No. 08 (2025) Volume 05 Issue 08

This paper examines the evolving labor migration policies in Central Asia in response to the geopolitical shifts following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the tightening of labor migration laws in Russia. Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan are the focus of the study since they are the most economically reliant on remittances sent by labor migrants in the Russian Federation. The paper also discusses Kazakhstan, as it is the second biggest host of Central Asian migrants. It highlights the trend towards diversifying labor migration destinations to Europe and Asia in an attempt to reduce the economic dependence on Russia. Due to limited data, the paper provides an overview of Turkmenistan’s labor migration situation. The paper concludes by offering policy recommendations.

This article examines the implementation of health care reform measures in the first years of independence in the Jizzakh region, focusing on hospitals located in several regional districts. It also analyzes the potential of doctors, nurses, and pharmacists, who are the guardians of health care, the role of women working in the system, the level of training of health care institutions, and the current problems and achievements in the field.

This article presents a historical analysis of the pivotal role played by Chinese migrant labor in the development of cocoa cultivation within the colonial plantation economies of Samoa and Vanuatu during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Drawing upon a range of primary and secondary sources, this study examines the motivations behind the introduction of Chinese indentured workers, the conditions under which they labored, and their significant, yet often overlooked, contributions to the expansion of the global cocoa commodity chain. The research contextualizes these specific Pacific instances within the broader historical phenomena of commodity frontiers, the evolution of coerced labor systems post-slavery, and the global movement of Asian migrant workers. By delineating the recruitment practices, daily lives, and socio-economic impacts of Chinese laborers in these distinct colonial settings, this article aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the complex interplay between imperial ambitions, global market demands, and the human cost of tropical agricultural expansion in the Pacific.