JOURNAL OF IQRO – ЖУРНАЛ ИҚРО – IQRO JURNALI – volume 15, issue 01, 2025
ISSN: 2181-4341, IMPACT FACTOR ( RESEARCH BIB ) – 7,245, SJIF – 5,431
ILMIY METODIK JURNAL
Shahid Muhammad Nadeem,
Muhammad Naeem Shahid
SamSMU Assistant Professor of Human Anatomy Department
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT
Annotation (Summary Explanation):
A Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) is a congenital
condition where there is an abnormal opening in the
septum
dividing the heart's lower chambers
(ventricles). This allows oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to mix with oxygen-poor
blood in the right ventricle, leading to increased blood flow to the lungs. Depending on the size
of the defect, symptoms may range from none to serious complications like heart failure or
growth delays in infants. Diagnosis is usually through echocardiography, and treatment options
vary from watchful waiting to surgical repair.
Key Words:
congenital heart defect, septum, ventricles, left-to-right shunt, heart murmur,
pulmonary hypertension, echocardiogram, cardiac surgery, oxygenated/deoxygenated blood,
hemodynamics.
A
congenital heart defect
is a structural problem in the heart present at birth. One common
example is a
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
, which involves an opening in the
septum
—the
wall separating the two
ventricles
(the heart’s lower chambers).
In a healthy heart,
oxygenated blood
from the lungs flows from the left ventricle to the div,
while
deoxygenated blood
from the div flows from the right ventricle to the lungs. In a VSD,
due to the hole in the septum, blood flows abnormally from the
left to the right ventricle
—a
process called a
left-to-right shunt
. This causes extra blood to be pumped into the lungs.
This abnormal flow can be detected by a
heart murmur
, a sound made by turbulent blood flow,
which is often the first clue in diagnosis. Over time, if untreated, the increased pressure in the
lungs may lead to
pulmonary hypertension
, a serious condition where the lung arteries become
stiff or narrow.
Diagnosis is typically confirmed through an
echocardiogram
, a non-invasive ultrasound of the
heart that shows the size and location of the defect and the direction of blood flow.
JOURNAL OF IQRO – ЖУРНАЛ ИҚРО – IQRO JURNALI – volume 15, issue 01, 2025
ISSN: 2181-4341, IMPACT FACTOR ( RESEARCH BIB ) – 7,245, SJIF – 5,431
ILMIY METODIK JURNAL
Depending on the severity, treatment may include monitoring, medications, or
cardiac surgery
to close the defect. Understanding the
hemodynamics
—how blood flows through the heart and
vessels—is essential in deciding the appropriate intervention.
Ventricular Septal Defect is a significant
congenital heart defect
that affects the
hemodynamics
of the heart by creating a
left-to-right shunt
between the
ventricles
. Early
detection through
echocardiogram
and timely intervention, including
cardiac surgery
when
necessary, can prevent complications such as
pulmonary hypertension
and ensure a healthy life.
Awareness of related signs like a
heart murmur
and the mixing of
oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood
is key in early diagnosis and management.
VSD types
There are four main types of ventricular septal defects. They differ in their location and the
structure of the hole (or holes). The types of VSDs are:
Membranous. This is the most common type of VSD. These VSDs happen in the upper section
of the wall between your ventricles.
Muscular. These happen in the lower part of the wall. With this type, there’s often more than one
hole.
Inlet. This is a hole just below the tricuspid valve in your right ventricle and the mitral valve in
your left ventricle. When blood enters your ventricles, it must pass a VSD that connects them.
Outlet. This kind of VSD creates a hole just before the pulmonary valve in your right ventricle
and just before the aortic valve in your left ventricle. Blood has to go by the VSD on its way
through both valves.
Symptoms of a VSD
Ventricular septal defect symptoms in a newborn may look like heart failure. These include:
Shortness of breath, including fast breathing or struggling to breathe
Sweatiness or fatigue during feeding
Growth faltering (slow weight gain)
Frequent respiratory infections
A VSD heart defect in older children and adults can make them feel tired or out of breath during
physical activity.
Most people with VSDs don’t have symptoms because the hole is less than 3 millimeters around.
This is about as big around as a toothpick and isn’t large enough to cause symptoms. But if the
hole is large enough (or if there are multiple holes), it can cause blood to leak between the two
heart chambers. A VSD that’s moderate (3 to 5 mm around) to large (6 to 10 mm around or
about the size of a pea) may cause symptoms.
What causes a ventricular septal defect?
JOURNAL OF IQRO – ЖУРНАЛ ИҚРО – IQRO JURNALI – volume 15, issue 01, 2025
ISSN: 2181-4341, IMPACT FACTOR ( RESEARCH BIB ) – 7,245, SJIF – 5,431
ILMIY METODIK JURNAL
A ventricular septal defect doesn’t currently have any known causes. But it does sometimes
happen along with other issues present at birth, like heart defects, heart conditions or genetic
disorders like Down syndrome.
In very rare cases, a heart attack can tear a hole between the ventricles and create a VSD. This
type of ventricular septal defect or rupture is technically a side effect. But it’s still a dangerous
problem that needs to be repaired.
Risk factors
A VSD heart defect is slightly more likely to happen in premature babies and babies with certain
genetic conditions. Taking anti-seizure medications (valproic acid and phenytoin) or drinking
beverages containing alcohol during pregnancy may also increase the risk of a VSD. But it’ll
take more research to confirm if these are definite causes.
Conclusion
Ventricular Septal Defect is one of the most common congenital heart abnormalities. Early
detection and appropriate management, especially in moderate to large defects, are crucial for
preventing complications and ensuring normal development. Advances in pediatric cardiology
and surgery have significantly improved outcomes, allowing most children with VSDs to lead
healthy, active lives.
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JOURNAL OF IQRO – ЖУРНАЛ ИҚРО – IQRO JURNALI – volume 15, issue 01, 2025
ISSN: 2181-4341, IMPACT FACTOR ( RESEARCH BIB ) – 7,245, SJIF – 5,431
ILMIY METODIK JURNAL
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