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10. Petrovskaya A. S. Emotional intelligence as a determinant of the
resultant parameters and procedural characteristics of the management
action: dis. ⦠Kand. psychol. nauk: 19.00.03 / Ð. S. Petrovskaya. - Yaroslavl,
2007. - 225 p.
Shavkat Bobojonov, Basic doctoral student of the Institute of History of the
Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan
PILGRIMAGES OF BUKHARA IN THE VIEW OF ACADEMIC V.V.BARTOLD
Bobojonov Sh
Orientalist Vasiliy Vladimirovich Bartold became widely known for his
works about the history of the East, especially the history of the peoples of
Central Asia, and demonstrated his works to the world. From a young age,
Bartold was fascinated by the vast Central Asian culture of eight million
people (as of the end of the 19th century)[2].
In 1893, V.V. Bartold made his first scientific trip to Central Asia. Local
geographers accepted Bartold as their faithful and beloved teacher and
leader. Strong scientific ties have been established. In 1895, with the help of
a great scientist, the Turkestan Amateur Archeology Circle was established
in Tashkent. The scientific-local lore circle made a great contribution to the
work of registration, description and study of Central Asian monuments
until 1917, that is, for more than twenty years. N.S. Likoshin[3] an amateur
orientalist of the Bartold circle, translates from Persian to Russian the book
"History of Bukhara" by medieval historian Abu Bakr Muhammad bin Ja'far
An-Narshahi, one of the most important sources on the history of Central
Asia[4].
In one of his personal manuscripts, Bartold wrote: âThe scientific
significance of Oriental studies differs from many other fields in that it has
all the necessary manuals and resources, resides in the following major
scientific centers, and is not satisfied with the work of specialists. This
requires an in-depth and comprehensive study of Eastern life over the years,
relying on the help of local people who know the places wellâ [2].
The orientalist lectured at the Faculty of Oriental Languages of the
University of St. Petersburg on special courses such as "History of the
Eastern Caliphate", "History of Turkestan", "Application of historical
methodology in the study of Oriental history", "Geography and Ethnography
of Central Asia". deprived students of their culture.
In 1902, Bartold made his second trip to Central Asia. His third voyage
began in 1904. During his travels, he studied and researched many
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manuscript sources on the history of the peoples of the region. Historical
cities are interested in the history of the monuments of Islamic architecture
in them. In 1912, the Imperial Society of Oriental Studies in St. Petersburg
began publishing a magazine called The Islamic World. The author and
editor of the magazine program was also V.V. Bartold[5].
In 1916, V. V. Bartold made his next trip to Central Asia. During his stay
in Bukhara at this time, the scientist collected a number of manuscripts and
lithographs[6]. These works and, in general, other works obtained during
Barthold's visit to Turkestan will be handed over to the Central Book
Treasures and, above all, to the Asian Museum in Petrograd[2]. The scientist
will also get acquainted with the monuments of ancient culture in Bukhara,
as well as private collectors[1].
He took part in the Bukhara expedition, which began in September
1920. During the expedition, Bartold inspected ancient local monuments
and art monuments and outlined measures to protect them. Professor H.H.
Turaev writes about this trip in his article "History of Bukhara in the works
of Academician V.V. Bartold".
Bartold last came to Central Asia in 1928. He takes an active part in the
study of ancient monuments and the solution of issues related to their
restoration. Bartold also wrote a number of scholarly articles on the history
of Central Asia. Among them is the article "Bukhara and its surrounding
monuments" published in 1921[2]. A number of works by V. V. Bartold on
the history of Islam and the Arab Caliphate will be published. Among them
are such popular scientific works as "Islam", "Muslim culture" and "Muslim
world". Barthold's works have been published in ten volumes in 9 volumes.
Volume I is entitled "Turkistan during the Mongol invasion", Volume IV is
entitled "Works on archeology, numismatics, epigraphy and ethnography of
Central Asia and neighboring countries", Volume VI is entitled "Works on the
history of Islam and the Arab Caliphate." Overall, about 50% of Bartold's
research is devoted to the study of the history of the Central Asian region[7].
The works of V.V. Bartold are included in the golden fund of world
science and have not lost their significance to this day. V.V. Bartold has
published more than 400 scientific works: monographs, articles, reviews,
reports, a number of articles in the "Encyclopedia of Islam". His works have
been recognized by scholars around the world and have been translated and
published in a number of foreign languages[1]. V.V. Bartold's scientific
interests are wide, covering not only the socio-economic history of the
peoples of Central Asia, but also archeology, ethnography, historical
geography[10].
Academician V.V. Bartold puts it this way about Bukhara: âBukhara is a
large city in the lower reaches of the Zarafshan River in Turkestan. We know
little about the pre-Islamic history of the city. There is no doubt that the
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Persians have long had villages and even cities in Zarafshan (along the
river). In the time of Alexander the Great, there was another city in the lower
reaches of the river, in addition to Sogdiana-Margiyana (Samarkand). But
the question of whether this is the current Bukhara is debatableâ[11].
According to the legends of the people of Bukhara, in the time of
Afrosiab he was in the village of Romitan[12] the capital of Bukhara region.
Sometimes this place is also called Ancient Bukhara. Afrosiab defended the
land against Kaykhusrav (son of Siyavush) for two years. During the siege,
the Romush Fortress was also built in front of the Kaykhusrv Romitan
Fortress. In Romush, Kaykhusrav also built a temple of fire. The pagans say
that this is the temple of the ancient Bukhari. According to Beruni, the
pagans of Bukhara gathered around the fire temple in the village for the feast
of Romush Ota[8].
Commenting on the first mosque in Bukhara, the orientalist said, âThere
were many fire temples in Bukhara before Islam. There was a pagan temple
inside the ark in pre-Islamic times. In its place, later, in 713, a mosque was
built. According to Khanikov's plan, the mosque was not far from the
northern wall of the Ark. The Europeans did not write anything about this
mosque. According to Umnyakov, the mosque in the Ark was built by
Subhonqulikhan (late 17th century) and last renovated in 1919. There was
also a Childukhtaron (Kyrgyz) mosque in the Ark[9].
V. V. Bartold inspects the mausoleum of Ismail Somoni, one of the
buildings that miraculously survived in Bukhara. The mausoleum where
Ismail Somoni is buried is a unique example of the architecture and art of
Bukhara in the 10th century - the Samanid period[7]. This structure was
built before all the monuments in Bukhara, including the Minaret Kalon.
Recognizing that no research has been carried out on the monument so far,
the scientist, as chairman of the commission, puts before the Central Office
of Archives the issues of a comprehensive scientific study of the mausoleum
of Ismail Somoni. This issue will also be resolved. In 1926, Musa Saidjanov
determined the age of Ismail Somoni's mausoleum on the basis of
foundation documents. Later, about 30 studies on this mausoleum were
published[13].
Academician V.V. Bartold and V.L. Vyatkin carefully study the
topography of the city of Bukhara, which has not changed its location for
thousands of years, by carefully studying the Shakhristan, which is an
ancient part of the city.
Outside of Bukhara, the scholar gives information about the shrine of
Sheikh ul-Alam (Sheikh of the World) in the Fatkhabad district (13th
century): With the great services of Sayfiddin Boharzi, not a drop of blood
was shed, millions were converted to Islam and Islam became the official
religion of the state. The sheikh constantly fought with the Mongol deputies
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and openly fought against their attempts to discriminate against the Islamic
clergy. In particular, Bokhari's letter of protest to the Mongol deputy
Qutbiddin Habash Amida is proof of this. (This letter is kept in the Oriental
Manuscripts Fund of the Oxford Library)[8].
Academician, historian and orientalist, source scholar Vasiliy
Vladimirovich Bartold's unparalleled contribution to science, which
objectively covers the history of the peoples of Central Asia, serves as a
phenomenon and a benchmark for the next generation of researchers.
During the study of ancient sources, the scientist opened the pages of our
material and spiritual culture, which remained in the layers of history, and
informed the public and the scientific community. It is especially
noteworthy that Islamic culture has made a source analysis of a number of
its aspects.
The scientist was ill from a young age due to kidney disease.
Nevertheless, he did fruitful work in the field of science and left a great
scientific legacy. The scientist did not live long, he lived only 61 years (1869-
1930)[5]. He died on August 19, 1930, at Erisman Hospital, where he was
being treated[2]. But rich in factual material, he has created scientifically
sound works that every orientalist, historian, geographer, philologist and
ethnographer enjoys[1].
References:
1.
Akhmedov B. Lessons from History. -Т.: Teacher. 1994.-P.11
2.
Lunin B.V., V.V. Bartold (a scholar of the history of the peoples of
Central Asia, the life and scientific activity of academician V.V. Bartold). âT .:
Science.1970.-P.10.
3.
Neil Sergeevich Lykoshin (1860-1922).
4.
In 1897 it was translated into Russian with commentary.
5.
Akramov N.M. Outstanding Russian orientalist V.V. Bartold. Scientific
and biographical essay (Edited by B.A. Litvinsky, candidate of historical
sciences). âShow: Ed. Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR. 1963.-P.58.
6.
Aminov F.M. Bukhara and Russian Oriental Studies // Young
Scientist. 2015. No.22. -FROM. 650-652.
7.
Sharofuddinov S.S. Contribution of Academician VV Bartold in the
study of the history and culture of the Tajik people of the 9th-15th centuries:
dissertation ... candidate of historical sciences ..- Dushanbe, 2014. âP.3.
8.
Bartold V.V. Mysticism in Islam // Works Volume VI. Works on the
history of Islam and the Arab caliphate (prepared for publication by
A.B.Khalidov). âM .: Science. 1966.-P.117-118.
9.
Bartold V.V. Places of the Domuslmansky cult in Bukhara and its
orchestras // Works. volume II.part 2. Work on selected problems of the
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history of Central Asia (prepared for publication by Yu.E. Bregel). âM .:
Nauka. 1964.-S.472-473.
10.
Abdusamatova N.S. Academician VV Bartold is a scholar who has
made significant contributions to Russian oriental studies and the history of
Central Asia. // Bulletin of Khorezm Mamun Academy. 2019, â2-issue.-
P.72.
11.
Khudoykulov T. On the topography of Bukhara in the research of
academician VV Bartold. // Bulletin of Khorezm Mamun Academy. 2019,
â2-issue.-P.70.
12.
Romitan village is located 18 versts north of Bukhara.
13.
KHamroev A.H. Academician V.V. Bartold Bukhoroda. // Bukhora
State University Ilmiy Ahboroti. 2012 y. N. 1/45. âP.44.
14.
Bartold V.V. Compositions. T.II. part 1. âM. Publisher: Oriental
Literature. 1963. âP.148.
THE TRANSLATOR'S FALSE FRIENDS AND THEIR TYPES
A. Kaljanov
Abstract: A great number of terms proposed by researchers in order to
name interlingual correspondences having homonymic characters confirm
the complexity of the given phenomenon and the necessity to use such
linguistic methods that will help to avoid ambiguity in the interpretation of
interlingual homonymy category. There are words in the source and target
languages that are more or less similar in form. Such words are of great
interest to the translator since he is naturally inclined to take this formal
similarity for the semantic proximity and to regard the words that look alike
as permanent equivalents.
Keywords: Interlingual homonyms, false friends, translation,
classification.
Nowadays, the problem of international lexicon translation is one of the
most actual problems and, unfortunately, it isn't studied very well. The
translator should be afraid of numerous pseudo-internationalism that can
confuse even skillful specialists and completely distort the sense of the
statement; he also is faced with some difficulties connected with the choice
between preservation of the international form and selection of some
equivalent of a native or foreign language. In this work we tried to touch
upon some widespread mistakes trapping the translator in the process of