Scientific research results in pandemic conditions (COVID-19)
164
7.
Yаhyоqulоvа N. Sh «The mаin trends in the literаry prоcess in Frаnce
in the secоnd hаlf оf the 20th century» JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer
Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 4, Apr. -2020
8.
Yakhokulova N. Sh. «Algerian post-colonial References:» «RESULTS
OF MODERN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT-2020» Part – 1, 27th of April,
2020, p.87-92
9.
https://press.umsida.ac.id/index.php/icecrs/article/view/563/439
10.
https://press.umsida.ac.id/index.php/acopen/article/view/404/265
Utkir Normuminov, English teacher of Karshi State university, Uzbekistan
ABBREVIATIONS, TERMINS AND THEIR USAGE IN ONLINE COURSES
U. Normuminov
Abstract:This Article shows that shortening of words is one of the
developing branches and it gives general simplification to worldwide.
Shortening reflects the general trend of simplification of a language.
Keywords: Abbreviation, topics, simplification, online , practical
significance.
Distinction should be made between shortening of words in written
speech and in the sphere of oral intercourse. Shortening of words in written
speech results in graphical abbreviations which are, in fact, signs
representing words and word-groups of high frequency of occurrence in
various spheres of human activity; note, for instance, RD for Road and St for
Street in addresses on envelopes and in letters; to for tube, are for aerial in
Radio Engineering References:, etc. The characteristic feature of graphical
abbreviations is that they are restricted in use to written speech, occurring
only in various kinds of texts, articles, books, advertisements, letters, etc. In
reading many of them are substituted by the words and phrases that they
represent, e. g., Dr.-doctor, Mr.-mister, Oct.-October, etc., the abbreviations
of Latin and French words and phrases being usually read as their English
equivalents. It is only natural that in the course of language development,
some graphical abbreviations should gradually penetrate into the sphere of
oral intercourse and, as a result, turn into lexical abbreviations used both in
oral and written speech. In most cases a shortened word exists in the
vocabulary together with the longer word from which it is derived and
usually has the same lexical meaning differing only in emotive charge and
stylistic reference. The question naturally aris es whether the shortened
forms and the original forms should be considered separate words. Some
Scientific research results in pandemic conditions (COVID-19)
165
linguists hold the view that as the two units (e.g. exam and examination) do
not differ in meaning but only in stylistic application, it would be wrong to
apply the term word to the shortened unit. In fact, the shortened unit is a
word-variant (e.g., exam is a word-variant of the word examination).
They are made up of the initial sounds or syllables of the components of
a word-group or a compound word usually of a terminological character.
There are two ways to read and pronounce such abbreviations:
As a succession of the alphabetical readings of the constituent letters, e.
g. В. В. С, ['bi:'bi: si:] British Broadcasting Corporation; -T.V. ['ti:'vi:]
television; etc.
as a succession of sounds denoted by the constituent letters, i. e. as if
the abbreviations were ordinary words, e.g. UNO ['ju:noy] United Nations
Organization; NATO ['neitou] North Atlantic Treaty Organization; It is
typical of word clipping in Modern English that in most cases it is the nouns
that are shortened. There are very few clipped adjectives all of them
belonging to jargonize, e.g. add from ardent, dilly from delightful and some
others. As for clipped verbs it is usually a case of conversion from clipped
nouns, e. g. to taxi from taxi, to phone from phone, to perm from perm—'a
permanent wave', etc.
1) When performing in the sentence some peculiarities the syntactical
functions of ordinary of Clipped words and lexical Abbreviations,
abbreviations take on grammatical inflections, e. g. exams, M. P. s (will attack
huge arms bill), (Tory) M. P.’s (concern at), etc.
These two categories of shortened words may be used with the definite
and the indefinite article, e. g. the В. В. С, a bike, the radar, etc.
They may be combined with derivational affixes and be used in
compounding, e. g. Y. С L.-er— 'member of the Y.C.L.'; M. P.-ess—'woman-
member of Parliament'; hanky from handkerchief, nighttime from
nightdress (with the diminutive suffix -ie); radar man—оператор
радиолокационной станции, etc.
Clipped words are characteristic of colloquial speech. The number of
clipped words used in everyday speech is rather considerable and newly
clipped words keep entering the vocabulary.
The type of consonant-interchange typical of Modern English is the
interchange of a voiceless fricative consonant in a noun and the
corresponding voiced consonant in the corresponding verb, e.g.: use—to
use, mouth—to mouth, house-to house, advice—to advise, etc They are
homonymous but not identical. Tele- in television is derived from “Grtele
far”, it is a combining form used to coin many special terms denoting
instruments and processes, which produce or record results at a distance,
such as telecommunication, telemechanics, telepathy, telephone, telescope
and television itself. Tele- in telecast does not mean 'far', it is a new
Scientific research results in pandemic conditions (COVID-19)
166
development — the shortened variant of television rendering a special new
notion. This becomes obvious from the following simple transformations:
television - vision at a distance, tele (broad)"cast HO a broadcast at a
distance, 3 tele (broad) cast a television broadcast. In this new capacity, tele-
enters many combinations: telefilm, tele-prompter (an electronic device
that slowly unrolls the speaker's text, in large print out of sight of the
audience), televiewer 'one who uses a television set', telestar (Anglo-
American satellite used as television relay station).
The correlation of a curtailed word with its prototype is of great interest.
Two possible developments should be noted:
1. The curtailed form may be regarded as a variant or a synonym
differing from the full form quantitatively, stylistically and sometimes
emotionally, the prototype being stylistically and emotionally neutral, e. g.
doc :: doctor; exam :: examination. Also in proper names: Becky: Rebecca,
Frisco: San Francisco, Japs: the Japanese. The listener can at all times supply
the missing part, so that the connection between the prototype and the short
form is not lost. The relationship between the prototype and the curtailment
belongs in this case to the present-day vocabulary system and forms a
relevant feature for synchronistic analysis.
References:.
1.Galperin J.R. Stylistics. – Moscow: Higher School, 1977. – 332p.
2. Keenan E.L. Formal Semantics of Natural Language. – Cambridge:
3. Nida E.A. Semantic Domains and Componential Analysis of Meaning
// Current Issues in Linguistic Theory.–Bloomington, 1995.– P. 139-167.
Potter S. Modern Linguistics. Lnd. 1957 pp.37-54
4.O. Jespersen. Linguistics. London, 1983, pp. 395-412
5.Maurer D.W., High F.C. New Words - Where do they come from and
where do they go. American Speech. 1982.p.171
6.Jespersen Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. Oxford,
1982 pp.246-249
