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References:
1.Vahobov A.H. ―Basics of virology textbook.
2. Mass media television, radio.
3. Treasure of Wisdoms, Abu Ali Ibn Sina.
4.Ziyo.net
N.B. Raupova, associate professor of Tashkent State Agrarian University
Z.S.Gulamova assistant of Tashkent State Agrarian University,
B.G. Xalimov researcher of Tashkent State Agrarian University
PECULIARITIES OF HUMUS FORMATION OF MINING - BROWN CARBONATE
SOILS OF WEST TYANSHAN.
N.B. Raupova, Z.S.Gulamova, B.G. Xalimov
Abstract: The main problems of ecology and fertility of soils in the aspect
peculiarities of the nature of the mountain brown-carbonate soils of the
Western Tien Shan. An analysis of own and available in the literature data of
comprehensive studies that allow to determine the causes of erosion and
loss of soil fertility, depending on the relief and exposure of the slope. The
results of an assessment of the humus state of eroded soils formed in
mountain conditions are considered.
Introduction: A feature of mountain brown soils is the carbonate content
of the mineral part. The degree of carbonation and the depth of occurrence
of carbonates depend on the stage of development of soils. In carbonate
soils, they are noted from the surface, in typical and leached beds, their
occurrence is determined by the depth and intensity of soaking of soils by
atmospheric precipitation.
The criterion for separating the subtypes was the thickness of the part
of the profile leached from the carbonates. This is reflected by the elevation
of the soil, i.e. a difference of general climatic character, and particular
features - the effect of exposure and moisture
Brown carbonate soils are common in the initial and middle belt of
brown soils, they gradually change into brown typical soils.
Objects and methods of research
The objects of our study were the main types of soils of the foothill and
mountain provinces, common in various natural areas. In order to study the
humus state of soils, depending on the relief and exposure of the slopes, soil
sections were plotted on various relief elements, including agrocenoses on
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different types of soils, taking into account the various conditions for their
formation. The selected samples were analyzed after laboratory treatment.
In order to study the reserves of humus, the bulk density of the soil and the
granulometric composition were determined by the method Kaczynski.
The reserves of humus were calculated by the formula: x = d h a, where
d is the volumetric weight, g / cm3, h is the height of the soil layer cm, a is
the percentage of humus, and x is the humus content in tons / ha. Humus
was determined by the method of IV Tyurin in modification of NP Belchikova
(1981), total nitrogen - according to Kjeldahl (GOST-26107-84).
Research results
Humus of soil is the most complex organic compound in its composition,
its origin, its formation with its long-term, extremely complex biochemical
processes. At the same time, the soil is a product that is significantly different
from the mother's mother and its chemical composition. Humus is a source
of energy and nutrient elements of the soil and is the main genetic and
morphological character. Under the influence of natural and anthropogenic
factors, very little attention has been paid to the formation of organic matter,
the increase in the amount of humus and the rate of change. Of particular
importance is the study of the humus condition of mountain soil. Because
the country has a unique relief, climate, flora and fauna. Its water-air layout
differs from plain land, the impact on the soil is small and the influence of
the anthropogenic factor on the management of regulated processes,
especially for certain purposes.
Group and fractional composition of humus of mountain-brown
carbonate soils. As can be seen from the table, the levels of carbon dioxide
in the upper layers of brown carbonate soils (0-8, 8-16, 16-27 cm) have the
highest total carbon dioxide content, while in low solids it decreases to
0.55% ).
According to the group composition of soil humus, humic acid is a
significant fraction of fulvic acid (ratio SGK: SFC-1.18). In the remaining
layers the fulvic acid predominates over humic acid (the ratio of SGK: SFK-
0.62-0.70), which is lower than the content of humic acid. The hydrolysed
amount of humic substances (soluble residue) is 8-16 cm in the soil layer,
and the highest is 1.06% (or 51.6%). In the turf (0-8 cm) and in the lower
layers (16-27, 27-75, 75-120 cm) a relatively small (43.7-45.8%) is
observed. The same law is observed in other types of soil sections of this
type. It can be concluded that the amount of fulvic acid increases in the lower
horizons of the soil. Therefore, the amount of degradation material (humus)
decreases.
As a result of the analysis of the fractional composition of mountain
carbonate soils, it is part of humic acid, which is bound to a maximum of 2
fractions, that is, with calcium. The content of this fraction increases
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181
horizontally from top to bottom. The reason for this phenomenon is
associated with high levels of CaCO3. As a result of the analysis of the
fractional composition of mountain carbonate soils, it is part of humic acid,
which is bound to a maximum of 2 fractions, that is, with calcium. The
content of this fraction increases horizontally from top to bottom. The
reason for this phenomenon is associated with high levels of CaCO3.
The highest levels of soil horizons A and A1, the number of fractions of
humic acid fractions 1 and 3, is higher than in the lower horizons (Table).
The number of fractions of 2-fulvic acid in them predominates in
comparison with other fractions 1a, 1 and 3. This is particularly noticeable
in layer B2.
It should be noted that the amount of fulvous acid 2 fraction increases
by analogy with others. Here it also increases from top to bottom, in
comparison with the first fraction of fulvic acid. This may be due to an
increase in the number of feldspars and the mechanical composition of the
soil.
It is also important to note that high levels of humic and fulvic acids are
in the upper layers. These soils are formed on carbonate rocks on the
northern slopes. On the one hand, the influence of the microbiological
process leads to the formation of large quantities of fulvus and humic acids,
on the other hand, their mineralization and their connection with additional
Ca ++ ions. In determining the carbonate mountain brown soils, the scale
was used by LA Grishin and DS Orlova (1978). According to the words, the
amount of humus in layer A is the average first, and the stock is at a low level.
In the above soil, the degree of humification is high. This indicates the
biological activity of the communities. In so-called soils, the content of labile
substances of humic acid is low at level 2. The amount of humic acid
associated with Ca ++ is also low. According to the type of humus, the upper
layers of the mountain-brown carbonate soils are fulvate, and the lower
horizons to the humutous-fulvous soil.
GROUP STRUCTURE OF HUMUS OF MINING-BROWN CARBONATE SOILS.
Depth,
cm
General
informati
on
С, %
Humic acids Fulvo acids
С.h.a./
С.f.a.
Hydrolyzable
substance
Non-
hydrolysable
substance
hs/ns
Type of
humus
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Incision-30
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182
0-8
2,68
23,3
20,3
1,14
43,6
56.4
0,77
Fulvatno-
humitous
8-16
1,48
25,6
24,0
1,06
49,6
50,4
0,98
Fulvatno-
humitous
16-27
1,35
19,1
26,6
0,71
45,7
54,3
0,84
Humate-
fulvate
27-75
0,59
16,5
25,8
0,63
42,3
57,7
0,73
Humate-
fulvate
75-
120
0,43
15,2
25,6
0,61
40,8
59,2
0,68
Humate-
fulvate
Incision -31
0-8
1,49
24,4
23,8
1,02
48,2
51,8
0,93
Fulvatno-
humitous
8-34
0,68
23,1
26,6
0,84
49,7
50,3
0,98
Humate-
fulvate
34-52
0,45
17,6
35,3
0,49
52,9
47,1
1,12
Fulvate
52-75
0,33
14,6
35,6
0,42
50,2
49,8
1,00
Fulvate
Incision -32
0-6
3,67
23,5
22,7
1,03
46,2
53,8
0,85
Fulvatno-
humitous
6-15
3,12
24,2
23,6
1,02
47,8
52,2
0,91
Fulvatno-
humitous
15-38
0,92
19,5
26,9
0,72
46,4
53,6
0,86
Humate-
fulvate
38-65
0,79
15,6
29,6
0,52
45,2
54,8
0,82
Humate-
fulvate
GROUP STRUCTURE OF HUMUS OF MINING-BROWN CARBONATE
SOILS.
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183
0
50
100
150
200
250
General
Humic acids Fulvic acids
Сh.a./
hydrolesis
matter
non
hydrolysis
substance
hs/ns
Incision-30
0-8
0-9
16-27
0
50
100
150
200
250
General
Humic acids Fulvic acids
Сh.a./
hydrolesis
matter
non
hydrolysis
substance
hs/ns
Incision-31
0-8
8-34
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184
FRACTIONAL COMPOSITION OF HUMUS OF MINING-BROWN CARBONATE
SOILS.
0
50
100
150
200
250
General
Humic acids Fulvic acids
Сh.a./
hydrolesis
matter
non
hydrolysis
substance
hs/ns
Incision-32
0-6
6-15
15-38
38-65
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0-8
16-27
75-120
0-8
34-52
Incision-32
6-15
38-65
FRACTIONAL COMPOSITION OF HUMUS OF MINING-
BROWN CARBONATE SOILS.
Humic acids
Fulvic acids
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185
Condition of mining-brown carbonate soils humus state of mining and
brown carbonate soils table 4.
Fractional composition of humus, fractional composition of humus of
mining-brown carbonate soils.
Table 3
Depth,
cm
Humic acids
Fulvic acids
Fractions
1
2
3
1а
1
2
3
Free and
associated
with
mobile
sesquioxi
des
Assoc
iated
with
calciu
m (Ca
++)
Associa
ted
with
clay
mineral
s and
resistan
t forms
of
sesquio
xides
Free and
associate
d with
mobile
sesquiox
ides
Associa
ted
with
humic
acids
fractio
n 1.
Associa
ted
with
humic
acids
fraction
2.
Associat
ed with
humic
acids
fraction
3.
Incision-30
0-8
9,5
6,3
7,5
3,2
5,2
7,7
4,2
8-16
6,9
9,3
5,9
3,5
5,0
8,2
7,3
16-27
2,4
11,4
5,3
4,4
3,0
10,5
8,7
27-75
2,1
12,4
2,0
2,8
2,2
12,5
8,3
75-120
2,0
11,1
2,1
2,6
2,2
12,5
8,3
Symptom
Humus content
in hor. A,%
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186
Incision-31
0-8
7,8
8,8
7,8
5,8
6,4
7,4
4,2
8-34
7,4
10,2
5,5
5,3
6,6
7,3
7,4
34-52
3,4
10,9
3,3
7,5
6,5
11,6
9,7
52-75
2,3
9,0
3,3
6,6
7,8
11,6
9,6
Incision--32
0-6
9,7
9,3
4,5
4,3
9,6
6,3
2,5
6-15
9,8
10,2
4,2
4,1
7,5
6,7
5,3
15-38
3,3
11,2
5,0
5,3
7,1
10,3
4,2
38-65
1,7
11,6
2,3
5,7
7,3
12,2
4,4
Humus state of mining and brown carbonate soils
Table 4.
Symptom
Index
Character Level
Humus content in hor.
A,%
2.4
Very low I st
Reserves of humus (t /
ha) in the layer
0-20 cm
62
Low II degree
The enrichment of
humus with nitrogen, C:
N
9
Middle II steppe
The degree of
humification of org.
material. Сгк / Собщ.
100%
1890
High II degree
Content of mobile humic
acids,% to the amount of
HA.
42
Middle II steppe
The content of humic
acids associated with
calcium,% to the amount
of HA.
28
Low II degree
Content of strongly-
bound humic acids,% to
the amount of HA
30
Low II degree
Type of humus
1,18
Fulvatno-gumanitnyj-
The optical density of
humic acids
6,1
Very high
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187
0, 001% of the GK
E 465 nm, 1 cm
Conclusion
1 According to the group composition of soil humus, humic acid is a
significant fraction of fulvic acid (ratio SGK: SFK-1.18). In the remaining
layers the fulvic acid predominates over humic acid (the ratio of SGK: SFK-
0.62-0.70), which is lower than the content of humic acid.
2. Analysis of the fractional composition of mountain carbonate soils is
part of humic acid, which is bound to a maximum of 2 fractions, that is,
calcium. The content of this fraction increases horizontally from top to
bottom. The reason for this phenomenon is associated with high levels of
CaCO3. In the upper layers 3, the humic acid fraction is more common with
active iron, aluminum oxide and even more in combination with calcium.
This can be explained by a strong biological process in the same layer.
3. According to the group composition of soil humus, humic acid is a
significant fraction of fulvic acid (ratio of SGK: SFC-1.18). In the remaining
layers the fulvic acid predominates over humic acid (the ratio of SGK: SFK-
0.62-0.70), which is lower than the content of humic acid.
4. It should be noted that the amount of fulvic acid 2 fraction increases
by analogy with others. Here it also increases from top to bottom, in
comparison with the first fraction of fulvic acid. This may be due to an
increase in the number of feldspars and the mechanical composition of the
soil.
5. The highest levels of soil horizons A and A1, the number of fractions
of humic acid fractions 1 and 3, is higher than that of the lower horizons
(Table). The number of fractions of 2-fulvic acid in them predominates in
comparison with other fractions 1a, 1 and 3. This is particularly noticeable
in layer B2.
References:
1. Genusov AZ, Gorbunov BV, Kimberg N.V. Soil climatic zoning of
Uzbekistan for agricultural purposes. Tashkent, 1960.
2.Gorbunov B.V., Kimberg N.V. "Soil of Uzbekistan", Publishing house
"FAN" of the UzSSR, Tashkent, 1975.
3.Grishina, JI. A. Humus formation and humus condition of soils. Text. LA
Grishina. Moscow: MSU Publishing House, 1986. - 242 p.
4. Grishina, LA The system of indicators of the humus state of soils Text.
/ LA Grishina, DS Orlov // Problems of Soil Science. M .: Nauka, 1978.- С. 42-
47. 5.Dobrovolsky, GV Information function of soils in the biosphere Text. /
GV Dobrovolsky, NO Kovaleva // The role of soils in the biosphere. Tr.
Institute of Environmental Soil Science, Moscow State University. M.V.
Scientific research results in pandemic conditions (COVID-19)
188
Lomonosov. Issue. 10.-M .: MAX Press, 2010. P. 7-24. 6. Mazirov M. A.
Thermophysical properties of the main soils of the Western Tien Shan, the
author's abstract of the dissertation, M. 1995
Gulazzam Abdufattoyeva –Undergraduateof Andijan State University
named after Z.M.Bobur
YOUTH ARE THE DECISIVE FORCE OF TODAY AND TOMORROW
G. Abdufattoyeva
Abstract: this article explains the attention of the government to young
generations to grow up them both mentally and physically healthy with
examples.
Keywords:Youth, right, talent, ability, opportunity, obligation.
It is natural that a well-educated person will sacrifice himself for the
country's worthy place in the world community. Every nation, first of all, is
strong in its high culture and spirituality. In the first years of independence,
the idea was put forward by First President Islam Karimov: "In the future,
Uzbekistan should admire the world, not only with a highly developed
economy, but also with educated, spiritually mature children." Indeed,
today, our government and our government have the opportunity to be
independent, self-centered and have a high intellectual and spiritual
potential and to be the happiest and happiest people in the world, it works.
This is evidenced by the fact that the relationship between youth and
education has risen to the level of public policy.
Today, our first President Islam Karimov's ideas are appropriate for the
intellectual potential of young people: "Today is no secret that the 21st
century we live in is a century of intellectual wealth. Whoever does not
understand this truth in time, if intellectually, the pursuit of intellectual
wealth does not become a daily life for every nation and state, then such a
state will be left out of the way of world development. A deeply well-
informed state, for which the society, which has drawn such conclusions and
strives for the promotion of the international community and developed
countries, first of all, today is a harmonious generation, the greatest and,
most important, the most sacred goal.
The adoption of the law "On the principles of the state youth policy" was
adopted at the beginning of the sovereignty of our state, on November 20,
1991, the first order of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, For the
good generation ratified by the Oliy Majlis of the Convention" On the rights
