Scientific research results in pandemic conditions (COVID-19)
102
2. Bolshakova E. S. Teaching English dialogue speech M., 1978. P-25.
3. Bondarko A. V. Functional grammar. L, 1984. P-124.
4. Zimnyaya I. A. Psycological teaching in Native language 1989. 219
5. Izarenkov D. I. Professional communicative competence as a basic
component of foreign language preparation 1990. N 4. p.p 54–60.
6. Khayitova Feruza Abdikhalikovna. Learning styles: left- and right-
brain functioning. library.ziyonet.uz›uz/book/download/102261. "Стили
обучения: функционирование” журнале "Наука среди нас" 19 декабря,
2018.
Gulshirin Bozorova, Student of Termez branch of Tashkent State
Pedagogical University named after Nizami
HISTORY OF OLD UZBEK LITERARY WRITING
G. Bozorova
Abstract: This article deals with the history of the Old Uzbek literary
language, its origin, lexical, grammatical features, based on the Arabic script,
the role of the Old Uzbek literary language in today's life, the contribution of
our poets in the development of the Old Uzbek language. and the works we
have created, to illuminate the connection between the Old Uzbek script and
the modern Uzbek script.
Keywords: Old Uzbek language, writing, letters, alphabet, phonetic,
lexical, grammatical features, short vowel, long vowel, vowel sound and
consonant sound,
The peoples of Central Asia, including the Uzbeks, have long used a
variety of scripts. The main script used in the history of Uzbek writing was
phonographic, that is, phonetic, alphabetic or alphabet.
The Uzbek people, like other peoples of Central Asia, are Aramaic, Greek,
Karoshta, Sogdian, Khorezmian, Kushan, Hephthalite, Pahlavi, Syrian,
Indian, Orhun (Runic), Uyghur, Arabic, Latin, Krill. "Oguznoma", "Tafsir"
(literal translation of the Qur'an, commentaries, commentaries,
explanations), "Khusrav and Shirin" by Qutb, "Gulistan" by Sayfi Palace,
Khorezmi "Muhabbatnoma" is the first example of his work in the old Uzbek
language.
The phonetic, lexical, and grammatical features of Arabic and Farsi-Tajik
languages have been adopted by the old Uzbek language. During this period,
Uzbek tribes began to take the lead in political life compared to other tribes.
In these difficult times, we are watching with you the old Uzbek script.
Old Uzbek script - Uzbek script based on Arabic graphics and used from the
Scientific research results in pandemic conditions (COVID-19)
103
11th to the beginning of the 20th century; is formed by adding 4 more letters
to the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet to reflect sounds that are not in
Arabic but are specific to Iranian and Turkic languages. These letters are
formed by adding dots or dashes to the finished letters of the Arabic
alphabet, and each of them is placed after the letter on which the alphabet is
based; their naming is also adapted to the naming of the base letters.
In the old Uzbek script, the spelling features of the Arabic script, all the
letters of the Arabic alphabet, how many of them have many forms, whether
they are written with or without the next letter, etc., are accepted exactly as
in the Arabic script. Although the number of letters in the alphabet has
reached 32, their basic forms are only 18; many letters differ in the number
of dots that are placed above or below each other. In the old Uzbek script,
almost all vowels and consonants in pure Uzbek words are represented by
separate letters. However, in Uzbek Arabic and Persian words, only
consonant sounds and long vowels o, u, i are written; although short vowels
are pronounced, they do not have a separate letter.
More than 10 auxiliary characters, called movements, are placed above
or below the corresponding consonants to indicate short vowels and other
phonetic situations that are not reflected in the text; There are fatha, kasra,
zamma, tanvin, madd, tashdid, hamza and others. In the old Uzbek script, the
letter I (alif) mainly represented the sounds o, a, and at the beginning of
Arabic words, it also represented the sounds u, i, e, depending on the action;
The vowel (vov) is represented by the consonant v, as well as by vowels
between Uzbek words; The letter (bow) represents the consonant y and the
vowels i, e in the middle of the word; The letter combination is introduced
to represent the u and o sounds at the beginning of Uzbek words, and the
letter combination is introduced to represent the vowels i and e at the
beginning of Uzbek words. The old Uzbek script was seriously reformed in
1920-21 by several Uzbek intellectuals, including members of the Chigatay
Gurugi, led by Fitrat.
At the same time, special letters were introduced for the 6 vowels in the
Uzbek literary language, and it was decided to remove from the alphabet the
letters that are foreign to the Uzbek language, which are found only in Arabic
words, and to limit the use of the letter. The Proceedings of the Tilimlo
Congress, held in January 1921, was the first book to be published following
this reform. It should be noted that this reform did not have consistency in
the spelling of the Old Uzbek script, ie the correct spelling of words, the use
of diacritical and punctuation marks. As a result of the reform, the above-
mentioned shortcomings and shortcomings have been eliminated to some
extent. introduced. During the Navoi period and before Navoi, the Uzbek
language was called the Turkic word, the Turkic language.
Scientific research results in pandemic conditions (COVID-19)
104
From the 16th century, the name of the Uzbek tribe became the name of
the whole nation. Therefore, the Uzbek language was called Chigatay after
the Mongol invasion, and during the Russian invasion it was called Sart by
the Russians. Thus, the old Uzbek language covers the history of the Uzbek
language from the XII-XIII centuries to the beginning of the XX century and
contains a large number of written sources. Alisher Navoi, Zahiriddin
Muhammad Babur, Turdi Farogi, Boborahim Mashrab, Zokirjon
Kholmuhammad oglu Furkat, Muhammad Aminkhoja Muqimi have made a
great contribution to bringing the old Uzbek language to a new stage of
development. Alisher Navoi has done a great job in this regard. He
considered the Uzbek language a treasure. He said the treasure was
surrounded by snakes and thorns. Navoi cleared the old Uzbek literary
language of these "snakes" and "thorns". When the Uzbek script was formed
on the basis of Latin script in 1929 and Russian script in 1940, the study of
the old Uzbek script slowed down, and there was even opposition to it; the
circle of those who know it is much narrower.
The reform of the Arabic script of the 1920s, when the Uzbek national
consciousness began to take shape, as well as the attempts to replace it, are
characterized by the subordination to this goal. The Enlightenment saw this
as the basis for the awakening of national consciousness, for the renewal of
the national worldview. In this sense, the opinion of the son of Jadid Samad
Ogamali, "The new Uzbek alphabet is a new path to Uzbek history," is very
meaningful. That is why the Uzbek people, under the leadership of their
leader I. Karimov, who have shown their national identity to the world, have
managed to abandon the Cyrillic script and switch to Latin script.
After the independence of Uzbekistan, there were ample opportunities
to study this script, and special courses were organized to study it. The Law
of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the introduction of the Uzbek alphabet
based on the Latin script" also states that the necessary conditions for the
study and use of the Arabic alphabet, ie the Old Uzbek script, will be
preserved.
Today, we, the youth, study on the basis of the script and spelling of
independence. It is true that the new alphabet of independence is not the
national script of the Uzbek people. But the important thing is that it is not a
weapon of any dominant ideology for us. Today, students are taught to write
and spell independently. It is becoming increasingly clear that having one's
own writing, freeing oneself from the shackles of dominant and foreign
ideology is an important factor in establishing national ideology in the
child's mind, understanding him, and distinguishing him from others.
You may be wondering why there are so many problematic topics, why
I chose this topic, I wanted to know how many people have struggled to
achieve this in the past, at a time when Uzbek youth are using ready-made
Scientific research results in pandemic conditions (COVID-19)
105
writing. After all, "self-awareness begins with knowing history." Let us be
worthy children of our independent Uzbekistan, take advantage of the
opportunities created for us and raise the flag of our Motherland. If he can't
do it, let's just be good people. My dear peers never read
Let's not stop researching. As the great philosopher Denis Diderot put
it, "As soon as people stop reading, they stop thinking."
References:
1. Nargiza Erkaboyeva “Collection of lectures on modern Uzbek literary
language” “Tashkent” - 2017
2. Internet information.
3. Jumaniyov R., Old Uzbek writing, T., 1989.
4. Madrim Hamrayev “Collection of lectures on modern Uzbek literary
language” 2016
5. Ziyonet.uz
A.K.Ganiev, D.S.Ergashova, D.I.Murodov, Tashkent State Agrarian
University
IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION
AND GROWTH OF HELICHRYSUM MARACANDICUM M.POP
A.K.Ganiev, D.S.Ergashova, D.I.Murodov
Abstract: In recent years, as a priority in the development of the
pharmaceutical industry in our country, special attention is paid to herbal
medicines. In this regard, a number of government decisions have been
made on the rational use of natural resources, the establishment of
plantations on farms and forests for the cultivation of medicinal plants, and
the processing of raw materials. In particular, the Resolution of the
President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated April 10, 2020 "On measures
for the protection, cultivation, processing and rational use of available
resources of wild medicinal plants" PP-4670- Resolution No. has had a
significant impact on the development of this sector as a new legal
framework. In order to create a favorable environment for further
development of cultivation and processing of medicinal plants, increase the
export potential of the industry, as well as the integration of educational,
scientific and production processes, the list of regions specializing in the
cultivation of medicinal plants is attached. confirmed. In the 37th place in
the list from the seeds of Samarkand booze (Helichrysum maracandicum
M.Pop.) Jizzakh as a conditionally irrigated (mesophyte) plant, suitable for
