Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
70
https://eipublication.com/index.php/jsshrf
TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
70-80
DOI
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
26 October 2024
ACCEPTED
28 December 2024
PUBLISHED
23 January 2025
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue01 2025
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Periodontitis - Symptoms
and Treatment
Farkhatov Sunnatillokhan Furkhatovich
Clinic Resident of the Department of Orthopedic Dentistry, Samarkand
State Medical University Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Akhmedov Alisher Astanovich
DSc, Head of the Department of Orthopedic Dentistry, Samarkand State
Medical University Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Abstract:
Periodontitis is a disease caused by bacteria,
injury, or medications that results in inflammation of
the connective tissue complex (periodontium) located
between the tooth cement and the dental alveoli.
In the general structure of dental diseases,
periodontitis occurs in all age groups of patients and
accounts for 25-30% of the total number of visits to
dental institutions.
Keywords:
Periodontitis, dental diseases, dental
institutions.
Introduction:
Depending on the causes, there are
three types of periodontitis:
1. Traumatic periodontitis
—
can develop both with a
single strong mechanical impact (bruise, impact, bone
penetration) and with repeated minor mechanical
damage (for example, with constant biting of threads
by seamstresses).
2. Drug
—
induced periodontitis - occurs as a result of
the release of potent drugs from the root canal into the
periodontal tissue (for example, when the medicine
was left in the tooth, and the next appointment took
place later than it was indicated according to the
instructions for the safe period of the drug in the canal).
3. Infectious periodontitis
—
its occurrence is provoked
by bacteria, mainly streptococci, among which non
—
hemolytic streptococcus accounts for 62%, green - 26%,
and hemolytic
—
12%. In addition, the coccoid flora is
most often supplemented by waylonella, lactobacilli
and yeast-like fungi.
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
71
https://eipublication.com/index.php/jsshrf
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
Ways of infection of periodontal tissues:
• interdental —
the release of toxins and bacteria
through the root canal system after infection of the
pulp and its necrotization in periodontal tissue;
• extraterrestrial —
the transition of inflammation from
the surrounding tissues (osteomyelitis, ostitis, sinusitis,
periodontitis, etc.).
Infection of periodontal tissues by hematogenous
(through blood) and lymphogenic pathways is
extremely rare.
Symptoms of periodontitis
The manifestations of the disease directly depend on its
form.
In most cases, chronic forms of periodontitis are
asymptomatic and are detected during X-ray
examination or during exacerbation.
Signs of acute periodontitis and exacerbation of its
chronic form:
• toothache (and most often you can specify exactly
which tooth hurts)
—
at the beginning of the disease,
the pain is mild, aching, but later it becomes more
intense, tearing and throbbing;
• pain when chewing and touching the tooth;
• the feeling of a "grown tooth" is the feeling that the
tooth has become longer than the others and is the first
to close with antagonistic teeth.;
• the prese
nce of a large carious cavity in a diseased
tooth or its previous treatment for deep caries or
pulpitis;
• sometimes there is swelling of the soft tissues in the
area of the affected tooth
—
due to the release of
inflammatory exudate (fluid) from the focus located in
the periodontium into the subcostal space or soft
tissues;
• opening of the fistulous passage, most often located
on the gum in the projection of the root of the affected
tooth (may occur with exacerbation of chronic
periodontitis);
• the absen
ce of a reaction of the diseased tooth to
cold, hot, sweet or sour;
• possible tooth mobility associated with periodontal
infiltration.
Opening of the fistula passage
Pathogenesis of periodontitis
Acute apical periodontitis
After periodontal injury, for one of the above reasons,
a short-term intense tissue response occurs. This
process is accompanied by clinical symptoms of acute
periodontitis.[7]
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
72
https://eipublication.com/index.php/jsshrf
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
The tissue response is usually limited to the periodontal
ligament.
It
leads
to
typical
neurovascular
inflammatory reactions, which are manifested by
hyperemia (overflow of blood), vascular congestion,
edema of the periodontal ligament and extravasation
(leakage into the tissue) of neutrophils. Since the
integrity of the bone, cement, and dentin has not yet
been disrupted, periapical changes at this stage are not
detected by X-ray examination.
If the inflammation was caused by non-infectious
stimuli, the lesion may disappear, and the structure of
the apical periodontium is restored.
When infection occurs, neutrophils not only fight
against microorganisms, but also release leukotrienes
and prostaglandins. The former attract more
neutrophils and macrophages to the affected area,
while the latter activate osteoclasts
—
cells involved in
the destruction of bone tissue. So, after a few days, the
bone surrounding the periodontium can be resorbed
(dissolved), then an expansion of the periodontal
fissure is radiographically detected in the area of the
root tip.
Periodontal fissure enlargement
Neutrophils die at the site of inflammation and release
enzymes from their granules that cause the destruction
of extracellular matrices and cells. This "splitting" of
tissues prevents the spread of infection to other parts
of the div and provides space for the penetration of
protective cells.
Tissue response after periodontal injury
During the acute phase, macrophages also appear in
the periodontium. They produce pro-inflammatory and
chemotactic (allergic) cytokines. These molecules
enhance the local vascular response, bone destruction
and extracellular matrix degradation, and can also
cause hepatocytes to increase the production of acute
phase proteins.
Acute primary periodontitis has several possible
outcomes:
• spontaneous healing;
• further strength
ening and spreading to the bone
(alveolar abscess);
• exit to the outside (formation of fistulas or sinus
tract);
• Chronicling the process.
Chronic periodontitis
The prolonged presence of microbial stimuli leads to a
shift towards macrophages, lymphocytes (T cells), and
plasma cells that are encapsulated in collagen
connective tissue.
Pro-inflammatory cytokines (cells of the immune
system) are powerful stimulators of lymphocytes.
Activated T cells produce a variety of cytokines that
reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines,
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
73
https://eipublication.com/index.php/jsshrf
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
which leads to suppression of the process of bone
destruction. On the contrary, cytokines obtained from
T cells can simultaneously enhance the production of
connective tissue growth factors, which has a
stimulating and proliferative effect on fibroblasts and
the microcirculatory system.
The possibility of suppressing the destructive process
explains the absence or delayed bone resorption and
restoration of collagen connective tissue during the
chronic phase of the disease. Consequently, chronic
lesions can remain asymptomatic for a long time
without significant changes on the X-ray.
The equilibrium existing in the periodontium can be
disrupted by one or more factors, for example,
microorganisms "located" inside the root canal. They
progress into the periodontium, and the lesion
spontaneously becomes acute with the recurrence of
symptoms.
As a
result,
during
these
acute episodes,
microorganisms can be detected in the bone tissue
surrounding the periodontium, with a rapid increase in
radiological manifestations. This radiographic pattern is
due to the destruction of the apical bone, which occurs
rapidly during the acute phases and is relatively inactive
during the chronic period. Consequently, the
progression of the disease is not continuous, but occurs
in intermittent jumps after periods of "stability".
Cytological studies show that about 45% of all chronic
periodontitis are epithelialized. When epithelial cells
begin to grow, they can do so in all directions randomly,
forming an irregular epithelial mass into which vascular
and infiltrated connective tissue enter. In some lesions,
the epithelium may grow into the entrance of the root
canal, forming a filling-like seal on the apical opening.
Classification and stages of periodontitis development
The classification of periodontitis mainly reflects the
cause of inflammation, and what exactly happens in
periodontal tissues. The most common classification
used in practice is I.G. Lukomsky's classification.:
1. Acute apical periodontitis:
2. serous;
3. Purulent.
4. Chronic apical periodontitis:
5. Fibrous;
6. Granulating;
7. granulomatous.
8. Exacerbation of chronic periodontitis.
The ICD-10 classification is also used for diagnosis:
K04.4 Acute apical periodontitis of pulpar origin.:
• acute apical periodontitis BDU.
K04.5 Chronic apical periodontitis:
• apical or periapical granuloma;
• apical periodontitis BDU.
K04.6 Periapical abscess with cavity:
• dental abscess with a cavity;
•
dentoalveolar abscess with a cavity.
K04.7 Periapical abscess without cavity:
• dental abscess of BDU;
• dentoalveolar abscess of BDU;
• periapical abscess BDU.
K04.8 Root cyst:
• apical (periodontal) cyst;
• periapical cyst;
• residual root cyst.
Complications of periodontitis
Complications of periodontitis depend on the causal
tooth, the location of the inflammatory focus, the form
and stage of the disease. Conditionally, all
complications can be divided into several groups.
Complications caused by the spread of infection from
the periodontal focus:
• Odontogenic periostitis is the spread of the
inflammatory process to the periosteum of the alveolar
process and the div of the jaw from the periodontal
(odontogenic) focus.
• Odontogenic abscess is the form
ation of a limited
abdominal purulent focus resulting from purulent
melting of submucosa, subcutaneous, intermuscular,
interfascial tissue, lymph nodes, muscle tissue or bone.
The formation of abscesses mainly occurs in the
maxillary soft tissues.
• Odonto
genic phlegmon is the formation of diffuse
purulent inflammation of the fiber located under the
skin, mucous membrane, between muscles and fascia.
• Odontogenic sinusitis is the formation of
inflammation in the maxillary sinus caused by the
spread of infection from the periodontal (odontogenic)
focus.
• Odontogenic lymphadenitis is the formation of
inflammation in the regional lymph nodes caused by
the spread of infection from the periodontal
(odontogenic) focus.
• Odontogenic osteomyelitis is a purulent inflammation
of the jawbone (simultaneously of all its structural
components) with the development of osteonecrosis
sites.
A complication caused by destructive changes in the
pereradicular bone:
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
74
https://eipublication.com/index.php/jsshrf
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
• Secondary adentia
is the loss of one or more teeth,
which is caused by the destruction of the bone tissue
surrounding the root of the tooth, preventing the
further functioning of such a tooth.
A complication caused by the formation of a fistula:
Cutaneous fistula is the formation of a fistulous
passage opening onto the surface of the skin.
Electro-dental diagnostics
Diagnostic signs of acute periodontitis:
• Medical history: tooth pain that occurred earlier,
previous treatment or tooth injury, the presence of
periodontal diseases.
• General condition: rarely there are signs of general
intoxication of the div (fever, weakness, loss of
appetite, etc.).
• Examination of the head and neck: no asymmetry of
the face and neck, skin color is not changed, possibly an
increase in local lymph nodes.
• Examination of the oral cavity: there are no
pathological changes, there may be a deep periodontal
pocket.
• Dental examination: the presence of a deep carious
cavity, extensive filling or orthopedic structure is
determined in the tooth, however, there are situations
when the tooth may be without all of the above.
Sometimes it is possible to change the color of the
tooth towards a gray shade. Tooth mobility is possible.
• Probing and thermal testing: the manipulations are
painless, sometimes when probing the carious cavity, a
painless point of communication with the tooth cavity
is determined.
• Percussion (tapping on the tooth in different
directions): there are sharply painful sensations.
• Electro
-dental diagnostics: 45-80 µA.
• Radio
graphy: visualizes a deep carious cavity
connecting to the tooth cavity or an extensive filling,
orthopedic construction, signs of previous endodontic
treatment or the presence of a periodontal pocket. No
changes in the periodontal fissure or pereradicular
bone are detected.
Diagnostic signs of chronic periodontitis:
• Complaints: there are no complaints, there may be a
fistula on the skin or mucous membrane in the oral
cavity (typical only for granulating periodontitis).
• Medical history: tooth pain that
occurred earlier,
previous treatment or tooth injury, the presence of
periodontal diseases.
• General condition: does not suffer.
• Examination of the head and neck: there is no
asymmetry of the face and neck, the skin color has not
changed, there may be skin fistula passages.
• Examination of the oral cavity: there are no
pathological changes, there may be a deep periodontal
pocket or a fistulous passage on the oral mucosa.
• Dental examination: the presence of a deep carious
cavity, extensive filling or orthopedic structure is
determined in the tooth, however, there are situations
when all this may not be. Sometimes it is possible to
change the color of the tooth towards a gray shade. The
tooth may be movable.
• Probing and thermal testing: painless, somet
imes
when probing a carious cavity, a painless point of
communication with the tooth cavity is determined.
• Percussion: painless.
• Electro
-dental diagnostics: 45-80 µA.
• Radiography: Deep carious cavity connecting to the
tooth cavity, extensive filling, orthopedic construction,
signs of previous endodontic treatment, or the
presence of a periodontal pocket. Depending on the
form of chronic periodontitis, there will be a different
X-ray picture.:
1. Fibrous periodontitis
—
periodontal fissure
enlargement;
2. Granulomatous periodontitis is the destruction of
bone tissue in the area of the root tip with clear
contours.
3. Granulating periodontitis is the destruction of bone
tissue in the area of the root tip with indistinct
contours.
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
75
https://eipublication.com/index.php/jsshrf
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
Diagnostic
signs
of exacerbation
of
chronic
periodontitis
Most often, the clinical picture corresponds to acute
periodontitis, except that changes in periodontal
tissues characteristic of a particular form of
periodontitis are always radiologically detected.
Treatment of periodontitis
Treatment of periodontitis is aimed at eliminating the
causes, mechanisms and manifestations of the disease.
Treatment methods can be therapeutic, surgical, or
combined.
Therapeutic treatment
This treatment method is aimed at eliminating
pathogenic microflora located in the endodontium, a
complex of affected tissues that includes pulp and
dentin, which are morphologically and functionally
interconnected. Therefore, otherwise such treatment is
called endodontic.
Stages of endodontic treatment:
• Adequate pain relief;
• isolation of a tooth or several teeth in which
manipulation will be performed from the oral cavity;
• creation of endodontic access (excision of hard tooth
tissues or filling material that block access to the root
canal system;
• passage and determination of the length of the root
canal (this is the length from the mouth to the tip of the
root);
• creation of a root canal of a certain diameter and
shape;
• introduction of medicin
es into the root canal;
• root canal filling;
• restoration of the anatomy and function of the tooth
using a filling material or orthopedic construction.
Electro-dental diagnostics
Diagnostic signs of acute periodontitis:
• Medical history: tooth pain th
at occurred earlier,
previous treatment or tooth injury, the presence of
periodontal diseases.
• General condition: rarely there are signs of general
intoxication of the div (fever, weakness, loss of
appetite, etc.).
• Examination of the head and neck: no
asymmetry of
the face and neck, skin color is not changed, possibly an
increase in local lymph nodes.
• Examination of the oral cavity: there are no
pathological changes, there may be a deep periodontal
pocket.
• Dental examination: the presence of a deep
carious
cavity, extensive filling or orthopedic structure is
determined in the tooth, however, there are situations
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
76
https://eipublication.com/index.php/jsshrf
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
when the tooth may be without all of the above.
Sometimes it is possible to change the color of the
tooth towards a gray shade. Tooth mobility is possible.
• Probing and thermal testing: the manipulations are
painless, sometimes when probing the carious cavity, a
painless point of communication with the tooth cavity
is determined.
• Percussion (tapping on the tooth in different
directions): there are sharply painful sensations.
• Electro
-dental diagnostics: 45-80 µA.
• Radiography: visualizes a deep carious cavity
connecting to the tooth cavity or an extensive filling,
orthopedic construction, signs of previous endodontic
treatment or the presence of a periodontal pocket. No
changes in the periodontal fissure or pereradicular
bone are detected.
Diagnostic signs of chronic periodontitis:
• Complaints: there are no complaints, there may be a
fistula on the skin or mucous membrane in the oral
cavity (typical only for granulating periodontitis).
• Medical history: tooth pai
n that occurred earlier,
previous treatment or tooth injury, the presence of
periodontal diseases.
• General condition: does not suffer.
• Examination of the head and neck: there is no
asymmetry of the face and neck, the skin color has not
changed, there may be skin fistula passages.
• Examination of the oral cavity: there are no
pathological changes, there may be a deep periodontal
pocket or a fistulous passage on the oral mucosa.
• Dental examination: the presence of a deep carious
cavity, extensive filling or orthopedic structure is
determined in the tooth, however, there are situations
when all this may not be. Sometimes it is possible to
change the color of the tooth towards a gray shade. The
tooth may be movable.
• Probing and thermal testing: painless
, sometimes
when probing a carious cavity, a painless point of
communication with the tooth cavity is determined.
• Percussion: painless.
• Electro
-dental diagnostics: 45-80 µA.
• Radiography: Deep carious cavity connecting to the
tooth cavity, extensive filling, orthopedic construction,
signs of previous endodontic treatment, or the
presence of a periodontal pocket. Depending on the
form of chronic periodontitis, there will be a different
X-ray picture.:
1. Fibrous periodontitis
—
periodontal fissure
enlargement;
2. Granulomatous periodontitis is the destruction of
bone tissue in the area of the root tip with clear
contours.
3. Granulating periodontitis is the destruction of bone
tissue in the area of the root tip with indistinct
contours.
Diagnostic
signs
of exacerbation
of
chronic
periodontitis
Most often, the clinical picture corresponds to acute
periodontitis, except that changes in periodontal
tissues characteristic of a particular form of
periodontitis are always radiologically detected.
Treatment of periodontitis
Treatment of periodontitis is aimed at eliminating the
causes, mechanisms and manifestations of the disease.
Treatment methods can be therapeutic, surgical, or
combined.
Therapeutic treatment
This treatment method is aimed at eliminating
pathogenic microflora located in the endodontium, a
complex of affected tissues that includes pulp and
dentin, which are morphologically and functionally
interconnected. Therefore, otherwise such treatment is
called endodontic.
Stages of endodontic treatment:
• Adequate pain relief;
• isolation of a tooth or several teeth in which
manipulation will be performed from the oral cavity;
• creation of endodontic access (excision of hard tooth
tissues or filling material that block access to the root
canal system;
•
passage and determination of the length of the root
canal (this is the length from the mouth to the tip of the
root);
•
creation of a root canal of a certain diameter and
shape;
•
introduction of medicines into the root canal;
•
root canal filling;
•
restoration of the anatomy and function of the tooth
using a filling material or orthopedic construction.
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
77
https://eipublication.com/index.php/jsshrf
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
Stages of endodontic treatment
Surgical treatment
Surgical treatment is resorted to only in cases of
ineffectiveness or impossibility of therapeutic
treatment.
Surgical methods of treatment include:
•
removal of a part of the root of the tooth (resection)
—
allows you to preserve the tooth, even if there is a
cyst at the tip of the root;
Removal of a part of the tooth root (resection)
•
removing the entire root;
Removing the entire root
•
removal of the entire tooth, followed by replacement
of the lost tooth.
Removal of the entire tooth
Forecast. Prevention
The course and prognosis of periodontitis, of course,
depend on the timeliness of treatment to the dentist
and the quality of his treatment. With effective canal
treatment, the area of the destroyed bone is restored,
and the tooth retains its functional properties. If the
patient does not receive timely treatment or treatment
is unsuccessful, the probability of tooth loss is high, and
complications of chronic periodontitis can pose a
serious threat to health and life.
To prevent periodontitis, it is necessary to carefully care
for the oral cavity, regularly check up with a dentist and
promptly treat odontogenic foci of infection, such as
caries and pulpitis.
REFERENCES
Asrorovna, X. N., Baxriddinovich, T. A., Bustanovna, I.
N., Valijon O’g’li, D. S., & Qizi, T. K. F. (2021). Clinical
Application Of Dental Photography By A Dentist. The
American
Journal
of
Medical
Sciences
and
Pharmaceutical Research, 3(09), 10-13.
Ugli, A. A. A., & Bustanovna, I. N. (2024). STUDY OF THE
CONDITION OF PARODONT IN PERIODONTITIS IN FETAL
WOMEN.
European
International
Journal
of
Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies,
4(05), 149-156.
Kizi, J. O. A., & Bustanovna, I. N. (2024).
FAMILIARIZATION WITH THE HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
78
https://eipublication.com/index.php/jsshrf
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
OF THE CONDITION OF THE ORAL MUCOSA IN
ORTHOPEDIC TREATMENT. European International
Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management
Studies, 4(05), 89-96.
Bustanovna, I. N. (2024). Determination of the
Effectiveness of Dental Measures for the Prevention of
Periodontal Dental Diseases in Workers of the
Production of Metal Structures. International Journal of
Scientific Trends, 3(5), 108-114.
Bustanovna, I. N. (2022). Assessment of clinical and
morphological changes in the oral organs and tissues in
post-menopause women. Thematics Journal of
Education, 7(3).
Bustanovna, I. N., & Berdiqulovich, N. A. (2022).
ПРОФИЛАКТИКА
И
ЛЕЧЕНИЯ
КAРИЕСA
У
ПОСТОЯННЫХ ЗУБОВ. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICINE AND
PRACTICE, 7(1).
Bustanovna, I. N. (2024). PATHOGENESIS OF
PERIODONTAL DISEASE IN ELDERLY WOMEN. Лучшие
интеллектуальные исследования, 21(3), 25
-29.
Bustanovna, I. N. (2024). TO STUDY THE HYGIENIC
ASSESSMENT OF THE CONDITION OF THE ORAL
MUCOSA DURING ORTHOPEDIC TREATMENT. Лучшие
интеллектуальные исследования, 21(1), 9
-15.
Bustanovna, I. N. (2024). CLINICAL AND LABORATORY
CHANGES IN PERIODONTITIS. Journal of new century
innovations, 51(2), 58-65.
Bustanovna, I. N. (2024). Morphological Changes in Oral
Organs and Tissues in Women after Menopause and
their Analysis. International Journal of Scientific Trends,
3(3), 87-93.
Bustanovna, I. N. (2024). Hygienic Assessment of The
Condition of The Oral Mucosa After Orthopedic
Treatment. International Journal of Scientific Trends,
3(3), 56-61.
Bustanovna, P. I. N. (2024). Further Research the
Features of the Use of Metal-Ceramic Structures in
Anomalies of Development and Position of Teeth.
International Journal of Scientific Trends, 3(3), 67-71.
Bustanovna, I. N. (2024). The Effectiveness of the Use
of the Drug" Proroot MTA" in the Therapeutic and
Surgical Treatment of Periodontitis. International
Journal of Scientific Trends, 3(3), 72-75.
Bustanovna, P. I. N. (2024). Research of the Structure of
Somatic Pathology in Patients with Aphthous
Stomatitis. International Journal of Scientific Trends,
3(3), 51-55.
Bustanovna, I. N., & Abdusattor o’g, A. A. A. (2024).
Analysis of Errors and Complications in the Use of
Endocal Structures Used in Dentistry. International
Journal of Scientific Trends, 3(3), 82-86.
Bustanovna, I. N. (2024). Complications Arising in the
Oral Cavity after Polychemotherapy in Patients with
Hemablastoses. International Journal of Scientific
Trends, 3(3), 62-66.
Bustanovna, I. N., & Sharipovna, N. N. (2023). Research
cases in women after menopause clinical and
morphological changes in oral organs and their analysis.
Journal of biomedicine and practice, 8(3).
Bustonovna, I. N., & Sharipovna, N. N. (2023). Еssential
Factors Of Etiopathogenesis In The Development Of
Parodontal Diseases In Post-Menopasis Women.
Eurasian Medical Research Periodical, 20, 64-69.
Fakhriddin, C. H. A. K. K. A. N. O. V., Shokhruh, S. A. M.
A. D. O. V., & Nilufar, I. S. L. A. M. O. V. A. (2022).
ENDOKANAL PIN-KONSTRUKSIYALARNI ISHLATISHDA
ASORATLAR VA XATOLAR TAHLILI. JOURNAL OF
BIOMEDICINE AND PRACTICE, 7(1).
Очилов, Х. У., & Исламова, Н. Б. (2024). Особенности
артикуляции и окклюзии зубных рядов у пациентов
с
генерализованной
формой
повышенного
стирания.
SAMARALI
TA’LIM
VA
BARQAROR
INNOVATSIYALAR JURNALI, 2(4), 422-430.
Ortikova, N., & Rizaev, J. (2021, May). The Prevalence
And Reasons Of Stomatophobia In Children. In E-
Conference Globe (pp. 339-341).
Ortikova, N. (2023). ANALYSISOF ANESTHESIA
METHODS FOR DENTAL FEAR AND ANXIETY.
Центральноазиатский
журнал
академических
исследований, 1(1), 8
-12.
Ortikova, N. K. (2023). DENTAL ANXIETY AS A SPECIAL
PLACE IN SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE. SCHOLAR, 1(29),
104-112.
Исламова,
Н.
Б.
(2024).
ПАРОДОНТ
КАСАЛЛИКЛАРИДА
ОРГАНИЗМДАГИ
УМУМИЙ
ЎЗГАРИШЛАРНИ
ТАҲЛИЛИ
ВА
ДАВОЛАШ
САМАРАДОРЛИГИНИ
ТАКОМИЛЛАШТИРИШ.
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В
МИРЕ, 43(7), 18
-22.
Islamova, N. B., & Chakkonov, F. K. (2021). Changes in
the tissues and organs of the mouth in endocrine
diseases. Current Issues in Dentistry, 320-326.
Исламова, Н. Б., & Исломов, Л. Б. (2021).
Особенности развития и течения заболеваний
полости рта при эндокринной патологии. ББК, 56,
76.
Исламова, Н. Б., & Назарова, Н. Ш. (2023).
СУРУНКАЛИ ТАРҚАЛГАН ПАРОДОНТИТ БИЛАН
КАСАЛЛАНГАН
ПОСТМЕНОПАУЗА
ДАВРИДАГИ
АЁЛЛАРНИНГ
ПАРОДОНТ
ТЎҚИМАСИНИНГ
ДАВОЛАШ САМАРАДОРЛИГИ ОШИРИШ. ЖУРНАЛ
СТОМАТОЛОГИИ
И
КРАНИОФАЦИАЛЬНЫХ
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
79
https://eipublication.com/index.php/jsshrf
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ, 4(2).
Исламова, Н. Б. (2024). ПАРОДОНТИТ КАСАЛЛИГИДА
ОРГАНИЗМДАГИ УМУМИЙ ВА МАҲАЛЛИЙ ЎЗГАРГАН
КЎРСАТКИЧЛАРНИНГ
ТАҲЛИЛИ.
Журнал
гуманитарных и естественных наук, (8), 23
-27.
Islamova, N. B., & Sh, N. N. (2023, May). STUDY OF
CHANGES
IN
PERIODONTAL
DISEASES
IN
POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN. In Conferences (pp. 15-
17).
Исламова, Н. Б., & Назарова, Н. Ш. (2023, May).
Совершенствование
диагностики
и
лечения
хронического генерализованного пародонтита у
женщин в период постменопаузы. In Conferences
(pp. 13-15).
Islamova, N. B., & Nazarova, N. S. (2023). IMPROVING
THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF CHRONIC
GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL
WOMEN. Conferences.
Исламова, Н. Б. (2023). Гемодинамика тканей
пародонта зубов по данным реопародонтографии.
Исламова, Н. Б., & Назарова, Н. Ш. (2023). МЕТОДЫ
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ ПАРОДОНТА У
ЖЕНЩИН,
НАХОДЯЩИХСЯ
В
ПЕРИОДЕ
ПОСТМЕНОПАУЗЫ. In АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ
СТОМАТОЛОГИИ (pp. 334
-338).
Исламова, Н. Б. (2024). Complications Arising in the
Oral Cavity after Polychemotherapy in Patients with
Hemablastosis. International Journal of Scientific
Trends, 3(3), 76-81.
Islamova, N. B. (2022). CHANGES IN PERIODONTAL
TISSUES IN THE POSTMENOPAUSAL PERIOD. In
Стоматология
-
наука и практика, перспективы
развития (pp. 240
-241).
Назарова,
Н.,
&
Исломова,
Н.
(2022).
Этиопатогенетические
факторы
развития
заболеваний пародонта у женщин в периоде
постменопаузы. Профилактическая медицина и
здоровье, 1(1), 55
-63.
Иргашев, Ш. Х., & Исламова, Н. Б. (2021).
Применение и эффективность энтеросгеля при
лечении
генерализованного
пародонтита.
In
Актуальные вопросы стоматологии (pp. 305
-310).
Иргашев, Ш., Норбутаев, А., & Исламова, Н. (2020).
Эффективность
энтеросгеля
при
лечении
генерализованного пародонтита у ликвидаторов
последствий аварии на чернобыльской АЭС.
Общество и инновации, 1(1/S), 656
-663.
Исламова, Н. Б. (2016). Сравнительная оценка
противовоспалительных
цитокинов
крови
в
развитии заболеваний полости рта при гипотиреозе.
Наука в современном мире: теория и практика, (1),
41-44.
Исламова, Н. Б., Шамсиев, Р. А., Шомуродова, Х. Р.,
&
Ахмедова,
Ф.
А.
(2014).
Состояние
кристаллообразующей
функции
слюны
при
различных патологиях. In Молодежь и медицинская
наука в XXI веке (pp. 470
-471).
Исламова, Н., & Чакконов, Ф. (2020). Роль продуктов
перекисного
окисления
липидов
и
противовоспалительных
цитокинов
крови
в
развитии заболеваний полости рта при гипотиреозе.
Общество и инновации, 1(1/s), 577
-582.
Исламова, Н., Хаджиметов, А., & Шакиров, Ш. (2015).
Роль продуктов перекисного окисления липидов и
противовоспалительных
цитокинов
крови
в
развитии заболеваний полости рта при гипотиреозе.
Журнал проблемы биологии и медицины, (1 (82)),
41-44.
Исламова, Н. Б., & Чакконов, Ф. Х. (2021). Изменения
в тканях и органах рта при эндокринных
заболеваниях. In Актуальные вопросы стоматологии
(pp. 320-326).
Nazarova, N. S., & Islomova, N. B. (2022).
postmenopauza davridagi ayollarda stomatologik
kasalliklarining klinik va mikrobilogik ko ‘rsatmalari va
mexanizmlari. Журнал" Медицина и инновации", (2),
204-211.
Nazarova, N. S., & Islomova, N. B. (2022).
postmenopauza davridagi ayollarda stomatologik
kasalliklarining klinik va mikrobilogik ko ‘rsatmalari va
mexanizmlari. Журнал" Медицина и инновации", (2),
204-211.
Sulaymonova, Z. Z., & Islamova, N. B. (2023, May).
TAKING IMPRESSIONS IN THE ORAL CAVITY AND THEIR
REDUCTION. In Conferences (pp. 21-23).
Sharipovna, N. N., & Bustonovna, I. N. (2022).
Etiopatogenetic factors in the development of
parodontal diseases in post-menopasis women. The
american
journal
of
medical
sciences
and
pharmaceutical research, 4(09).
Sarimsokovich, G. M. (2023). LATEST METHODS OF
STUDY OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE IN WOMEN.
European International Journal of Multidisciplinary
Research and Management Studies, 3(10), 242-250.
DENTAL PROSTHETICS. Лучшие интеллектуальные
исследования, 18(4), 31
-35.
Содикова, Ш. А., & Исламова, Н. Б. (2021).
Оптимизация
лечебно
-
профилактических
мероприятий
при
заболеваний
пародонта
беременных
женщин
с
железодефицитной
анемией. In Актуальные вопросы стоматологии (pp.
434-440).
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
80
https://eipublication.com/index.php/jsshrf
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
Чакконов, Ф. Х. (2021). ЯТРОГЕННЫЕ ОШИБКИ В
СТОМАТОЛОГИИ И ИХ ПРИЧИНЫ. In Актуальные
вопросы стоматологии (pp. 925
-930).
ЧАККОНОВ, Ф., САМАДОВ, Ш., & ИСЛAМОВA, Н.
(2022).
ENDOKANAL
PIN-KONSTRUKSIYALARNI
ISHLATISHDA ASORATLAR VA XATOLAR TAHLILI.
ЖУРНАЛ БИОМЕДИЦИНЫ И ПРАКТИКИ, 7(1).
Xusanovich, C. F., Orzimurod, T., Maruf, U., &
Ollomurod, X. (2023). PROSTHETICS A COMPLETE
REMOVABLE PROSTHESIS BASED ON IMPLANTS.
European International Journal of Multidisciplinary
Research and Management Studies, 3(11), 122-126.
Xusanovich, C. F., Sunnat, R., & Sherali, X. (2024). CLASP
PROSTHESES
–
TECHNOLOGY IMPROVEMENT. European
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and
Management Studies, 4(03), 152-156.
