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Unlike developed countries, China's performance-based budgeting (PB) reforms were carried out in the context of a socialist political and economic system. The NYB tools were first developed in the West and aimed at overcoming the difficulties in managing budgetary resources faced by local governments. However, under the conditions of the socialist system, a complex method based on the "consumption-production" analysis is used to manage public finances.

The article analyzes the features of formation and stages of development, of the trade and economic relations between China and Australia up to the beginning of the twentieth century. It was noted that economic relations between two countries are the main component of the economic environment in the Asia-Pacific region (APR).

The article considers huaqiao as one of the non-traditional ways of developing entrepreneurship in the countries of Southeast Asia.

The transition to medium-term expenditure planning is about to be implemented in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Of course, this process may be experimental at this time. But transition to it is inevitable. We hope that studying and analyzing Turkey's experience in this regard and using it positively in our practice will give results.

This article is devoted to work aimed at normalizing the condition of degraded soils in open-pit mines as a result of anthropogenic influences through phytomass. By creating a biological cover from plants, it has been achieved to improve the composition of the soil. Plants such as Datura starmonium, Portuluca oleracea,Caspella bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium vulvaria, Chenopodium album, Plantagolanceolata, Vaccaria hispanica,
Vicia angustifolia were used for the research. The effect of micronutrients on plants was studied.

Согласно оценкам ВОЗ ежегодно от табакокурения гибнет более 8 миллионов человек. Чем раньше человек начинает курить, тем меньше вероятность, что он сможет отказаться от этой зависимости в зрелом возрасте, и тем более вероятно, что станет злостным курильщиком. Табакокурение сигнализирует о социальном неблагополучии студентов и повышает риск развития патологий сердечно-сосудистой, нервной, эндокринной, иммунной систем

The article analyzes the state policy of some foreign countries in the field of tourism focused on the prevention of environmental pollution. The experience of foreign countries is being studied, where government agencies occupy a leading place in thecreation of long-term programs in tourism. The action programs of the 21st century are considered, which put forward the tasks for the training and education of personnel before the state bodies for tourism. Special attention is paid to planning the development of tourism, where the state plays a leading role.

The article is devoted to the formulation and concretization of the problem of the formation of a competency-based approach to teaching the Russian language in schools with the Uzbek language of instruction. The article compares the traditional approach, which is focused on instilling knowledge, skills in the Russian language, and the competence-based approach, which is aimed at developing the appropriate competencies in the Russian language among students. The combination in practice of two different strategies for teaching Russian as a non-native language occurs due to a widespread misconception among Russian language teachers, according to which competencies are identified with the sum of knowledge, skills and abilities. At the same time, the following distinction is proposed: competencies are knowledge in action, the ability to consciously apply skills and abilities in solving specific communication problems. Based on the results of the study, the need for a radical change in the pedagogical thinking of teachers of Russian as a non-native language working in the schools of Uzbekistan is stated.

This article explores the features of studying bilingualism. It should be noted that global socio-political and economic changes are expanding interethnic and international contacts. Hence, in modern conditions, the need naturally arises to further improve the teaching and learning of the Russian language in educational institutions and national groups of our country. The article deals with the problems of lexical and grammatical violations in the Russian speech of students - national groups, as well as the problem of the culture of Russian speech of Uzbek students in the modern world, which are one of the most pressing problems of modern linguistics. Proficiency in Russian as a means of international communication allows students to better master their specialty, because it makes access to all publications available on a wide variety of scientific and technical problems. When teaching the Russian language, there has always been a problem of the positive and negative influence of the native language on the language being studied. This problem remains relevant in modern linguistics. Its solution is important both from the point of view of theoretical and from the point of view of practical significance in the development of national-Russian bilingualism. Consequently, the consistency of the Russian and native languages is due to the consistency of the manifestation of interference at all levels of the language.

This article discusses theconcepts of translation in modernнlinguistic research. At the moment, the translation process and mechanisms have not been fully investigated or disclosed. They represent a kind of" black box " for most scientists, decoding the records of which could help modern linguistics in the study and understanding of the mechanisms of speech and language formation, which in turn can lead to new horizons in modern research. Methodologists and psychologists consider the problem of translation skills and their formation among the most important skills for the theory and practice of translation.

The specific features of oral and written translation are revealed. The main points in the organization of language disciplines for the preparation of a specialist translator are outlined. The skills of performing basic operations when teaching interpreting are determined. The specific features of each type of translation are determined by a combination of heterogeneous factors:differences in the working conditions of an interpreter and translator, psychological and psycholinguistic mechanisms, genre characteristics of translated materials, types of texts.

This article says that Tursunzade was a great connoisseur of Persian-Tajik classical poetry, knew well the literature of the peoples of Central Asia and his approach to the classics was romantic. He did not idealize antiquity, considering it unchanged, therefore, in the works of his ancient predecessors, he sought and found reflections of injustice, disharmony of the world and man. The study of the variability of translation is carried out not from an axiological point of view, but as a manifestation of the variability of the translator's positions in the activity, due to various sociocultural and interpretive circumstances.

The importance of owning a foreign language for a modern specialist of any non-linguistic specialty is dictated by time and is reflected in the requirements of program documents, where a foreign language appears as a federal component of the state educational standard. This importance should also be reflected in the result of the training. The article deals with a number of problems of teaching English in the university, related to violations of the integrity and functioning of the methodical system.

Comics, animations and cartoons are great ways for students to learn English. Regardless of age, most students are overwhelmed by a lot of grammar practice, so we should use different teaching aids to keep students interested in English. Even students who are reluctant to speak or write English will be interested in animation, and their dislike of English will instantly turn into a love.
• Using cartoons would certainly break the monotony of reading text after text at the English classes
• Very often, a picture speaks louder than words and has more impact than just reading the text.
• It is also believed that the usage of cartoons can reduce boredom and decrease academic stress and anxiety

The traits of the teaching medical workers are associated with the need for their constant development in accordance with new trends in the world of medical technologies and scientific discoveries. Meanwhile, medical specialization, like no other, requires not only openness, but also direct practical participation in the international exchange of experience and achievements, from which the conclusion is drawn about the undeniable importance of a foreign (primarily English) language in the preparation of students of medical universities. The aim is to develop an advanced pedagogical system of self-education of future doctors for the implementation of English-language professional communication.

В статье говорится о методике обучения, о взаимодействии студентов и преподавателей, о пассивных, активных и интерактивных методах. Об интерактивных занятиях, обеспечивающих развитие речемыслительной активности. 

The study examined integrated didactic strategies, integrated educational activities, and the integrative nature of learning. The native languages of the learners are also taken into consideration by this approach, especially when those languages are explicitly taught. /Is a result, it is possible to "track" two (or possibly three or four) languages at once. Today’s national education evolution is characterized by a wide range of innovative schools. One of the elements of studentcentered learning, along with individualized instruction and flexible process organization, is the design of a learning process on an integrated basis. The benefits of using an integrated approach while teaching foreign languages are examined in this article. In a sense, this also opens the door for differentiated language instruction and better approaches to meeting the needs of the students. Nevertheless, it can be recommended that future studies go into additional specifics regarding the variety of situations and the effect that English instructors' training and/or experience has on how they teach in a post-method age. Students are able to establish more solid linguistic foundations for quicker and more effective language learning thanks to English language instruction and the integration of ICT technology into the curriculum. The purpose of the current paper is to clarify the theoretical foundation for ICT integration into English teaching strategies. The advantages, characteristics, and instructional design of an integrated approach to language teaching are also highlighted.

This study is aimed at identifying the main mechanisms in the effective organization of the educational process in terms of productive improvement of the English language. It is determined that if the implementation of intersubject relations in teaching medical special subjects and English is carried out taking into account the use of the transposition of lexical knowledge, skills and abilities of students, the influence of the studied foreign language will significantly increase the effectiveness of students' skills.

Slightly reasoning process has expressive and logical aspects, these makings are indissolubly linked with the perception of speech by ear. The instruments of speech insight by ear are well studied in science. The first instrument, which psychologists call language awareness. Convinced feelings are meant to rouse.

Masofaviy taʼlim oliy o‘quv yurtlarida talabalar va o‘qituvchilar uchun har qanday vaqtda, geografik joylashuvidan qatʼi nazar, qulayligi tufayli ommalashib ketdi. Jahonda avj olgan pandemiya sharoitida masofaviy taʼlim, ayniqsa alohida ahamiyat kasb etadi. Ushbu tadqiqotda masofaviy o‘qitish, uning oliy taʼlimdagi o‘rni, afzalliklari va kamchiliklari haqida fikr yuritiladi. 

The relevance of doctors’ knowledge of a foreign language is primarily due to the need for their professional self-improvement through the development of a huge amount of new, rapidly outdated information and the expansion of not only scientific, business, but also cultural ties with specialists from various countries. In this regard, university pedagogy faces the task of optimizing the educational process and improving the methodology of teaching a foreign language for future doctors.

In this textbook, the subject, knowledge methods, periods of development, the structure of economic relations in society and the functioning of the market; the main problems of the micro-, meso-, macro-, and mega economy on the scale of the whole world and individual countries were considered. The material is presented in a popular, clear, wide and numerous schemes, tables, graphs-pictures. The authors intend to make it easier for the reader to accept the content of the book and remember its main aspects through a unique design. At the end of this textbook, the chronology of economic history, the main economic indicators of world countries, and the list of winners of the A. Nobel Prize in economics are given.

The models used in the practice of territorial administration differ by the autonomy of territorial level of government to make political decisions independently of the central government and the sufficiency of the necessary resources.
The ideal autonomous model of local self-government is a system with horizontal management, in which each territorial level authority possesses its own, exclusive competence, not intersecting with the higher levels of government in terms of powers and responsibilities.

The article studies the problem of centralization and decentralization of the budget. An attempt was made to cover all arguments for and against decentralization. A comparative analysis of the benefits of fiscal centralization and decentralization.
The increased attention to the problem of “centralization – decentralization” in the last decade has been caused by a serious practical interest, which is connected with the transition from unitary to federal government, and the vigorous development of relations of fiscal federalism.

Промышленность развивается всё более стабильно и целенаправленно. В связи с не безупречностью технологических процессов на данном этапе неизбежно негативное воздействие промышленности на окружающую среду.