муҳит, олам конкрет предметлари ва мавҳум тушунчалари, шунингдек
инсоннинг ўзини ҳам объект сифатида ифодалайдиган, атайдиган тил воситалари шаклланиши
сирли оламига шўнғиш (кириш) га бағишланган лисоний тадқиқотлар муҳимлиги ҳозирги
кунда ўз-ўзидан ойдинлашади [1;331].
