RAQAMLI TEXNOLOGIYALAR DAVRIDA TARJIMASHUNOSLIK VA LINGVISTIKA: ZAMONAVIY YONDASHUVLAR TADQIQI” nomli ilmiy
maqolalar to‘plami May – 2024
40
FEATURES OF TRANSLATING MEDICAL TERMS
Abdullayeva Sarvinoz
Master student of SamSIFL
Abstract—
Medical translation is one of the most important fields in the modern world. The translation of medical terms into
Uzbek is carried out in various ways. Transcoding eponyms has become widespread and firmly rooted in medical terminology and
are an indicator of scientific style, which ensures the effectiveness of professional intercultural communication. The purpose of this
article is to present the transcoding and transformation options for the translation of English medical terms, as well as to discuss the
importance of understanding the subject matter of the texts being translated, which is acquired with experience.
Keywords
— Popular science, terminology, translation methods, eponymous terms, proper names, orthographic, phonetic
transformation, transcoding, synonyms, terminological matrix.
1.
I
NTRODUCTION
In the modern world, during the period of globalization, there is an active exchange of experience and knowledge in the field of
medicine. Interest in the field of medical translation is growing every day, making it one of the most in demand. The requirements
for a translator who deals with this type of work are quite high. It should be noted that it is important not only to have translation
skills, but also to have sufficient background scientific knowledge in medicine
2.
M
AIN PART
Medicine is actively integrated not only into the scientific field, but also into everyday life. Examples are popular science articles
aimed at ordinary people. Abroad and in our country, the demand for popular science magazines about health is very high, which is
why many publishing houses are focused on the use and translation of various articles.
Medical discoveries and technologies occupy a very important place in the modern world. The common medical Latin language
was replaced by English. But it should be noted that knowledge of common English will not be enough for a translator. He also
needs to know Greek-Latin international terminology, since these terms are often used in medical texts, accounting for
approximately 30% of the total [5. P.3].
Popular science texts are journalistic articles on scientific topics in popular periodicals and magazines intended for a wide
audience. For example, the text by Jeff Strong, Michael O. Flanagan “ADD and ADHD for Dummies”, which is devoted to the
study of a common neuropsychiatric disease - attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), “CA: A Cancer Journal for
Clinicians”, “Free Medical Journals” "
Modern scientific style in the field of medicine uses various genres and types of texts:
- textbook (The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine [Book] - reference book (BMA Illustrated Medical
Dictionary),
- Course paper Article. For example, “Ultrafast Lasers and Materials Photonics” is an article that talks about the latest advances in
the use of ultrafast lasers, fiber lasers, etc.
When translating medical terms, the following
translation methods
are used: searching for dictionary matches, transcribing,
transliteration, tracing, descriptive translation, contextual replacement, specification, generalization, and lexical additions.
The translated text can contain both non-equivalent and equivalent units.
Non-equivalent units: disease - disease, renal - kidney.
Equivalent units: contraction - reduction, acquisition, restriction; treat - to treat; carry out a course of treatment; consider, discuss;
multipurpose application - multilateral application.
About 40% of all terms have dictionary matches. In the case when there are many equivalent units, it should be borne in mind that
dictionaries contain several correspondences to one terminological unit, but there can only be one meaning of a specific word or
phrase in the original text.
Definition of dictionary correspondences is the most common type of translation of terminological units. Constant correspondences
are the most stable way to translate units of the source language (original language). It is used in all, or almost all, cases where they
appear in the original. Equivalent units of language are basically known as units of language whose content is independent of
context. As a constant equivalent unit, it is translated and has a correspondence that most fully reproduces its meaning. Constant
correspondences are found mainly in terms, proper names and titles, geographical names, as well as in some words and phrases that
are used in everyday speech. For example: California, San Francisco,
English
Uzbek
RAQAMLI TEXNOLOGIYALAR DAVRIDA TARJIMASHUNOSLIK VA LINGVISTIKA: ZAMONAVIY YONDASHUVLAR TADQIQI” nomli ilmiy
maqolalar to‘plami May – 2024
41
Neuropsychiatrist
Nevropsixiatr
coronary arteries
yurak qon tomirlari
laboratory test
laboratoriya sinovi
symptom
alomat,tashqi belgi
clinical experience
klinik tajriba
medical histoey
tibbiyot tarixi
Transcription
is considered a method of translation when the sound form of an English word is transmitted by the letters of the
target language:
English
Uzbek
dentrite
Dentrit
Due to significant differences in the phonetic and grammatical structure of the English and Uzbek languages, transcribing a whole
word rarely occurs.
Transliteration
involves spelling out a word in the source language. For example: the English word organ is
organ
; its translation
is related to the letter composition, not the sound.
English
Uzbek
Organ
organ
Tracing
is the translation of a lexical unit of the original by replacing its components: morphemes or words (if it is a stable phrase)
with their lexical equivalents in the target language. Tracing helps create a new unit that copies in detail the structure of the original
lexical unit. Consequently, this is a literal or literal translation, when the equivalent of a simple or (more often) complex word
(term) of the source language in the target language is usually the first element in the dictionary. Tracing is used when translating
derivatives, complex or compound words, when the translation analogue formed in this way does not violate the norms of use and
compatibility of words in the Uzbek language. For example:
English
Uzbek
molecular level
molekulalar miqdori
lymphatic system
limfa tizimi
Descriptive translation
is a method of translating new terminological units of the source language, when a word, phrase or
phraseological unit is replaced in the target language by a phrase that adequately conveys the meaning of this term. Descriptive
translation is used when none of the other techniques can be used. At the same time, it must meet the following requirements: the
translation must accurately reflect the main content of the concept, the description should not be too detailed, the syntactic structure
of the phrase should not be complex.
For example, the phrase protein vesicles release structures is translated as protein structures involved in the release of vesicles.
English
Uzbek
protein vesicles release structures
oqsil donachalarini ishlab chiqarish tizimi
The translation contains twice as many words as the original, which is necessary in order to accurately reflect the main content of
the concept.
Contextual substitution corresponds to the case where the translation equivalent is a word or phrase that is not a dictionary match.
Sometimes deviations in translation from the original are necessary to achieve adequacy of the translation, since different language
norms may apply in the original and target languages and there may be different rules of use. For example, anatomical -
anatomical, we translate as a structural atom, because thanks to the traditional norms of the Uzbek language there is a complex
term that fulfills structural-functional relationships.
When translating a medical text, quite often the translator has to use such lexical transformations as:
Concretization is the replacement of a lexical unit (word or phrase) from the original text with a broader one with a broader lexical
meaning in the translated text. As a result of the application of this technique, logical hyponymic-hyporonymic relations are used: a
unit of the original text expresses a generic concept, or hyperon, and the created correspondence in translation is the specific
concept corresponding to it, or a subclass (table, chair), that is, alternations are again observed when filling out a certain
paradigmatic position. Concretization is always accompanied by differentiation of concepts/meanings with a neutral generic word.
Preparing slides using venous blood collected from venipuncture. Preparation of a smear using venous blood obtained during
venipuncture.
In this example, the term with broad semantics slide, slide glass, is replaced by the Uzbek term with narrower semantics, smear.
This replacement is explained by the contextual environment and semantic load carried by the original language unit the slide:
using a soft pencil, write the patient initials and collection date on the frosted end of the slides - Sign the stroke using a soft pencil,
write initials on the matte surface of the glass patient, date of collection.
RAQAMLI TEXNOLOGIYALAR DAVRIDA TARJIMASHUNOSLIK VA LINGVISTIKA: ZAMONAVIY YONDASHUVLAR TADQIQI” nomli ilmiy
maqolalar to‘plami May – 2024
42
The word identify with broad semantics is replaced with a word with narrower semantics - sign the stroke for a better
understanding of the meaning of the sentence. In the case of the word end, which in different contexts can have different stylistic
connotations, a concretization technique was used to show that it is not on the edge or on the side that needs to be signed, but on
the matte surface.
Generalization consists of giving a generalized, somewhat specific in translation, that is, using a generic concept; the concrete, the
specific is omitted, that is, the narrow concept of reality is replaced by a broader one: both sides! Are there any retractions or
protrusions of the skin? Compare both sides! Do you see any sunken areas or swelling?
This sentence uses several techniques at once. Firstly, the concretization of the verb to be in the present tense, which has a wide
semantic spectrum, with the Uzbek verb to see, which has a specific meaning in translation. Secondly, the technique of
generalization when translating the noun protrusion, which has the following meanings: 1) protrusion, protrusion; 2) performance.
And replacing it with a Uzbek lexical unit is a swelling with which the content of the original is reproduced with greater
completeness and clarifies the message. Thirdly, the technique of omitting such lexical units as “of the skin”, because it is already
clear from the context.
The technique of lexical addition is a method in which the number of words, word forms or sentence parts in a translation
increases. This method assumes the correct transmission of the content of the original. These reasons, descriptive texts are provided
for specific elements when deviations are clinically significant. - these reasons, various deviations from the normal level, have
clinical significance for the results of the analysis, for certain elements to which a descriptive element is attached.
In this example, the technique of lexical additions is used, because in the English version when deviations are clinically significant
it is already implied that the deviation is not the norm, and for the Uzbek translation you need to add a few additional words to
reveal and fully show the content of the sentence, i.e. deviations from normal level. It is also necessary to clarify where exactly the
descriptive part of the analysis results is attached, which is not indicated in the original text, but is implied.
Thus, the translation of medical terms is carried out in various ways. The most common of them is to search for dictionary matches
for terms in the original language. It is used in all, or almost all, cases where they appear in the original text. But due to some
discrepancies in the grammatical, syntactic and morphological structures of the Uzbek and English languages, it is very often
necessary to use various kinds of transformations when translating. These include transcription, tracing, descriptive translation,
contextual substitution, specification, generalization and lexical additions.
By eponymous terms we mean the designation of a phenomenon (for example, a disease), concept, structure or method by the
name of the person who first discovered or described it. For example:
Rehbergs test - Rehberg test (a test to determine kidney function, which is based on creatinine excretion);
Mantoux test - Mantoux reaction (a type of intradermal tuberculin test);
Wassermann test (RW) - Wassermann reaction (RW).
As you can see, a mandatory component of an eponym term is a proper name. Proper names (onyms) are individual names of
individual individual objects. Common names are carriers of concepts, and proper names include all known information, their
denotations, without certain generalizations, and therefore are associated with concepts only to the extent that they indicate the type
of objects to which their denotations relate. It can be stated that common names unite and generalize homogeneous objects, while
proper names, on the contrary, distinguish and differentiate them. That is, common names perform a generalizing function, and
proper names perform a differential function. Proper names appear when individual distinctions acquire social significance. It is the
proper name, which is present in the eponym term, that distinguishes an object or phenomenon from a class of similar ones and
gives new meaning. Consequently, an object is designated by its own name and is always defined and specific.
English eponymous terms are transliterated and transcribed according to Uzbek spelling, but individual terms are reproduced
according to phonetic and graphic rules in the original language. The reason for the variability in the reproduction of these terms is
both linguistic and extralinguistic factors. Numerous studies of eponymous terms not only by linguists, translators, but also by
doctors prove that eponymous units have become widespread and firmly rooted in medical terminology and are an indicator of
scientific style, which ensures the effectiveness of professional intercultural communication.
Any new eponymous unit enters the language along with a new invention and adapts to the structure and rules of functioning of the
lexical system of the recipient language.
The study of selected English eponym terms for their translation into Uzbek made it possible to identify the following transcoding
and transformation options. Some surnames, which are part of the medical term, are reproduced graphically with all letters and
doubling preserved: Allen's test - Allen's test, Brenner tumor - Brenner's tumor, Adam's clasp - Adam's clasp.
Individual surnames-terms are transcribed (often without preserving the doubling at the end of the word), that is, they are
reproduced at the phonetic level: Black's classification - Black's classification,
Bauman's angle - Bauman's angle, Reilly anomally - - Reilly anomaly.
And most eponymous units undergo both orthographic and phonetic transformation, that is, they adapt to the recipient language:
Minnert's commissure - Minnert's spike.
It is the variability of transcoding one's own name in a term - eponym that can lead to errors in understanding and the emergence of
two or more variants of one English name. For example: the term Allis sign has two spellings in Uzbek. One dictionary offers the
RAQAMLI TEXNOLOGIYALAR DAVRIDA TARJIMASHUNOSLIK VA LINGVISTIKA: ZAMONAVIY YONDASHUVLAR TADQIQI” nomli ilmiy
maqolalar to‘plami May – 2024
43
Ellis symptom, and the electronic resource offers the Allas symptom (Allis' sign [Alice]). If you mistakenly use or omit at least one
element in the following terms with the proper name Ellis (as components of the term), its meaning radically changes. Here are a
few examples: Ellis syndrome - Ellis syndrome (Henry Havelock Ellis, 1859-1939, English psychologist) is a form of sexual
perversion (urophilia).
Allis sign - Ellis sign (Oscar Huntington Allis, 1836-1931, American surgeon) - weakening of the fascia between the iliac crest and
the tibia: a sign of a fracture of the femoral neck.
Ellis - van Creveld (EVC) syndrome - Ellis van Creveld syndrome; (Richard White Bernhard Ellis, 1902 - 1966, English
paediatrician;
Simon van Creveld, 1894 - 1971, Dutch paediatrician) - chondroectodermal dysplasia.
When dealing with the translation of medical terms that require accuracy and unambiguity, we agree with the opinion that the
translator must at least partially understand the subject matter of the texts being translated, which is acquired with experience. In
addition, in the translation text it is necessary to avoid falsely orienting terms if in a certain terminological system there are their
synonyms with a more motivated internal form. When translating such terms, in particular with the components syndrome and
symptom, the choice of transcoding turns out to be unacceptable. Despite the fact that these lexical units in Uzbek sound similar,
they are informatively different. In such a case, it is more appropriate to use synonyms or a descriptive method. Although
synonymy is considered a negative phenomenon in the terminological matrix, it still exists. And it is the frequency of use of a
terminological unit that determines which term to use and which to avoid.
Even more difficulties arise when transcoding eponyms that include surnames of French origin, which are mainly transcribed:
Sopara's amputation, Charcot's cirrhosis, Alle's disease.
3.
C
ONCLUSION
Globalization has led to an increased interest in medical translation, as medicine is integrated into both scientific and everyday life.
However, knowledge of common English is not sufficient for a translator. Popular science texts, such as "Ultrafast Lasers and
Materials Photonics," are journalistic articles on scientific topics. About 40% of all terms have dictionary matches. Equivalent units
of language are units of language that are translated and have a correspondence that most fully reproduces their meaning.
Transliteration involves spelling out a word in the source language, while tracing is the translation of a lexical unit by replacing its
components with their lexical equivalents in the target language. Descriptive translation is used when no other techniques can be
used. Concretization is the replacement of a lexical unit with a broader one, accompanied by differentiation of concepts/meanings
with a neutral generic word. Generalization is used when translating the noun protrusion, and lexical addition is used when the
number of words in a translation increases.
4.
R
EFERENCES
[1]
Besekirska L. International vocabulary in medical terminology of the Uzbek language/L. Besikirska. - M., 2017.
[2]
Brandes M. P. Style and translation / M. P. Brandes. - M.: KDU, 2006.
[3]
Vasina, M.V. Accentual design of terminological phrases in English medical discourse / M.V. Vasina. - Ivanovo: IvSU, 2004. -
P.10.
[4]
Grinev S.V. Terminology: results and prospects/S. V. Grinev. - M., 1994. - Issue 2.
[5]
Dubrovina L.V. Abbreviations in English medical literature and their equivalents in Uzbek // Foreign language in the field of
scientific communication. - M.: Nauka, 1986. - P. 115-127.
[6]
Zagidullin R.Z., Koroleva N.N. Translation of English neologisms into Uzbek / R. Z. Zagidullin, N. N. Koroleva. - Almaty,
2002. - 36 p.
[7]
Bahodir Abdimital Ughli Abdirasulov, & Mohinur Salokhiddin Kizi Qayimova (2024). DIVERSE LITERATURE IN
EDUCATING A CHILD. Science and innovation, 3 (Special Issue 19), 434-436. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.10817466
[8]
Zubova L.Yu. On the issue of the features and difficulties of translating English medical abbreviations // Vestnik VSU, Ser.
"Linguistics and Intercultural Communication". - Voronezh, 2005. - No. 2. - pp. 113-116.
[9]
Komissarov V. N. Linguistics of translation / V. N. Komissarov - M.: International relations - 2013. - 353 p.
[10]
Komissarov V. N. Modern translation studies / V. N. Komissarov - Moscow: ETS, 2022.- P. 187.
[11]
Yusupov, O., & Yusupov, A. (2023). Appropriate Usage of Dictionaries in the Translation of Linguacultural Words. Journal
of Language Pedagogy and Innovative Applied Linguistics, 1(5), 16-20.
https://doi.org/10.1997/66pta698
[12]
Jumayeva, M. B., & Yusupov, O. Y. (2023). USING DIFFERENT GAMES AND SONGS IN TEACHING ENGLISH TO
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS.
BOSHQARUV VA ETIKA QOIDALARI ONLAYN ILMIY JURNALI
,
3
(4), 107-111.
[13]
Yusupov, O. (2016). Testing as an effective tool of an English language classroom.
Рецензенты: Ирина Валентиновна
Арябкина–доктор педагогических наук
, 233.
[14]
Юсупов, О. (2022). Хорижий тилларни ўқитишда таржиманинг аҳамияти.
Анализ актуальных проблем, инноваций,
традиций, решений и художественной литературы в преподавании иностранных языков
,
1
(01), 9-11.
RAQAMLI TEXNOLOGIYALAR DAVRIDA TARJIMASHUNOSLIK VA LINGVISTIKA: ZAMONAVIY YONDASHUVLAR TADQIQI” nomli ilmiy
maqolalar to‘plami May – 2024
44
[15]
Юсупов, О. Я. (2020). Узбек тилига араб ва форс тилларидан узлашган лексик дублетлар тахлили.
Хорижий
филология. No2
.
[16]
Yusupov, O., & Yusupov, A. (2023). Appropriate Usage of Dictionaries in the Translation of Linguacultural Words.
Journal
of Language Pedagogy and Innovative Applied Linguistics
,
1
(5), 16-20.
[17]
Баѐнханова, И. Ф. (2023). МУОМАЛА МАДАНИЯТИДА НУТҚИЙ МУЛОҚОТ ОДОБИНИ ИФОДАЛОВЧИ
МАҚОЛЛАРНИНГ ХУСУСИЯТЛАРИ.
Innovation: The journal of Social Sciences and Researches
, (1), 96-100.
[18]
Баёнханова, И. Ф. (2022). КОРЕЙС ВА ЎЗБЕК ТИЛИДАГИ ПАРЕМИОЛОГИК БИРЛИКЛАРНИНГ ҚИЁСЛАБ
ЎРГАНИШИ.
Scientific progress
,
3
(3), 265-269.
[19]
Bayanxanova, I. F., & Soliyeva, A. (2022). O’ZBEK VA KOREYS TILLARIDA KELISHIK KATEGORIYASI HAQIDA
UMUMIY TUSHUNCHA.
Oriental renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences
,
2
(Special Issue 24), 114-
121.
[20]
Furkatovna, B. I., & Farxodovna, A. Z. (2023). KOREYS VA O'ZBEK TILLARIDA HURMAT MA'NONI IFODALOVCHI
MAQOLLARNING QIYOSIY TAHLILI.
Innovation: The journal of Social Sciences and Researches
,
1
(5).
[21]
Eshkuvatovna, K. L., & Ilhomovna, K. M. (2021). The specific features of translation of the poetry and prose from English
into Uzbek.
American Journal of Social and Humanitarian Research
,
2
(9), 11-14.
[22]
Nasirovna, K. A. TRANSLATION METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF PUBLICISTIC MATERIALS.
dǩZ dSmSe [hS^
ȉSca YfcS^
, 40.
[23]
Abdirashidovna, C. N., & Nasimovna, A. K. (2021). The Problems of Translation When Translating Into Uzbek
Languages.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INNOVATION IN NONFORMAL EDUCATION
,
1
(2), 207-209.
[24]
Bakiyev, F. J. (2023). TRANSLATION STRATEGY AS A BASIC CONCEPT OF TRANSLATING SUBTITLES.
GOLDEN
BRAIN
,
1
(15), 220-223.
[25]
Bakiev, F. (2024, February). LEXICAL CORRESPONDENCE ISSUES IN UZBEK-ENGLISH TRANSLATION STUDIES.
In
Conference Proceedings: Fostering Your Research Spirit
(pp. 478-481).
[26]
Nuritdinova, P., & Shermatova, B. (2024). THE IMPACT OF CHATGPT ON THE TRANSLATION
INDUSTRY.
Ta'limning zamonaviy transformatsiyasi
,
4
(2), 345-347.
[27]
SHERMATOVA, B., ALIMOVA, S., & SHOKHRUKH, O. Simultaneous Translation and Its Issues.
International Journal of
Innovations in Engineering Research and Technology
,
7
(09), 37-39.
[28]
Fazlidinovich, M. S. (2022). THE LINGUISTIC AND STYLISTIC COMPARATIVENESS OF LANGUAGES IN
LINGUISTIC TRANSLATION.
Science and innovation
,
1
(JSSR), 169-176.
