162
7.
Mirtojiyev M. O’zbek tili semasiologiyasi. – Toshkent: Mumtoz so’z, 2010. – B. 119-127.
Fanlari doktori diss. – Toshkent, 1999.
8.
Shamsiddinov H. So’zlarning evfemik funktsional-semantik sinonimlari // O’zbek tili va
adabiyoti. – Toshkent, 1997. -№ 6. – B. 22.
9.
Ларин Б. А. Об эвфемизмах //Ученые записки ЛГУ-Л, 1961. С.101-114.
10.
Москвин В. П. Эвфемизмы в лексической системе современного русского языка. М.:
ЛЕНАНД, 2010. 264 с.
11.
Турбачев О.Н. Из истории табуистических названий // Вопросы славянского
языкознания. Вып.3. – М., 1958. – С.12.
Online Sources
:
12.
Alkire, Scott. 2002. “Introducing Euphemisms to Language Learners”. The Internet TESL
http://iteslj.org/Lessons/Alkire-Euphemisms.html
13.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. 2009. Harlow: Pearson/Longman.
THE COMPARISON OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE IN ENGLISH AND
GERMAN LANGUAGES
Bakbergenov Aybek Esbergenovich,
Student of KSU
Abstract.
The study of sentence structure in different languages provides valuable insights into
linguistic diversity and grammatical organization. This article compares the sentence structures
of English and German, both belonging to the Germanic language family, yet exhibiting significant
syntactic differences. The analysis focuses on word order, verb placement, sentence types, and
complex sentence formation. While English follows a relatively fixed Subject-Verb-Object (SVO)
order, German demonstrates greater flexibility due to its case system, allowing Subject-Object-
Verb (SOV) structures in subordinate clauses. The study also explores the positioning of verbs,
interrogative and imperative constructions, and the role of conjunctions in complex sentences.
Understanding these differences is essential for language learners and translators, as sentence
structure impacts meaning and comprehension.
Keywords:
Sentence structure, English, German, word order, syntax, verb placement, subordinate
clauses, interrogative sentences, case system, complex sentences.
Sentence structure plays a fundamental role in the grammatical organization of languages,
influencing meaning, clarity, and comprehension. English and German, both belonging to the
Germanic language family, share certain syntactic characteristics but also exhibit notable
differences in word order, verb placement, and sentence construction. While English follows a
relatively fixed Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) structure, German allows for more flexibility due to
its case system and distinct verb positioning rules, particularly in subordinate clauses. This article
aims to compare the sentence structures of English and German, highlighting key differences and
similarities in their grammatical frameworks. The analysis will cover basic sentence structure,
sentence types, and complex sentence formation, providing insights into how each language
organizes information. Understanding these structural variations is essential for language learners,
translators, and linguists, as it enhances both linguistic competence and cross-linguistic analysis.
163
Despite their shared Germanic roots,
English and German differ significantly in word
order, verb placement, and the case system
. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for
learners and linguists.
Word Order
English follows a
fixed Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) order
:
She reads a book.
(SVO)
German follows
SVO in main clauses
but shifts to
Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) in subordinate
clauses
:
Sie liest ein Buch.
(SVO – "She reads a book.")
Sie sagt, dass sie ein Buch liest.
(SOV – "She says that she reads a book.")
Verb Placement
In
English
, the verb remains in a fixed position:
I know that he is coming tomorrow.
(SVO)
In
German
, the
verb appears second in main clauses but moves to the end in subordinate
clauses
:
Ich weiß, dass er morgen kommt.
(SOV – "I know that he is coming tomorrow.")
Additionally,
auxiliary and modal verbs
push the
main verb to the end
in compound tenses:
Er hat das Buch gelesen.
(Literally: "He has the book read.")
The Case System and Word Order
English relies on
fixed word order
to convey meaning:
The dog bites the man.
≠
The man bites the dog [3, 57-76].
German uses
four cases (Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Genitive)
, allowing flexible word
order:
Der Hund beißt den Mann.
=
Den Mann beißt der Hund.
("The dog bites the man.")
While both languages use
SVO order in main clauses
,
German shifts to SOV in subordinate
clauses
and has
greater word order flexibility due to its case system
. Mastering these
differences is essential for accurate sentence construction in both languages.
Sentence types define how information is conveyed in communication. Both
English and
German share declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences
, yet they differ in
word
order, verb placement, and syntax
.
Declarative Sentences
Both languages follow
Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) order
in main clauses:
English:
She reads a book.
(SVO)
German:
Sie liest ein Buch.
(SVO)
However, in
subordinate clauses
, German shifts to
Subject-Object-Verb (SOV)
:
Ich weiß, dass sie ein Buch liest.
("I know that she reads a book.")
Unlike English, German places
verbs at the end in subordinate clauses
, altering sentence
structure.
Interrogative Sentences
Yes/no questions show major differences.
English requires auxiliary verbs
, while German
moves the verb to the first position
:
English:
Does she read a book?
German:
Liest sie ein Buch?
In
wh-questions
, German maintains
strict verb-second order
:
164
English:
Where does she go?
(Auxiliary + Subject + Verb)
German:
Wohin geht sie?
(Wh-word + Verb + Subject)
Imperative Sentences
In
English
, imperatives typically
omit the subject
:
Close the door!
German imperatives vary by
formality and plurality
:
Informal (Singular):
Schließ die Tür!
Formal:
Schließen Sie die Tür!
While both languages share the same sentence types,
German's verb-final placement, strict
word order in questions, and formal/informal imperative distinctions
set it apart.
Understanding these structural differences is key for accurate sentence formation in both
languages.
Sentence structure plays a crucial role in shaping meaning and clarity in language. While English
and German share a common linguistic heritage, they exhibit distinct syntactic rules, particularly
in complex sentences. Complex sentences consist of a main clause and one or more subordinate
clauses, and their formation differs significantly between the two languages. The most notable
differences arise from verb placement, relative clause structure, and the use of subordinating
conjunctions. Understanding these variations is essential for linguists, translators, and language
learners seeking to master English and German syntax.
Subordinate clauses provide additional information but cannot stand alone as independent
sentences. The placement of the verb in subordinate clauses represents one of the most
fundamental syntactic differences between English and German.
Subordinate Clauses in English
In English, the structure of subordinate clauses follows the standard Subject-Verb-Object (SVO)
order, maintaining consistency with main clauses. For example:
I know that she reads a book.
(SVO)
Regardless of the subordinating conjunction used, the word order remains unchanged, ensuring
clarity and readability.
Subordinate Clauses in German
In contrast, German subordinate clauses require the verb to be placed at the end of the clause,
following the Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) order. For instance:
Ich weiß, dass sie ein Buch liest.
(SOV)
(I know that she reads a book.) [1, 10-14].
This verb-final rule applies to all subordinate clauses introduced by conjunctions such as dass
(that), weil (because), and ob (whether). The rigidity of this rule makes German syntax more
structured but also more challenging for learners accustomed to English word order.
Relative clauses, which provide additional information about a noun, also highlight significant
differences between English and German.
English Relative Clauses
English relative clauses maintain the standard SVO word order:
The book that she is reading is interesting.
Relative pronouns such as
who, which, that
serve to connect the clauses without affecting verb
placement.
165
In German, relative clauses are more complex due to the case agreement of relative pronouns (der,
die, das) and the mandatory verb-final rule:
Das Buch, das sie liest, ist interessant.
(The book that she reads is interesting.)
Unlike English, where word order remains unchanged, German demands that the verb be placed
at the end of the relative clause. This rule is a defining characteristic of German syntax, requiring
careful attention in sentence construction.
Use of Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions link dependent clauses to main clauses and influence word order in
different ways in English and German.
English Conjunctions
In English, conjunctions such as
because, although, if, when
do not alter the word order of
subordinate clauses:
She stayed home because she was sick.
(SVO)
The subordinate clause follows the main clause without requiring a structural change.
German, however, enforces strict syntactic rules when using subordinating conjunctions. The verb
in the subordinate clause must always be positioned at the end:
Sie blieb zu Hause, weil sie krank war.
(SOV)
(She stayed home because she was sick.)
Some common German subordinating conjunctions include:
dass (that)
weil (because)
wenn (if, when)
obwohl (although)
Each of these conjunctions triggers the verb-final placement in subordinate clauses, making
German syntax more rigid compared to English.
The comparison of English and German sentence structures highlights key differences in syntax.
Both languages follow the Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) order in main clauses, but German shifts
to Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) in subordinate clauses due to its verb-final rule. German also differs
in forming questions and commands, relying on verb-first structure instead of auxiliary verbs like
English. Additionally, German imperative forms vary by formality and plurality. In complex
sentences, subordinating conjunctions push the verb to the final position in German, unlike
English, where word order remains stable. German relative clauses further complicate syntax with
case, number, and gender agreement. These structural differences are crucial for learners and
linguists. While English depends on fixed word order, German requires mastery of verb placement
and case systems, illustrating distinct ways languages organize information.
References
1.Abdullayeva, M. (2024). The grammatical structure of German sentences and their
types.
Synapses: Insights across the disciplines
,
1
(3), 10-14.
2.Ali, A. L. A. B. (2024). The Grammatical Structure of Sentence in English and German: A
Contrastive Study.
Al-Bahith Journal
,
43
(ددعلا 1 ءزجلا يناثلا).
3.Bahrami, K. (2017). Word Order and Constituent Structure in German.
Critical Language and
Literary studies
,
14
(19), 57-76.
166
4.O'Neill, E. R., Parke, M. N., Kreft, H. A., & Oxenham, A. J. (2020). Development and validation
of sentences without semantic context to complement the basic English lexicon sentences.
Journal
of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
,
63
(11), 3847-3854.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL SYSTEMS OF ADJECTIVES IN
THE ENGLISH AND KARAKALPAK LANGUAGES
Bakhytbaeva Sarbinaz Askabay qizi, Student of KSU
Scientific adviser: Musaev Abish Abilkazievich
Abstract:
The article presents a comparative analysis of the grammatical systems of adjectives in
English and Karakalpak, focusing on their structure, morphology, and syntactic functions. The
study aims to identify similarities and differences in the use of adjectives in these two languages,
which belong to different language families (Indo-European and Turkic), and to determine how
these features influence grammatical organization. The research employs methods of comparative
typological analysis and descriptive grammar. Key aspects of adjective morphology are examined,
including word formation, degrees of comparison, and the use of affixes. In English, adjectives
form degrees of comparison synthetically (using suffixes
-er
,
-est
) or analytically
(using
more
,
most
), while in Karakalpak, suffixes (
-рақ/-рек
) and analytical constructions (
ең +
adjective
) are used. Special attention is given to the morphological regularity of Karakalpak
adjectives compared to the irregular forms in English (e.g.,
good/better/best
). The syntactic
analysis focuses on the position of adjectives in sentences and their functions. In both languages,
adjectives typically precede nouns, but Karakalpak shows greater flexibility in their placement.
Differences in the use of adjectives as predicates and attributes are also explored. Contextual
analysis and transformational testing methods are used to examine syntactic functions. The results
demonstrate that, despite differences in grammatical organization, adjectives in both languages
play a crucial role in describing the attributes of objects and phenomena. The study is of interest
to linguists specializing in language typology, as well as to educators and students of English and
Karakalpak.
Key words:
Comparative analysis, Adjective grammar, Morphology, Syntactic functions, Degrees
of comparison, English language, Karakalpak language.
Introduction
Language typology studies reveal fascinating patterns in how different linguistic systems
express similar concepts. This article presents a comparative analysis of adjectives in English and
Karakalpak languages, offering insights into both their structural similarities and distinctive
grammatical mechanisms.
Adjectives serve as essential descriptive elements across languages, yet their morphological
behavior, syntactic position, and semantic nuances can vary significantly between language
families. The English language, representing the Indo-European family, and Karakalpak,
belonging to the Turkic group, demonstrate this linguistic diversity while simultaneously
exhibiting certain universal tendencies in adjectival systems.
Our analysis systematically examines the adjectival properties in both languages through
multiple dimensions: positional characteristics, comparative and superlative formations,
