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алдын a, an белгисиз артикли. Ямаса one санлығы қолланылса, жүз-a (one) hundred, мың-a
(one) thousand.
Составлы санлықлар жүз, мың, миллион, миллиард сөзлери менен жасалғанда
олардың алдында анықлаўшы «бир» қолланылады: 101-бир жүз бир-one hundred and one;
125-бир жүз жигирма бес-one hundred and twenty, five, 246-еки жүз қырық алты, -two
hundred and forty six, 206 еки жүз алты – two hundred and six. Жоқарыда келтирилген усы
санлықлар анықлаўыш функциясында келгенде қарақалпақ тилинде «бир» сөзиниң
қосылыўы шәрт емес. Бул болса тилдиң спецификасы болып табылады: мың бир түн.
Көринип турғанындай, инглис тилинде жүзлик ҳәм оның изинен келетуғын
онлықлар аралығында барлық ўақытта and дәнекери қойылады. Бул да инглис тилиниң
өзгешелиги болып табылады.
Жуўмақлап айтқанда, салыстырыў нәтийжесинде инглис тилинде санақ санлықлар
қарақалпақ тилиндеги санақ санлықлар менен жасалыўы жағынан айырым парық
ететуғын жағдайлары ушырасады, бирақ бундай өзгешеликлерге ийе болыўына
қарамастан, еки тилде де олардың гәптеги атқаратуғын функциялары бир-бирине жақын
екенлигине гуәўа болдық.
Пайдаланылған әдебиятлар:
1.
Буранов Дж. Сравнительная типология английского и тюркских языков. М., 1983
2.
Бушуй Т, Рузикулов Ф. Краткий курс сравнительной типологии. – Ташкент, 2015.
-187 б.
3.
Дмитриев Н.К. Грамматика башкирского языка. М.-Л., 1984.
4.
Ҳәзирги қарақалпақ әдебий тилиниң грамматикасы. Сөз жасалыў ҳәм
морфология. Нөкис, «Билим» 1994.
5.
Ben Johnson. The English Grammar. London. 1990.
6.
Blokh M.Y. A course in theoretical English Grammar. M., «Высшая школа». 1983.
7.
Ilyish B.A. The structure of Modern English. L. 1971
8.
Ярцева В.Н.Контрастивная грамматика. - М., 1981. - 52с.
9.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/determin/numerals.htm
http://usefulenglish.ru/miscellany/numbers-and-numerals
THE ROLE OF EMOTIONS IN LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION
A.Tolibaeva,
Student of KSU
Scientific advisor: G.Djoldasova
Abstract:
Emotions are fundamental to human interaction, shaping communication,thought
processes and relationships.This article examines the critical role of emotions in language and
communication,focusing on their expression through physiological and verbal semiotic systems. It
also explores the classifications of emotions,their cultural specificity and their linguistic
representations. By analyzing how emotions influence intercultural commutication and linguistic
expression, this study highlights the importance of understanding emotions in fostering effective
and empathetic interactions.
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Keyword:
Emotions in communication, linguistic expression of emotions,semiotics of emotions,
intercultural communication, emotive vocabulary.
Emotion are integral to human existence, influencing thoughts, behaviors and
interactions.They provide a window into subjective experiences of individuals, connecting the
psychological and physiological realms. Language serves as a powerful tools for expressing
emotions,allowing individuals to communicate their internal states to others. In communication,
emotions enhance the depth and meaning of interactions. They determine the tone,structure and
intent of messages, enabling both verbal and non-verbal forms of connection. At the same time,
emotions are shaped by cultural norms and linguistic frameworks, adding layers of complexity to
how they are expressed and undersood. This article examines the intricate role of emotions in
language and communication. It explores their semiotic systems,linguistic representations,
classifications and the challenges of expressing emotions across different cultural contexts. By
understanding these dynamics,we can better appreciate the profound impact emotions have on
interactions.
Emotions as a Communication tool. Emotions act as a fundamental bridge between
individuals, shaping how we perceive, evaluate and respond to the world around us. K.E.Izard
defines emotions as psychological states that motivate and organize human perception and action.
Similarly, Y.D.Apresyan emphasizes that emotions are conditioned that emotions are conditioned
by situational perception and play a vital role in interaction. In communication, emotions serve
two primary functions:
Expressive Function: Emotions reveal internal states, providing cues for understanding a
person’s thoughts,desires or intentions.
Regulative Function: They guide behavior, helping individuals navigate social norms and
respond appropriately to different contexts.
The expression of emotions relies on two key semiotic systems:
1. Physiological Expressions: These include facial expressions, div movements, and
involuntary reactions like blushing, crying, or laughing. Such expressions are universal and often
considered more sincere, as they occur spontaneously and are less influenced by cultural or
personal filters.
2. Verbal Expressions: Language allows for the articulation of emotions in complex and
nuanced ways. Verbal expressions vary significantly across cultures, reflecting societal norms
and individual experiences. However, they are more subjective and susceptible to
misinterpretation compared to physiological expressions.
Language plays a critical role in expressing and categorizing emotions. Emotive
vocabulary can be broadly classified into three groups, as highlighted by V. I. Shakhovsky:
Emotional Attitudes: Words that reflect feelings of like or dislike (e.g., love, hate).
Emotional States: Descriptions of internal experiences (e.g., happiness, irritation).
Emotional Characteristics: Words that describe the emotional traits of a person or object
(e.g., charming, impudent).
Shakhovsky also emphasizes that emotions in language are expressed in two forms:
1. Emotional Coloring: This refers to the subjective influence of emotions on speech,
such as the use of exclamations or emotionally charged words.
2. Linguistic Signs: These are direct references to emotions, providing an objective way
to describe emotional experiences.
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Classifications of Emotions
Numerous scholars have developed frameworks to classify emotions, reflecting their
diversity and complexity:
1. Paul Ekman’s Universal Emotions
Ekman identified six basic emotions—anger, fear, sadness, joy, disgust, and surprise. These
emotions are discrete, universal, and recognizable through distinct facial expressions. They have
evolved as adaptive mechanisms, aiding in survival and social bonding.
2. K. E. Izard’s Fundamental Emotions
Izard expanded on Ekman’s work, listing fundamental emotions like interest, shame, and
contempt. He emphasized that these emotions form the foundation for more complex states, such
as anxiety or envy, which combine multiple basic emotions.
3. E. P. Ilyin’s Emotional Categories
Ilyin categorized emotions into several types, including:
Expectation Emotions: Feelings related to anticipation, such as anxiety or worry.
Frustration Emotions: Responses to unmet expectations, like disappointment or irritation.
Activity-Related Emotions: States arising from specific tasks, such as boredom or stress.
4. Positive, Negative, and Ambivalent Emotions
Emotions can also be classified by their valence:
Positive Emotions (e.g., joy, love): These foster social connection and enhance well-being.
Negative Emotions (e.g., fear, anger): These serve protective functions, signaling threats or
dangers.
Ambivalent Emotions (e.g., nostalgia, mixed feelings): These involve conflicting positive and
negative elements, adding complexity to emotional experiences.
While emotions are universal in their existence, their expression and interpretation are
deeply influenced by culture. Language shapes how emotions are understood and conveyed,
often creating unique challenges in intercultural communication.
For example, certain languages have words for emotions that are untranslatable into
others, reflecting specific cultural values. The Japanese word “amae” describes a pleasant feeling
of dependence, a concept not directly expressed in many other languages.
Cultural norms also dictate emotional expression. In some societies, open displays of anger may
be frowned upon, while others consider them a natural part of communication. Misinterpretation
of these norms can lead to misunderstandings, highlighting the importance of cultural sensitivity
in global interactions.
One major challenge in expressing emotions is the inherent subjectivity of language.
Verbal expressions often fail to capture the full intensity or complexity of emotions, leading to
potential miscommunication. Additionally, cultural differences in emotional expression can
create barriers to understanding, especially in diverse or multicultural settings.
To address these challenges, researchers advocate for a deeper understanding of
emotional semiotics and intercultural communication strategies. By appreciating the nuances of
emotional expression, individuals can foster more effective and empathetic communication.
Emotions are at the core of human communication, influencing both verbal and non-
verbal interactions. Their dual nature as universal experiences and culturally specific constructs
makes them a fascinating subject of study. Through the semiotic systems of physiological and
verbal expression, emotions bridge the gap between internal experiences and external
communication.
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Understanding the linguistic and cultural dimensions of emotions is essential for
navigating social interactions, particularly in multicultural contexts. By recognizing the nuances
of emotional communication, we can promote empathy, reduce misunderstandings, and enhance
global connections.
References
1. Apresyan, Yu. D. (1995). The Image of a Human Being According to Language: An Attempt
at Systematic Description. Voprosy Yazykoznaniya, (1), 37–65.
2. Babenko, L. G. (1989). Lexical Means of Expressing Emotions in the Russian Language.
Sverdlovsk: Ural University Press.
3. Ekman, P., & Cordaro, D. (2011). What is Meant by Calling Emotions Basic. Emotion
Review, 3(4), 364–370.
4. Ilyin, E. P. (2001). Emotions and Feelings. St. Petersburg: Piter.
5. Izard, K. E. (2007). The Psychology of Emotions. St. Petersburg: Piter.
