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9. Isomiddinov M.H, Yarkulov A.A “The history of Naxshab Crafts”-B.105.
10. Toynbee A. Understanding History. - M., 1991 .-p.247.
G'ayrat Mamarajabov, Termez State University, Senior Lecturer,
Department of Philosophy
Sevara Hasanova, student, Termez State University
CONTRIBUTIONS OF EASTERN THINKERS TO WORLD CIVILIZATION
G'. Mamarajabov, S. Hasanova
Abstract: This article deals with the enormous influence of our
civilization on the development of the peoples of the East, Arab culture and
Islamic philosophy. The establishment of states in its territory, which gained
relative independence from the Arab Caliphate, has reached new heights
due to the tolerance of our people. The article also says that our country has
become a major center of culture and science in the world. The ninth and
twelfth centuries were known as the Eastern Renaissance, during which
scholars al-Khwarizmi, Ahmad al-Farghani, Abu Nasr al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, and
Abu Rayhan al-Biruni worked in all fields of science.
Keywords: civilization, science, the process of cognition, the thinker, the
laws of medicine, Islamic philosophy.
I.
INTRODUCTION.
Today, the process of studying the unique contributions of Eastern
scholars, especially Islamic scholars, to world civilization is becoming more
important than ever. As our esteemed President Sh.M. Mirziyoyev said, there
is no other country with such a rich history and great scholars as our
ancestors. We need to study this heritage in depth and pass it on to our
people and the world. [1] The influence of our civilization on the
development of the peoples of the East, Arab culture and Islamic philosophy
was enormous. The establishment of states in its territory, which gained
relative independence from the Arab Caliphate, has reached new heights
due to the tolerance of our people. Cultural and spiritual progress in the
secular and religious spheres is a vivid example of this Renaissance. The
traditions of the Avesto, the achievements in the study of nature, the positive
developments in the humanities, have had a profound effect on the
development of the peoples of the East, Arab culture and Islamic philosophy.
At that time, the spiritual and intellectual prestige of our country grew in the
world. It has become a major cultural and scientific center in the world.[2]
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II.
MAIN PART.
The ninth and twelfth centuries were known as the Eastern
Renaissance, during which scholars al-Khwarizmi, Ahmad al-Farghani, Abu
Nasr al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, and Abu Rayhan al-Biruni worked in all fields of
science.
Muhammad al-Khwarizmi (783-850) and Ahmad al-Farghani (ca. 797-
865) were great scholars who made significant contributions to the
development of the natural and exact sciences throughout the Muslim East
and the world. Muhammad al-Khwarizmi led the "House of Wisdom" ("Bayt
ul-Hikma") in Baghdad, the capital of the Arab Caliphate. His works, such as
The Table of Astronomy, The Handbook of Indian Calculus, The Handbook
of the Sundial, The Handbook of Music, and A Concise Book on the Problems
of Reconstruction and Resistance, focus on algebra in which the foundation
was laid.
Among the peoples of the East, Ahmad al-Farghani was awarded the title
of "Great Mathematician" and became famous in the fields of astronomy and
mathematics. His work "A Book on the Movement of Celestial Bodies and the
Complex of Astronomical Sciences", "Fundamentals of Astronomy", created
a map of the universe. New data on the size of the Earth and space planets,
climates, latitudes have been provided by observers, and new directions of
science have been established. The generalization of the data obtained, the
commonality of emotional and mental observation in the study, were
important factors in shaping the worldview as characteristic of the scientist,
and the impact of the scientists was felt even after they died.
The history of philosophy, science and medicine cannot be imagined
without Farobi, Beruni and Ibn Sina. Abu Nasr al-Farabi (873-950) was a
great thinker and scholar in the Muslim East who became the "second
teacher" after Aristotle. He is the author of more than 160 works, mainly
devoted to the interpretation of natural, scientific and philosophical
problems in the works of ancient Greek scholars, as well as the analysis of
current issues in these fields. The thinker interprets the world in two ways:
"Existence is obligatory" (Allah) and "Existence is possible" (all material and
spiritual things), and all things have the right to exist because of "existence
is obligatory." They are causally connected to each other. Just as there is no
cause without cause, there is no cause without cause, says Farobi.
The universe is expressed in terms of quality, quantity, ore, accident
(insignificant property), opportunity, necessity and chance, space and time,
movement and development. They come in six forms: cosmic bodies,
intelligent beings (humans), insane animals, plants, minerals, and the four
elements — water, fire, air, and earth.
The process of cognition occurs through the mind and intuition. The
status of the science of reason and logic in cognition is incomparable.
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Through the mind, man creates science. Thanks to science, the essence of
events is revealed. Every science serves the specific needs of man.
In his works, the thinker put forward advanced ideas about the perfect
man, the noble citizen, the just ruler, happiness, the ways to achieve it, the
characteristics of the state, moral and intellectual education, social
prospects. Farobi's influence on the development of Eastern philosophical
thought was significant. [3]
Abu Rayhan Beruni (973 - 1048) was a great encyclopedic scholar and
famous thinker who created in almost all fields of science. Of the 152 works
he created, 28 have survived. His contribution to the study of nature is great.
The gravitational pull of objects, solar and lunar eclipses, particle, inertia
and artificial selection, developmental anomalies, geotectonic shifts in the
depths of the Earth, the gradual change of the Earth's appearance, diversity
- different worlds advanced scientific predictions about his philosophical
views were influenced by his natural-scientific views. He focused on
philosophical issues such as matter and time, law, necessity and chance,
movement and development, conflict, cause and effect.
In Beruni's works, the issues of knowledge have an important place.
There are two reasons for this curiosity. First of all, it's a unique flavor.
Second, the purpose of knowing is to meet people’s needs. Cognition begins
with the information provided by the senses. They serve as a kind of helper
and foundation for mental learning. The truth of knowledge is determined
by observation and experiment. As a result, important aspects of objects are
studied, their quantitative aspects are determined, and the efficiency of the
cognitive process is increased.
According to Beruni, the human image is the result of nature. As for his
inner appearance, it can be radically changed by endless human efforts.
Everyone has their own personality. Society evolves through evolution.
Justice, care for the citizen, the elimination of oppression, the management
of society under the banner of reason and justice are the ideals of the
thinker.
Abu Ali ibn Sina (980-1037) was a great scholar and thinker. He was
born in the village of Afshona near Bukhara and died in Hamadan. The
spiritual legacy of Ibn Sina is more than 280 names. They specialize in
medicine, philosophy, logic, psychology, ethics, music, pharmacology, and
more. His works such as "Book of Healing", "Laws of Medicine", "Book of
Knowledge", "Pearl of Nature" are famous. In his interpretation of being, Ibn
Sina follows in the footsteps of Farobi and admits that it consists of
"obligatory existence" and "possible existence." The "obligatory existence"
serves as the first cause. "Existence is possible" is a consequence of it. The
"possible being" created because it was created is eternal. The scientist's
views on causation are noteworthy. According to him, the causes are
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material (a cause is that causes a certain situation), active (cause that
changes a certain situation), formal (cause associated with different forces)
and final (ultimate goal of all causes).
Ibn Sina, Zakariyya al-Razi, and Beruni were among the first in the
history of world philosophical thought to pay close attention to observation
and experience. For example, with their help, the scientist tries to solve the
problems of the patient's condition, future mood, the composition of drugs,
the relationship between man and the environment.
In his works, the thinker put forward interesting ideas about the
harmony of science and morality, human perfection, happiness, social
justice, human interaction, the duty of the ruler. He asserted that not all
people have the same social status. In fact, it is necessary to create certain
conditions for them. The fact that everyone is rich and powerful or everyone
is poor is the downfall and crisis of society. But it is necessary to be kind and
caring to others, to give generously and kindly to the needy when needed.
[4]
Perfect human status, self-control, tolerance, religious wisdom, the
natural-scientific ideas put forward in the research of Musa al-Khwarizmi
and Ahmad al-Farghani in the teachings of mysticism, which were
widespread in Central Asia in the early Middle Ages, Farobi , Beruni and Ibn
Sina's natural-scientific and philosophical views, new directions in science
have had a vital influence on the development of natural-scientific and
philosophical thought, first of all, in the Muslim East, as well as in the whole
world. [5]
At the end of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th centuries, Amir
Temur's military campaigns led to the country's independence. The second
phase of the Renaissance began during the reign of Timur and the Timurids.
It was a time of great prosperity for science and culture. Spiritual patronage
has grown. Examples of this are the establishment of the Ulugbek School of
Astronomy in Samarkand, the construction of an observatory, and the
scientific achievements of famous scientists Qazizoda Rumi, al-Kashi, Ali
Kushchi and others.
III.
CONCLUSION.
In short, the unique work of Eastern thinkers in the development of
science has effectively influenced the development of the peoples of the East,
Arab culture and Islamic philosophy, as well as cultural and spiritual
progress in the secular and religious spheres. Proof of this is the growing
spiritual and intellectual prestige of our country in the world at that time.
References:
1. Speech by Shavkat Mirziyoyev during his visit to the site of the Center
for Islamic Civilization of Uzbekistan, 15.06.2018.
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2. Hatami S.M. From the history of Islamic thought. - Tashkent: “Minxoj”,
2003.
3. Excerpts from the history of world philosophy. Edited by Nazarov Q.
- Tashkent: Sharq, 2004.
4. Philosophy. Edited by Akhmedova M.-Tashkent: UFMJ, 2006.
5. Jorayev N. Theoretical foundations of the philosophy of history. -
Tashkent: Manaviyat, 2008.
Nafisa Salimova, student, Termez State University, Bachelor
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF SIMPLE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
FIND OUT WITH THE MAPLE PROGRAM
N. Salimova
Abstract: This article deals with the solution of simple differential
equations using the Maple mathematical package using analytical methods,
demonstration of this process in specific practical problems, the creation of
algorithms and programs for solving the problem.
Keywords: Numerical solution, math package, maple, dsolve, method.
One of the areas of application of the computer remains the study of
mechanical processes and mathematical models of objects using
computational methods and computer software. The methods of
computational mathematics and the modern capabilities of computers
together serve to reveal the hitherto unknown features of mechanical
processes and objects, and at the same time to improve technological
processes.
Today, with the development of science and technology, the role of
mathematics is growing. Mathematics is used in physics, mechanics and
astronomy, as well as in solving economic problems, analyzing biological
processes, and many other fields. The mathematical model of processes in
these fields is called differential equations.
This scientific article deals with the application of computational
mathematics and computers in scientific research and is scientifically and
practically relevant (2). The paper deals with the problem of analytical and
approximate solution of simple differential equations using the Maple
program. The following is a sequential algorithm for problem solving and
problem solving. Describe the calculation methods required to solve simple
differential equations.
