All articles - Materials Science

Строительный комплекс можно сравнить с локомотивом, вытягивающим страну из кризиса. Анализ прогнозных данных показывает, что в ближайшие 5 лет приоритетное развитие получит жилищное, в том числе индивидуальное, строительство. Ежегодного увеличения жилой площади на 1 м 2 на каждого гражданина Узбекистана потребуется увеличение ввода общего количества жилой площади на 20–25 %, что приведет к существенному росту потребности в мелкоштучных стеновых изделиях и клеющих материалах (цементно – песчаных растворах).

Permanent development of ceramics technologies is a necessary condition for the continuous improvement of many branches of industry. Each type of ceramic product demand a specific technology and has an optimal field of application.

В статье рассмотрены вопросы футеровки вращающихся печей, описываются защита корпуса печи от высокой температуры, химического и истирающего воздействия обрабатываемого материала. С целью уменьшения термических напряжений на участках приграничных к факельной зоне спекания до 20%, увеличение срока службы футеровки в 1,1 – 1,2 раза в результате выравнивания термических напряжений на участках зоны спекания предложено применение футеровки из параллельных рядов чередующихся шамотных и хромомагнезитовых огнеупорных изделий.

Состояние рынка огнеупорных материалов в мире определяет макроэкономическую ситуацию в стране, т.к. основными потребителями огнеупорных материалов являеются: черная и цветная металлургия, производство цемента и стекла, стройматериалов, нефтехимическая промышленность и энергетика. Черная и цветная металлургия потребляет в сумме более 75 % огнеупорных материалов, производимых в мире, и оказывает решающее влияние на огнеупорную отрасль. Огнеупоры являются конструктивными и вспомогательными материалами для строительства тепловых агрегатов в металлургии, производстве строительных материалов, энергетике и многих других отраслях народного хозяйстве.

В последние годы опубликовано много информации о мокрых способах обогащения кварцевых песков и различных типах используемого промышленного оборудования. Мокрый способ обогащения кварцевых песков востребован на предприятиях стекольной промышленности

В настоящее время не утратило своей актуальности создание новых прогрессивных энерго- и ресурсосберегающих технологических процессов, обеспечивающих использование вторичного сырья, шлаков и других отходов промышленности. В стратегии по переходу Республики Узбекистан на «зеленую» экономику на период 2019 — 2030 годов, для повышения энергоэффективности базовых отраслей, в частности в сфере производства строительных материалов, были предусмотрены увеличение объемов использования вторичных ресурсов и крупнотоннажных техногенных отходов отраслей промышленности (энергетики, металлургии, химии) при производстве строительных материалов, а также внедрение инновационных энергоэффективных технологий по производству строительных материалов.

The paper studies the physicochemical properties of import-substituted and export-oriented nitrogen, amine and phosphorus new composite inhibitors for corrosion protection of steels as well as scaling obtained from local raw materials and industrial wastes. Inhibiting properties of corrosion and mineral salt deposit accumulation in acid and hydrogen sulfide environments have been determined. It was found that the efficiency of the inhibition process with the use of composite inhibitors in acidic and hydrogen sulfide environments obeys the Langmuir law. The values of activation energy of the adsorption process in these media and thermodynamic values (∆H, ∆S, ∆G).

Одной из важнейших проблем является безопасность древесностружечных, древесноволокнистых и других плитных материалов для экологии в широком понимании (окружающая среда) и для комфортного состояния человека в мире материальной культуры, в котором мебель играет важнейшую роль.

Ushbu maqolada oliy ta’limni boshqarishda qo‘llaniladigan metaloyihani amalga oshirishning asosiy bosqichlari o‘rgabilgan.

Мақолада минерал ўғитларга теримк ишлов бериш орқали қуритиш жараёни ва унда қўлланиладиган қурилмаларнинг тахлили, жараёндаги мавжуд муаммолар ва уларнинг мақбул ечимлари ҳамда барабанли қуритгичнинг гидродинамик режимлари тадқиқ қилинган. Қурилманинг умумий гидравлик қаршилиги ва контакт элементнинг қаршилик коэффициентини аниқловчи тенглама тавсия этилган.

Maqolada “KVARTS” AJda korxonasining xom-ashyo sexida shisha tarkibiga qo‘shiluvchi shixtalarni aralashtirish samaradorligi yuqori bo‘lgan, energiyatejamkor, kuraklarini shaklini o’zkartirtilgan va qiyalik burchaklari optimal variant hisoblangan apparatini takomillashtirilgan konstruksiyasi taklif etilgan.

Subjects of the inquiry: silicate brick and cellular concrete on lime-silica mixture with additive THAL.
Aim of the inquiry: Development scientifically-motivated principle physicchemical and resource saving- technologies of the reception silicate material autoclaving of the repeating over and over again with perfected technician-working characteristic by way of the goal-directed change the mechanism of the processes hydratasionnog interactions component, kineticses of the structurization and morphologies hydrating new formations at hydrotermalno to processing lime-silica systems by introduction thermo- and thermo chemical of the actuated additives of the local origin.
Methods of inquiry: chemical, physico-mechanical (the determination plastic and mechanical toughness), physico-chemical (x-rays phase, DTA, electronic-microscopic, IK-spectroscopic) methods studies, hydrotermalno processing, method of the thermal processing.
The results achieved and their novelty: is Designed scientifically-methodical principles physico-chemical base and resource saving technology of the reception silicate autoclave material by determinations correlation dependencies "structure-characteristic" and regularities hydratasionnog interactions mineral in silicate composition "barhan sand-lime-melted" at hydratasionnog to processing. Because of quick collecting certain portion by Sa(ON)2 alyminat by join process dissolutions of silica speeds up hydraalyminat calcium in saturated lime ambience with formation hydrasilikat lowered and is warned their transition about high main hydra silicates, forming hydra silicates type SSN(ln) are stable in hardening system. Armirovannyy, nitevidnim and voloknnistnimi crystal hydra mineral silicate brick shows the high factors physico-mechanical characteristic, atmosphere- and frost stability.
Due to exception plastic characteristic clinics forming lessee under his(its) thermochemical of the activations with fosfogypsum the process gas of the formation, increases the utilization ratio gas of the formation, grows shorter duration of the process вспучивания, speeds up the structurization, grows shorter time an izotermal aboutgreva gas of the concrete, increases his(its) toughness and frost stability, decreases waterabsorption.
Practical value: enlarges the source of raw materials for production of the silicate building materials autoklavnoy repeating over and over again to account of scale involvement broadly wide-spread in Uzbekistan лессов and lessoseen loam, enormous spare of the departure fosfogypsum, is reached economy of lime, and reduction to duration of their fabrication to account of the using THAL, providing high technician-working characteristic product and design. The Results of the studies served the normative base for development NTD on pilot production of the silicate brick and cellular concrete with use thermo- and THAL, on base which is organized test on issue experienced their party.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: The Results of the studies are checked in condition Urgenchskogo ZSM by issue to initial lot of the silicate brick in volume 3460 sht on base lime- silica searched for, with additive 15-20 % TAL. To account spare 4-5 % lime prime cost, on 100 kgs mixture reduction cost silicate mixture forms 2320 sum. that has allowed to get 110720 bags of the economic effect. At translation Urgenchskogo ZSM on issue of the silicate brick with additive TAL expected economic effect will form 41472000 bags/year.
Experienced-industrial test, called on on Dzhizakskom K.SM on issue of the initial lot of the cellular silicate concrete with use THAL has shown that prime cost of the cellular concrete of the recommended composition lower, prime cost of the traditional cellular silicate concrete. Expected economic effect under annual volume of production 64300 m’ silicate cellular concrete with use THAL will form 46937000 bags/year
Sphere of usage: industry of the building materials and formation industry RUz.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. A silicate glass is one of the most interesting materials used by human from ancient times. Despite the wide scientific, technical and domestic use of glass, there are a number of fundamental problems in the glass physics. For example, essential effect of structure of matter (displacement of atoms in the space) on its properties is well known. But the glass structure is the subject of disputes of scientists around the world for about century although many models for it have been suggested. The situation is caused by inefficiency of main experimental investigation methods for crystal structure (diffraction of X-ray, electrons and neutrons) in the glass, which is not long-range ordered and has multi-component character in most interesting and widespread types of glasses. Applicability of the energy band models and following conceptions (effective mass amd mobility of charge carriers) for the glass must be justified in each specific situation as well.
The silicate glass doped with transition metals oxides (mainly RuO2) is functional material for thick film resistors, widely used in modem electronic devices. Investigations of electrical properties of the doped glass have raised additional physical problems. For example, temperature dependence of resistivity />(7) of doped glass at low temperatures (7' < 50 K.) is similar to that of neither crystalline semiconductors (activation law In p - 7’1) nor amorphous materials (Mott’s law In p - Г0’25). The minimum of p(7') is observed at intermediate temperatures which docs not correspond to any existing physical conceptions. Metallic (/; - T or p - 7'2) conductivity follows beyond the minimum on the contrary to the glass conceptions as a dielectric with energy gap more than 3 eV.
The thermoelectric effect in various materials and structures is interesting both in terms of fundamental study of physical processes and practical applications of thermoelectric converters (to generate electric power from renewable sources, to recover waste energy, to cool and to heat). Thermoelectric effects can give information on the density of electrons energy states, on hidden structure (phase) transitions, on a state of electronic subsystem, on electron-phonon interactions. The thermoelectric figure of merit ZT = SaT/к is important for practical use, which is determined by electrical conductivity of a material rr, thermal conductivity к and thermopower (Seebeck coefficient) 5. Here T is working temperature of a thermoelectric converter. Widespread applications of the thermoelectric converters require materials with ZT> 2 in the temperature range 500-1000 K.
But thermoelectric properties of the doped silicate glass are practically unresearched in spite of its promising parameters (high electrical conductivity a ~ 400-4000 Ohm1 m1, low thermal conductivity к ~ 0.5-1 W/(m K.)) that can essentially improve ZT.
That is why an ascertainment of physical mechanisms which can effect charge transport and thermo power generation in doped silicate glass in combination with experimental and theoretical research methods as well as expansion of research area, determination of the corerelations of these phenomena with glass composition and peculiarities of its structure in a wide range of external exposure are actual problems of the glassy state physics and for design of thermoelectrics of high thermoelectric figure of merit made from disposable and safe raw materials.
Legislative base to ensure energetic security and to use alternative energy sources is generated and a number of practical solutions were done in the Republic of Uzbekistan in years of Independence. These are “Agreement of Members States of Commonwealth of Independent States on the field of Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving” (Kishinev, October 7, 2003), Decree of the President of Republic of Uzbekistan No UP-4512 “On the measures for further development of alternative energy sources” (March 1, 2013) and Decision of the President of Republic of Uzbekistan PP-1929 “On organization of the International Institute of Solar Energy” (March 1, 2013), Decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No 265 “On the measures for organization of the International Institute of Solar Energy” (September 25, 2013), arrangement of companies “Uzbckcncrgo” and Suntech Power (PRC) on the foundation of joint venture to produce photovoltaic panels of 100 MW output on the basis of newest technologies at the Navoi exclusive economic zone, outlined formation of solar power station of 100 MW output in the Samarkand region by obtaining funds of Asian Development Bank.
This research work is oriented to realize regulations of the “National Conception of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Renewable Energy Sources” (approved by the Senate of Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan, October 2008) by designing new thermoelectric materials. Intensification of the investigations oriented to design new and cheap thermoelectric materials to improve the efficiency of renewable sources energy conversion and waste energy recovering is the main factor of needs for the dissertation theme.
Purpose of research is search for the physical mechanism determining the electrical conductivity and the thermopower coefficient of the silicate glass doped with oxides of 3c/- and 4rf-transition metals as well as correlations of these properties with the glass and dopant composition, synthesis conditions to create the scientific basis for designing the effective thermoelectric materials.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
New physical phenomenon is observed in silicate glasses — sharp growth of specific resistance and thermopower coefficient (up to 10 and 100 times, respectively, depending on composition of glass) at T> 1000 K;
Existence of 1-2 nm large nanocrystals and structure transitions at high tcmpctaturcs in silicate glass is experimentally proven;
Diffuse mechanism of charge percolation levels formation in doped glass is proposed and experimentally justified;
It is demonstrated that the percolation threshold is reduced or even vanishes in doped glass as the result of combination of diffusion and percolation laws;
Influence of glass composition and doping type, temperature and doping time on percolation threshold and electric conductivity is proved to be a result of diffusion zone formation around the doping particles and conductivity increase in the glass itself from о ~ IO16 Ohm'cm'1 to 40-400 Ohm'cm'1 in this zone;
The mechanism of doped glass conductivity is proposed and experimentally justified to explain the temperature dependence of conductivity in the interval 0.015-1123 К as result of combination of impurity subband, formed in diffusion process, with nanocrystals in the glass; effect of the electron-phonon interactions on these processes is established;
The minimum observed in resistivity is explained as a result of merge of impurity band with the valence band in glass and consequent “metallic” state p T or p - I2 in doped glass at T ~ 77-700 К as a result of predominant scattering of charge carriers on phonons and on each other;
It is demonstrated that electric conductivity of 40-400 Ohm’'em'1, thermal conductivity 0.5-1 W-rn'K.'1 and thermopower coefficient 1.1 mV/К. in the range 800-1000 К can lead to increased thermoelectric efficiency of doped glasses.
CONCLUSION
1. It is shown that the glass becomes conductive due to diffusion of dopant atoms into the emolliated glass, and the percolation threshold corresponds to the overlapping of the diffusion zones which are formed around the dopant particles. The volume of these zones can be essentially higher than the volume of the dopant particles, and is affected by parameters of the doping process (temperature and duration) as well as the composition of the glass and the dopant, so the percolation threshold can be observed at very low content of the dopant (about 1 mass % or, probably, even less, instead of 16 mass % predicted by the percolation theory).
2. It has been shown by EXAFS method that the local glass structure, namely coordination of the lead atoms, effects essentially the doped glasses conductivity. Coordination of Ru atoms in the doped glass depends on structure of initial glass as well as on doping duration.
3. The abnormal increase of the resistance and thermopower has been revealed in the doped glasses in the temperature range 700-1000 K. These anomalies have been shown to be the consequence of structural transitions in the nanocrystals of lead silicates and the residues of silica, which have been formed in the glass during the melting and doping.
4. The lower limit of carriers' concentration (about 102Ocm'3) and effective mass (mef ~ 3.3- 102mo) of charge carriers have been estimated in the doped glasses.
One may conclude, therefore, that the doped glasses are the system of polaron conductivity.
5. It is shown that doping of the silicate glass being dielectric with the forbidden band nearby 3.3 eV creates the impurity subband of width 0.026 eV or less, separated from the top of the valence band by small (0.01-0.02 eV) gap. At high temperatures, structural transitions of silicate nanocrystals separate the impurity subband from the valence band, and beyond the maximum of resistance (at temperatures above 950-1000 K) the sample becomes semiconductor with activation energy E„ of conductivity from 0.095 up to 1.5 eV depending on the doped glasses' composition and the doping level.
6. It was determined that temperature dependence R(T) of the doped glass in the range from helium up to 1200 К is the result of impurity subband formation and presence of nanocrystals. Nanocrystals act as effective localization centers of free charge carriers and two mechanisms of conductivity - thermal activation and hopping - operate simultaneously at low temperatures. The dependence 7?(7) = A cxp(Z?7's) with 0.4 < f < 0.8 often observed in experiments is caused by electronphonon interactions leading to variations of the gap width with temperature.
7. The physical mechanism of metallic conductivity p(T) - T or /Д 7) ~ T2 of doped glass near room temperature is revealed. It is shown that narrow gap between the impurity subband and the valence band of glass can vanish as temperature increases, free carriers concentration becomes constant (like that in metals) and carriers' scattering will be a major cause of temperature dependence on conductivity.
8. The doped silicate glasses have high density of electronic states in the impurity subband located close to the top of the valence band, so they can be an effective and cheap thermoelectric material for renewable energy conversion and the energy waste recovery.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. The plasticity is one of the important independent scientific directions in continuum mechanics. The requirements for maximal using of strength reserves of materials, reduction specific consumption of materials, optimal designing in more cases depend from presence and account of plastic deformations in structure and are important problem of engineering practice.
Further development and improvement of products in machine-building, mining, aircraft building, shipbuilding, space technologies are connected with introduction of new materials, optimization of structural solutions, which include arbitrary combinations of manifold bodies working in conditions of complex loading. Consideration of inelastic in particular, plastic properties of material allows to redistribute local stresses uniformly along the whole bulk of metal; that lowers the risk of damage, allows to take into account reserves of bearing capacity.
In system of equations for boundary problems of plasticity the physical equations has great importance. These correlations have to realistically describe the mechanical characteristic of material. It should be noted that in plasticity the relations between force and kinematic characteristics do not contain time component, but are substantially conditioned by the succession of loads applied. The requirements of maximal use of safety reserve of materials, bearing capacity of structures, economic efficiency, optimal projecting depends on consideration of plasticity properties. It means that these inquiries are important and demand of practice.
The Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan in number 191 from 04.11.2012 "On safety modes of construction of auto transport vehicles" underline demands dissertation study. It is coming from new problems of the modern technology, where are widely used new material in vehicles working in condition of complex loading and under plastic deformation.
Development of effective methods of design, analysis and search of optimization solutions for strength problems, material-consumption of machine-building products by building determinant relationships for certain classes of multiparameter loading is an important component of solution of the problem connected with plasticity and is in demand in development of modern engineering. The study of properties of the functional of plasticity under multi-parameter loadings, the check-up of physical reliability of the theories of plasticity under different types of loading and derivation of new models of equations of state of the medium - considerably increase an efficiency of calculations in strength problems and present wide scientific problem of both theoretical and applied character.
Development of effective methods of design, analysis and search of optimization solutions for strength problems, material-consumption of machine-building products by building determinant relationships for certain classes of multiparameter loading is an important component of solution of the problem connected with plasticity and is in demand in development of modern engineering. The study of properties of the functional of plasticity under multi-parameter loadings, the check-up of physical reliability of the theories of plasticity under different types of loading and derivation of new models of equations of state of the medium - considerably increase an efficiency of calculations in strength problems and present wide scientific problem of both theoretical and applied character. Hence the investigations of complex loading in strength problems acquire now dynamism and new impulse to development.
Purpose of research is the development of theory of elastic and plastic processes, development of experimentally substantiated physically reliable constitutive relations for partial forms of complex loading, elaboration of numerical approach and algorithm for solution of plasticity problems with account of complex loading.
To achieve this goal the following tasks of research are solved:
determination of quality and quantity character of material properties under different types of complex loading;
determination of the limits of applicability of classical theories of plasticity in description of discussed processes of complex loading;
statement of fundamental non-linear properties of functional of plasticity under different types of complex loading;
building of theoretically and experimentally substantiated determinant relations for the solution of the problems of plasticity under complex loading;
investigation and explanation of the effect of decrease of work of plastic forming of material under complex loading;
building of algorithms for application of offered models in realization in numeric calculations.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following: areas of physical reliability of the theories of plasticity are determined in respect to discussed processes of complex loading;
constitutive relation on the basis of experimental study of isotropic metals is built;
an equation of state for transversal-isotropic body is derived by experimental data and theoretical statements;
algorithm for numeric solution of the problems was built and realized for offered model of determinant relations;
convergence of CL-computer method was experimentally proved under different options of approximation of determinant relations;
possibility to decrease the work of plastic forming was revealed and proved under complex loading and the ways to reach it were shown;
method of design was worked out on the basis of offered model with the method of boundary integral equations with practical application for problem solution.
Conclusion
1. On the basis of theoretical-experimental studies the areas of physical reliability of “classical” theories of plasticity were determined for discussed processes of complex loading, which characterize the character of strain of construction material appearing in applied problems.
2. By theoretical and experimental approaches, convergence of the CL-computer method under different types of approximating correlations is proved. The qu-asilinear variant approximating correlations have an alike velocity to convergence with differential correlation for bi-linear loading processes. For loading processes with constant curvature after preliminary simple tension or torque the quasilinear variant of approximations have an alike velocity to convergence for material with strength factor v<0.8, but for material with v>0.8 only under small value of preliminary loading.
3. Fundamental properties of functional of plasticity were experimentally determined on the basis of experiments with different constructional isotropic materials. Approximations for angle of alteration and functionals P and N, also modified approximation for functional a are offered.
4. Constitutive relations, which consider complex loading of isotropic material are built. These models are reliable for plane problems of plasticity.
5. The model was built for the description of behavior of transversal-isotropic body under complex loading; it was experimentally proved that obtained model describes the processes of complex loading.
6. An effect of decreasing of work of forming of material under complex loading was revealed, conditions, under which the work of complex loading will be less than the work under simple loading, are derived.
7. The existence of solution of integral equation and its uniqueness at a selection of new options of constitutive relations was proved.
8. Algorithms of solution of the plane and axisymmetric problems of plasticity by direct method of boundary elements on the basis of complanarity hypothesis were offered.
9. The displacements discontinuity method was realized with the use of hypothesis of complanarity as an approximating relation in plasticity.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Modem equipment, machinery and mechanisms as well as technological equipment used in cotton industry should have a high efficiency and reliability in the process of their exploitation. That is why targeted application of new highly efficient composite polymer materials in ensuring operational reliability of cotton processing machinery, together with equipment construction improvement, is one of the topical scientific issues, pending to be resolved.
It is known that the working surfaces of traditionally used metallic materials have technological roughness and sub microroughness with sharp peaks, intensively damaging cotton fiber during the processing, and, by this, resulting in lower productivity and higher energy consumption because of relatively high friction forces on their surfaces due to high hydrophilicity. Therefore, targeted use of efficient composite polymer materials and coatings based on them on the working surfaces of technological machines and mechanisms for assuring reliability, increasing productivity and reducing energy intensity of technological machines and preservation of natural cotton fiber quality due to mechanical defectiveness is highly relevant.
The decision marked the problem is directly related to the development of new energy-saving and resource-saving technologies of coating formation on the basis of efficient polymer materials on working surfaces of large production technologic machines.
Fundamental studies of the structural adaptability process, which is one of the features of frictional interaction in engineering materials science, and which is not being paid appropriate attention, determine the prospects for further development of materials in the “cotton - polymer composite” tribo-system. High elasticity of micro-and submicro roughness’s of composite polymer materials and coatings from them provides a relatively lower friction with cotton allowing sufficiently reduce its mechanical defectiveness. Herewith conducting multidisciplinary studies with regards to the nature, composition, structure and size of filler particles, to assess the quantitative and qualitative impact of technological factors to the formation of nanocomplex compounds on the interphase layer using activation-hclio technological method arc essential.
The Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No.70 “On the program of modernization and reconstruction of the cotton industry plants for 2007-2011” dated 03.04.2007confirms the urgency and relevance of the dissertation topic, which is devoted to development of new compositions and energy and resource saving methodology for obtaining highly efficient composite polymer coatings for the working parts of the technological cotton processing equipment.
Purpose of research is to design the effective composite polymer coatings that arc capable adjust structurally while interaction with cotton and the technologies of obtaining them.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research. The scientific novelty of the thesis consists of:
determination of the improved mechanism of structural adjustability of the geometric and thermodynamics options while interaction of different in nature polymer materials as well as revealing the qualitative and quantitative effect of the improvement;
determination of unnoticed earlier effect of the structural adjustability of the composite materials with cotton that makes unavoidable the formation of electro conductive chains, ensuring the decrease of tribo electric charge density and, therefore the quantity of friction coefficient and the relative mechanical damage of cotton due to laminar structure of the filler;
exposing the effective structure forming modificator of gossypol epoxy while the hetero composite coatings formation with activation-helio technological method; 
offering a new method of structure forming with consideration of the gradient distribution of fillers particles over the coating thickness;
offering for the first time the mechanism of the nano complex compounds forming with mcchano-chcmical modification method for the obtaining of hetero composite coatings with activation and hclio-tcchnological method.
CONCLUSION
Based on the data analysis and held theoretical and experimental researches it was firstly theoretically substantiated the possibilities of managing components of frictional interaction forces of polymer materials with raw cotton and purposeful regulation of mechanical damage of the cotton fiber by optimizing the structure and properties of the construction materials for machines and mechanisms of the technological equipment was offered.
The results of the research not only widen the theoretical knowledge in the sphere of the designing highly effective composite engineering materials being exploited in the conditions of the frictional interaction with cotton but also define the prospects of composite materials science development when designing new engineering materials with a rational application of the local raw materials and power resources.
Direct solar irradiation in the natural conditions of 710-750 W/m2 during 10-20 hours ensures the necessary degree (95-98% relatively) of hardening of hctcro-compositc epoxy coatings that have enough efficiency in the frictional interaction with cotton.
As the main conclusions can be noted the following:
1. As it is shown, the steady-state values of the structural parameters of frictional interaction in particular of the surface roughness coatings regardless of its initial value arc commensurate with a transverse dimensions not only of cotton fibers but also the altitude stepper roughness parameters, the most increase is observed in coatings based on thermal and thermoplastic binder resulted from their low thermal and mechanical properties. The best options of the structural adaptability with the least mechanical damage of cotton is observed when the fillers with a laminate structure stipulated by the particle decomposition that form sub and micro unevenness of the coatings.
2. Improving the cotton fillers by water soluble compositions based on Na KMS, PVC, polyethylene glycol using as SAS OP-10, salts NjN- dcmythclamin-cthylmctacrylatc with bromide ethyl was theoretically grounded on the study of the mechanism of the frictional interaction of materials. It was found that water soluble polymer composites applied when improving the cotton fiber not only participate as the acceptor which improve strength, antistatic and other properties of the cotton fibers but also ensure the effective decrease of mechanic damage of it in spite of some increase of the molecular frictional forces interaction with the surface of the coating that can be explained by a screening and strengthening effect.
3. For the first time earlier unnoticed effect of burnishing of the composite coating under the frictional interaction with cotton lies in the fact of unavoidable formation of electro conductive chains still observed while at enough low content of 2-5 pts.wt. graphite, due to laminate structure as a consequence of a structure and power self-organization of tribo system. The activated atoms of metals present in the wollastonit and kaolin fillers content in the kind of oxides while the frictional interaction alongside with polarized macro molecules of the improved compositions or with atoms of water also ensure the formation of a firm electro conductive chains over the whole contour surface of the frictional interaction. This convincingly proves the peculiarity of the structural adaptability while the interaction with cotton.
4. It was ascertained that mechanical activated local minerals - Angren kaolin and Kuytash wollastonit arc the effective fillers and gossypol epoxy is the effective structure forming one while designing of antifrictional epoxy hetero composite coating with raw cotton that were formed by activation and solar-technological method. It was shown that an even distribution of mineral particles over the capacity of the hetero composite epoxy coatings with previously grated polyethylene with purpose in certain correlations in dependence of the binder viscosity.
5. It is found that ions of metals formed while mechanical activation can have a good structure forming property alongside with the functional groups of gossypol epoxy, while mechanical activation of the mineral on the disintegrating installation implementing shock-splitting-abrasive effect that ensures the increase of the adhesion between the filler and the binder not only thanks to the increase of specific surface of the mechanically activated mineral but also to the increase of ionized spots that can form nano-complex compounds with the functionally activated groups of gossypol epoxy.
6. The formation of nano-complex compounds was ascertained by the analysis of IR-spcctcr and the mechanism (structure formula) of the structure formation in hetero composite polymer materials obtained by activation and solar-technological method
7. For the first time a new activation and solar-technological method ensuring a rational use of the local raw materials and power resources, required structure fonnational and antifriction wear resistant properties for the composite coatings for the large scale working surfaces of the technological cotton processing machines was offered. The choice of the fillers for mechanical activation from the local raw mineral material of Angren kaolin and Kuytash wollastonit is stipulated by that fact that they have industrial production and have got a close chemical composition and differ by a structure of formation that is characteristic to a wide specter of local minerals and can be served as a model sample of the local natural raw material having a potential possibilities for the application as the fillers, composite materials for machine- building.
8. It was found out that effectively introducing kaolin to improve antifriction properties of epoxy hetero composite coatings with the use of the local minerals and decrease of mechanical damage of cotton, and to increase wear resistance by introducing wollastonit. The optimal implementation of a laminar structure of kaolin while getting antifriction coating with required wear resistant can be achieved with the application of wollastonit with fraction content of 50-100 micron and the anisotropy coefficient not less than 2 in the amount of 5-10 pts.wt.
9. The designed new composition contents protected with the patents of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. IAP 04645 and No. IAP 04774, considerably excel their typical analogues by the combinations of properties thus ensuring the less value of F and 50 while interacting with cotton. At the same time, nowadays, they can be obtained by cutting material and energy also financial expenses that satisfy a consumer needs and large scale implementation of the work results.
10. The organization of the research work while choosing the effective composition construction materials based on estimation of the minimal value of the offered complex factor fS according to the firstly designed State Standard of Uzbekistan O’zDSt2822:2014, with the use of No. DGU 01171, No. DGU 01172, and also to the methodic of evaluating indefiniteness of measuring tribo parameters considerably cut time and labor expenses from the conducting research to the implementing the results.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. The experience of advanced countries (USA, Japan, Spain, France and others.) shows that the most effective authority in the water and land management at the landowners level arc non-governmental, non-profit and community organizations. These organizations contribute to equitable sharing of water resources, regardless of location, type and size of farmlands, prevention of illegal water withdrawals, reduce the volume of irrigation water losses, improving the quality of maintenance of canals, drainage and other infrastructure.
Uzbekistan water consumers association (WCA) is situating in intermediate position between governmental structure of water management and directly main water consumers. WCAs must be equipped with modem water and land resources management methods and tools, for increasing the water using efficiency, as well as coordination of the association members.
"On measures to improve land reclamation and rational use of water resources” from April 19, 2013 and Cabinet Ministries Decree № KM-82 "Approval order of water use and consumption in the Republic of Uzbekistan" from March 19, 2013, contributed in the providing of these studies. These tasks arc designed to mitigate water shortages through the introduction of improved operational adjustment methods of water use plans and optimize areas of crops, improve the efficiency of agronomic and reclamation methods based on the methods of forecasting the dynamics of soil moisture, upgrade laser leveling design methods and technologies.
Subject of research - economic and mathematical model of water allocation and optimization crop areas, soil moisture-storage technology and its models, as well as the technology of laser land leveling with soil subsidence.
Scientific novelty of dissertation research is as follows:
developed water distribution and crop areas optimization method for increasing the irrigation water and land resources productivity;
developed method of forecasting the GWT dynamics with background of SHD;
for the first time developed method for determining evapotranspiration with the development of the plant root system, depth of arable layer and the GWT;
for the first time developed technique for forecasting soil moisture dynamics with background of SHD and applied technologies: traditional technology (root -arable - subsurface layers), stage by stage layer loosening (root - subsurface layers), deep loosening of the field in the vegetation period for the accumulation of moisture in soils (arable - subsurface layers);
developed technology for designing and land leveling works on subsiding soils.
CONCLUSION
Studies allow us to formulate the following conclusions, determined by theoretical and practical significance of the work:
1. An economic -mathematical model (equation 2) to adjust the water use plans in conditions of water scarcity was developed. Optimization problem of water distribution between crops in terms of WCAs and farmers can be solved by proposed model, which will minimize the loss of agricultural production under water scarcity. That allows to increase revenue 342 400 UZS/ha (WCA Sairam Kuyi Suvi -Chirchik district of Tashkent region) compared to the traditional methods of water distribution.
2. The economic -mathematical model (equation 3) for operational optimization of agricultural land with a deficit of irrigation water was developed. Experience of the crop area optimization indicate a need for diversification of species and varieties of crops. Only through proper diversification revenue can increase to the sum of 454 200 Uzb/ha (farm Mamatkul Jurakul ugli at WCA N.Mirzacv Kumkurgan District of Surkhondarya Region).
3. Created the economical-mathematical model (equation 4) to optimize areas of crops and volumes of water allocation under extention of water scarcity. Implementing the optimization of crops area and water distribution in the irrigation water shortage period minimized agriculture losses in dry years. For example, economic efficiency after the introduction of this method in the farm "Saodat" in WCA N.Mirzacv at Kumkurgan District of Surkhandarya Region was 821 500 UZS/ha higher than the control.
4. Until now, when modeling the moisture flow associated with the evaporation of the physical, not considered it’s changing to a limited extent. In this connection, in this work, is taken into account the change of volumetric humidity in the range of wilting moisture to field capacity. Based on the analytical solutions of moisture transfer in automorphic soils in the initial period of plant development and taking into account the development of the root system, by solving the inverse problem in physics (procedure Acad. Abutalieva FB) determined the physical parameters of soil in considered WCA.
5. An analytical dependence (equation 12) determines the moisture flow (physical evaporation) on the earth surface, based on agronomic parameters (tilth), the physical properties of soils and the development of plant root systems and soil humidity changes within a limited range (from wilting to field capacity).
6. The author suggests the analytical dependence (equation 15) of groundwater table dynamics at SHD background in space and time, which differs significantly from the results of P.Y. Polubarinova - Cochina, receiving an average depth of groundwater, the average value of the maximum and minimum water level.
Developed (transcendental) equation (equation 16) to determine the groundwater level to any fixed time period and is a function of the soil porosity, the soil percolation coefficient, the intensity of infiltration, the evaporation at the soil surface, drain spacing and critical depth.
7. The author created mathematical model (equation 17) which describes the SHD resistance coefficient and discharge in time. In contrast to acad. S.F. Averianov receiving SHD percolation resistance and discharge as constant value, the author proves the change SHD percolation resistance and its discharge.
8. Based on this formula the dynamics of the groundwater level, the author developed model (equation 23) and a software for solving the problem on the forecasting humidity for orchards, vineyards and perennial crops, i.e. humidity changes in a homogeneous soil. The results showed that the decrease in volumetric humidity near the drainage is faster than in the middle drainage space.
9. On the basis of theoretical studies, the dependence (equations 26 and 27) the change of humidity in a bilayer soil (vegetation period, arable and subsurface layers) allows to determine the dynamics of moisture in the aeration zone for collecting moisture from "artificial" winter floods caused by the transition to energetically management of transboundary waters.
10. The numerical solution of (equations 29 and 30) equations of the dynamics of moisture transfer in stage by stage layers loosening on the background of the SHD, consider having a two-layer medium (root and subsurface layers). Solution of the problem can optimize the depth and time of stage by stage layers loosening for increasing irrigation interval. The proposed simulation method of moisture transfer stage by stage layers loosening allowed to get accurate data on humidity changes in compared to the previously used method (F.A. Baraev and M. Abbaskhanov).
11. Mathematical models (equations 32, 33, 34), considering three-layer soil (root, arable and subsurface layers) allow to determine the dynamics of soil moisture on irrigated field under SHD background. Using the procedure by solving the inverse problem in physics (procedure Acad. Abutalieva FB) determined the physical parameters of soil in considered WCA.
12. Improved methods of laser leveling design (equations 35, 36) of irrigated land on subsiding soils, reduces the amount of cut/fill works to 12-16% (WCA Muhtarali Yusupov Kurgantepa district of Andijan Region). The developed method promotes creating a stable plane.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation.Development of science and intensification of all branches of national economy have resulted to antropogenic influence on the environment and ecological equilibrium. According to the data of regional evaluation of stable toxical compounds in the countries of the European Counsel the highest concentrations of Pb,Cd and Hg in the environment have been noted (Pb-31,02; Cd-54, Hg-36 ton/year). Contentof heavy metals in objects of environment in some others countries:Pb-10%,Cd-21%, Hg-58%.Short analysis of the situation interms of these three toxical metals has shown the level of antropogenic throwings of heavy toxical metals (HTM). The biggest part of HTM finding with throwings released to the atmosphere thrown out on soil and in waters of the country being the -source the release and then they accumulate in neighbouring countries.At present day demands produced to metrological and analytical characteristics of elaborated methods constantly have increased and by this reason problem of elaboration of new methods of HTM determination is very actual. Existing problems can be decide by introduction in analytical practics of HTM determination new specifical organic reagents. In this aspect in protection of object of invironment determination of precise concentrations of HTM by different physical, chemical and physico-chemical methods has enquired anspecial actuality and necessarity.For practical realization such tasks at chemical analysis it is necessary perfection of present and elaboration of new morden methods of monitoring of etoxicantsinchidiny HTM.
Claiming of elaboration of sorbtion-spectroskopical methods is stimulated by necessarily to dispose by rapid and precise information about metals composition used in industrial activity and which have presented serionslanger from the point of view of their biological activity and toxical properties inresult of their accumulation in environment.Claiming also is stimulated by necessarily of controle of content of expbasive- dangerous impurities in air of working zones of industrial apartaments; by monitoring of environment and perfection of technological processes. Necessarily by determination of toxical degree of breathing by personal air, carring out of large amount of probes of complex natural composition (waters mediums, oils and biological liquids) on content in then toxical components? diagnostics of different diseases; preparates using in clinical and medico-biological needs, in aim of personal safety is one of important demands of morden analytical chemistry.
For realization of theoretical preconditions and practical confirmation of analytical determination etoxicants indicated in low of«About state sanitary controle» from 03.07.1992 year and Decisions of Cabinet Minister of Republic of Uzbekistan from 09.12.1992 year «About protection of environment», from27.05.2013 year «About ordes of elaboration and correlation of projects of ecological normatives»,from21.01.2014 year «About program of actions by protection of environment of Republic of Uzbekistan» it is necessary to elaborate new hybrid methods with immobilization of different complex- forming reagents on polymeric bases and matrixes differing by high metrological characteristics and operational parameters. The mort perspective way of their decession -purposeful synthesis and immobilization of organical reagents on fibrous bearers on the base of localraw materials for controle of purity and quality of materials, monitoring of objects of environment sorbents with immobilized on them organical reagents (OR) can be obtained in laboratories of any degree of equipment; they are cheap, selective to sorbited ions, have allowed on 2-3 times to increase sensibleness of methods of determination and also they have enough sorbtion capacity.
Purpose of research is construction of scientific bases of immobilization of OR on the fibrous materials;elaboration of express, high-sensitive sorbtion-spectroscopical methods and test-systems of HTM determination with using of IMOR;elaboration on the base of these methods some general approach to prognosis of properties and composition of specifical analytical groups in organic reagents immobilized on different types of bearers; synthesis of new organic reagents with given properties on the base of our theoretical prognosiss and introduction of them in practice of analysis of different analytical and ecological laboratories.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
immobilization of different by nature reagents for prognosis and prediction of optimal construction of some OR based on quantum-chemical value of changing of analytical characteristics in dependence on structure of the functional and analytical-active groups has been theoretically based and practically has been realized;
chemico-analytical properties of OR immobilized on bearers on the base of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polypropylene (PP) for apriory prediction of structure of different OR and elaboration on their base an optical chemical sensors on the base PAN and PP-matrixes having some necessary analytical parameters.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Litrature date about using fiber sorbents and ion-exchanging materials on their base for determination of HTM cations at analysis objects of environment have been summarized. Advantages of using of fiber sorbents in comparison with their using as granuls and powder have been shown. Necessity of search of new immobilized reagents for determination metals in different objects was ground.
2. New scientific trend in analytical chemistry based on the sorbtion-spectroscopical determination of HTM in different objects of enviroment with using immobilized on fiber material organical reagents of different nature with aim of improvment of metrological parameters, exploitational and analytical parameters was developed.
3. Pysico-chemical and analytical properties of immobilized reagents on the base of reagents Arsenazo, threephenylmethan row and also synthesized on the department of organical chemistry NUUz sorbited on the fiber «Nitron» were systematically investigated. Optimal conditions of immobilization of new reagents on some polymeric bearers with preservation of theirspecifical analytical properties were determined.
4. IR- spectroskopical investigation of immobilized reagents on fiber sorbents and their complexes with cations of HTM was carriedout. It was proved that in complex-formation of HTM ions with immobilized reagents the same functional analytical groups participated as in case of native solutions.
5. Results of investigations of interaction of reagents group Arsenazo, theephenylmethanic raw and also reagents synthesized on the derailment of inorganical and analytical chemistry of chemical faculty of NUUz immobilized on matrix on the base of PAN and PP-fibers with ions of HTM have shown that their immobilization was carried out owing to ionic changing and also formation of strong intermolecular hydrogenous bonds with bearers.
6. Using of calculating quant-chemical methods such as MNDO, PM3 and AM-1 has allowed in apriori to predict the structures of different rengents having some necessary analytical parameters (sensibility, contraction of reactions and conditions of their carring out). Investigation of dependencess of spectral characteristics of complexes from method of coordination of metal with functional groups of reagent, quant-chemical value of tendency in spectrums changing at variation analytico-active groups with following determination of possible ways of modification of reagents has shown an perspectivity and adventages of new group of analytical organic reagents on the base of nitrozonaphtols derivatives in contrast with their analogies. On the base of carring out investigations synthesis of new organic reagents on the base anabazin and pyridine reagents and netrozonaphtols has been carried out.
7. On the base of comparison optimal conditions of immobilization, sorbtion, degree of extraction of metals ions, coefficients of distribution, sorbtion capacity of fiber sorbents, data about sensibility of the analytical action according to ions Cd, Hg, Cu and Fe in presence of accompanying elements, possibilities of quantitative desorption by small volumes of mineral acids and accessibility of initialcompounds it is shown an perspective of practical using of synthesised reagents and fiber sorbents. Immobilized reagents quantitativly have extracted ions of metals during 20-30 min at temperature 20-25DC in pH diapasone 3-7 (R=90-99%).
8. Complex of methods of solidphase - spectroscopical and visually-testing determination of HTM in natural objects and samples of sewage and also new effective method of sorbtion - spectroscopical determination of Co,Cu, Cd, Ni, Fe and Hg in drinking and natural water with using of immobilized organical reagents has been elaborated. This sorbtion - spectroscopical methods have allowed to determine abovementioned metals in drinking and natural waters on the level nTO' 6 - n-10'3% and also to decrease the limitof their determination. Rightness of elaborated methods was proved by method “introduced - determined” at analysis of some real objects and also by comparison with data obtained by atom- absorbtion method.
9. Elaborated methods were aprobated at analysis of real objects and were introduced in practice of laboratories by «Navoiyazot»; «Electrokimyozavod», SES (sanepidemic station) of Tashkent region and Bekabad; departament of radiopreparates of Institute of nuclear physics and others.

Тадқиқод объектлари: соапсток, госсипол смоласи, лигнин, сода -сульфатли аралашмалардан иборат.
Ишнинг мақсади: ёғ-мой саноати чиқиндилари ва бошка техноген ресурслар асосида рақобатбардош янги техник ювувчи восита, занг модификатора битумсимон композициялар, самарали ҳимоя қилувчи изоляцион копламалар олишнинг физик-кимёвий, технологик асосларини яратиш.
Тадқиқот методлари: кимёвий, физик-кимёвий, рентгенфаза, дифференциал термик, ИҚ-спектроскопик ва бошқа усуллар.
Олинган натижалар ва уларнинг янгилиги: илк бор ёғ-мой комбината чиқиндиси соапсток ва сода-сульфатли аралашма асосида паст ҳароратда (70°С) ва қисқа муддатларда (60 мин) юқори тозалаш даражасини (97-98%) таъминловчи техник ювувчи воситаларни олиш мумкинлиги физик-кимёвий тахдиллар асосида исботланди. Янги техник ювувчи воситанинг ювиш эффекта механизми ўрганилди. Экстракцион фосфат кислотаси, гидролиз саноати чиқиндиси лигнин, фурфурил спирта ва гексаметилентетрамин асосида зангни модификацияловчи ва металл юзасида турғун ҳимоя катлами ҳосил килувчи янги турдаги композициялар яратилди. Яратилган композиция занг катлам билан бирикиб хелат комплекс хосил қилиши кўрсатиб берилди. Илк бор госсипол смоласини хаво кислороди билан оксидлаш орқали турли маркадаги битумсимон композициялар олиш усули яратилди. Ушбу жараёнда кислороднинг кўш бог билан бирикиши ИҚ-спектроскопик усулда ўрганилди ва молекулларнинг тикилиши хисобига молекуляр массанинг ортиши кўрсатилди.
Амалий аҳамияти: ушбу воситаларнинг чиқиндилар асосида яратилиши ўз навбатида регионнинг экологик муҳитини яхшилайди, ишлаб чиқаришнинг техник-иктисодий кўрсаткичларини оширади ва олинаётган махсулотлар таннархини кескин камайтиради.
Татбиқ этиш даражаси ва иқтисодий самарадорлиги: соапсток асосида олинган техник ювиш воситаси “Урганчкорммаш” заводида синовдан ўтказилди ва хар бир тонна махсулот эвазига 8320000 (2008 й) сўм иқтисодий самара берди.
Янги турдаги занг модификатори ва зангга карши композицияларни Навоий тог-металлургия комбинатига карашли Зарафшон-Учкудук магистрал газ кувурида кўллашга руҳсат олинди.
Госсипол смоласини хаво кислороди ёрдамида оксидлашга асосланган битум олиш технологияси “Урганч-ёғ ” ОАЖ да синовдан ўтказилди ва ишлаб чиқаришга жорий килинди.
Қўлланиш (фойдаланиш) сохаси: ДАК «Узкимёсаноат», ДАК «Узбекэнерго», «Узбекнефтгаз» МХК, Навоий тоғ-металлургия комбината давлат корхонаси ва агрессив муҳитда ишловчи барча корхоналарда металконструкцияларни коррозиядан ҳимоялашда қўлланилади.

Subjects of research: clinker burning furnace dust, nitric acid, liquid and granular nitrogen-calcium fertilizer, gaseous ammonia.
Purpose of work: physicochemical substantiation and development an effective technology for the processing of clinker burning furnace dust to liquid and granular nitrogen-calcium fertilizers with the establishment of optimal production parameters.
Methods of research: chemical, X-ray, IR-spectroscopy, spectral.
The results obtained and their novelty: the regularities of the process parameters influence on decomposition of clinker burning furnace dust with nitric acid, were identified optimal technological parameters of liquid and granular fertilizers production and was developed an effective technology for their production, with the involvement of physico-chemical methods of was obtained data about composition of generated sludges and marked ways of their recycling.
Practical value: the results of the investigations have become a scientific basis for the creation of technology for the processing of clinker burning furnace dust to liquid and granular nitrogen-calcium fertilizer containing microelements.
Degree of embed and economic effectively: proposed technology has been tested on «Ammofos-Maxam» model set. Experimental batches of liquid and granular fertilizers were produced. The obtained data led to the establishment in principle of the technological scheme and production schedules. The economic effect of production of 1 ton of 100% N in nitrogen-calcium fertilizer in comparison with ammonium nitrate: for LACF-1 - 176100; GACF-1 - 284531; LACF-2 - 68375; GACF-2- 132684 sum.
Field of application: chemical industry and agriculture.

Subject of the inguiry: complex connections of nickcl(II), zinc(II), vanadil(II) and coppcr(II) on the basis of received by condensation an bis-P-dikctones with hydrazides of benzoyiles acids.
Aim of the inguiry: synthesis of new complex connections on a basis an bis-bcnzoyilhydrazoncs, a structure and structure establishment, studying of physical and chemical and biologically active properties, a choice of complex connections with expressed biologically active properties and their recommendation for application.
Methods of inguiry’: elementary analysis, IR-, NMR 'Н- and ESR spectroscopy. X-ray structural the analysis.
The results achieved and their novelty’: arc developed preparation methods of synthesis of a scries new ligand on the basis of products of condensation an encore -Рбензоилгидразонов with бензгидразидом. Complex connections Ni(II), Zn(II), VO(II) and Cu(II) on the basis of allocated ligands arc received and characterised. Biological properties of some of the received complexes arc investigated.
Practical value: the obtained compounds arc introduced to the educational process and certain preparations, possessing expressed biologically active characteristics as facilitator of the rise and productivity of the cotton plant arc determined.
Degree of embed: the new ligands and complexes arc applied to the educational process on faculty organic and physcolloidal chemistry of the Bukhara State University, the preparations «ТК-96» are tested on experimental fields of Bukhara branch of the Uzbek Republican research and development institute of cotton culture, with a heightening of productivity to 3,2 centners per hectare bu using the preparation «ТК-96», as contrasted to audit alternative.
Sphere of usage: chemistry of coordination compounds, biology, agriculture.