Redundancy of speech and probabilistic forecasting as the basis of the simultaneous translation mechanism

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Давлатова, З. (2022). Redundancy of speech and probabilistic forecasting as the basis of the simultaneous translation mechanism. Переводоведение: проблемы, решения и перспективы, (1), 145–148. извлечено от https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/translation_studies/article/view/6026
Зулайхо Давлатова, Uzbekistan State World Languages University

Master student, Simultaneous interpretation

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Аннотация

International organizations are expanding their activities and development of international relations has made the need for professional interpreters more pronounced. Today, the demand for simultaneous translators is increasing, as it is the only way to effectively conduct numerous international events. Successful simultaneous interpretation depends on some psychological mechanisms: switching from the source language into the target language, forecasting and synthesizing based on probabilities, and synchronizing the two languages. It is important to note that in studies of simultaneous interpretation, accurate predictions may require taking into account the mechanism of probabilistic forecasting. There are many studies devoted to the consideration of probabilistic forecasting mechanisms from a number of perspectives.


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REDUNDANCY OF SPEECH AND PROBABILISTIC

FORECASTING AS THE BASIS OF THE SIMULTANEOUS

TRANSLATION MECHANISM

Davlatova Zulayho Khasanboy qizi

Master student, Simultaneous interpretation,

Uzbekistan State World Languages University


International organizations are expanding their activities and development of

international relations has made the need for professional interpreters more
pronounced. Today, the demand for simultaneous translators is increasing, as it is
the only way to effectively conduct numerous international events. Successful
simultaneous interpretation depends on some psychological mechanisms: switching
from the source language into the target language, forecasting and synthesizing
based on probabilities, and synchronizing the two languages. It is important to note
that in studies of simultaneous interpretation, accurate predictions may require taking
into account the mechanism of probabilistic forecasting. There are many studies
devoted to the consideration of probabilistic forecasting mechanisms from a number
of perspectives.

Is simultaneous decoding feasible at all? One of the early objections to

simultaneous decoding between two spoken languages used to be the concept that
listening to a speech in one language whilst concurrently producing a speech in any
other language was once impossible. Intuitively, there have been two obstacles.
Firstly, simultaneous decoding required paying interest to two speeches at the equal
time (the

speaker’s supply speech and the interpreter’s goal speech), whereas

humans had been idea to be capable to focal point solely on one at a time due to the
fact of the complexity of speech comprehension and speech production. The second,
now not unrelated to the first, used to be the concept that the

interpreter’s voice would

forestall him/her from listening to the voice of the speaker

– As the proof in the subject

confirmed that simultaneous deciphering used to be viable between two spoken
languages, from the Nineteen Fifties on, investigators commenced to speculate on
how this reputedly unnatural overall performance was once made possible, how
interpreters dispensed their interest most efficaciously between the a range of factors
of the simultaneous deciphering method (see Barik, 1973, quoted in Gerver, 1976,
168). One notion used to be that interpreters use the

speaker’s pauses, which show

up naturally in any speech, to cram tons of their very own

(‘target’) speech – see

Goldman-Eisler, 1968, Barik, 1973. However, in a learn about of recordings of 10
English audio system from conferences, Gerver observed that 4% of the pauses solely
lasted extra than two seconds and 17% lasted greater than 1 second. Since typical
articulation charges in such speeches vary from shut to one hundred phrases per
minute to about a hundred and twenty phrases per minute, in the course of such
pauses, it would be hard for interpreters to utter greater than a few phrases at most,
which led him to the conclusion that their use to produce the goal speech may want to
solely be very confined (Gerver, 1976, 182-183). He additionally discovered that even
when on common of seventy five percentage of the time, interpreters listened to the


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supply speech and produced the goal speech simultaneously, they interpreted
efficiently extra than eighty five percentage of the supply speech. There are no longer
doubts about the real simultaneousness of speakme and listening at some point of
simultaneous deciphering

– although most of the time, at micro-level, the statistics

furnished in the goal speech lags at the back of the

speaker’s supply speech by means

of a quick span. Anticipation additionally happens

– sometimes, interpreters without a

doubt end their goal language utterance earlier than the speaker has completed
his/hers. According to Chernov (2004), such anticipation, which he refers to as
“probabilistic prognosis”, is what makes it feasible to interpret in spite of the cognitive
strain worried in the exercise. later, Welford (1968) claimed that interpreters
discovered to bypass the sound of their very own voice (see Moser, 1976. P. 20).

In psychology, probabilistic prediction is one of the mechanisms inherent in a

man in all kinds of his activities. I.M. Feigenberg defines the concept of probabilistic
prognosis as

“a anticipation of the future based on the probabilistic structure of

previous experiences and information about the present situation

” J. Miller describes

this mechanism as follows:

“The listener begins to receive a signal at the input.On

the basis of this assumption, it generates an internal signal to be compared with the
perceived one

”. In addition to the term “probabilistic prognosis”, terms such as

“predict”, “predict”, “predict” are also used in many works. All these concepts are
connected by the principle of anticipatory reflection of reality. Probabilistic predictions
have a variety of forms as a psychological phenomenon: they act as a regulation of
mental processes (perception, memory, thinking) and offer a kind of functional
relationship between them.

The probabilistic prognosis covers a variety of phenomena and situations of

human activity ranging from the prediction of external events, the results of its actions
and the estimation of expected results in simultaneous interpretation, probabilistic
prediction is realized during the auditory perception of the speech by the interpreter,
on the basis of which he makes the hypothesis about the development or completion
of the author

’s speech. According to G.V. Chernov, the mechanism of probabilistic

prediction is the most important psycholinguistic mechanism providing a simultaneous
interpretation in the process of speech perception, the brain of the simultaneous
interpreter creates various possible endings of the communicative intentions of the
speaker. However, there are still aspects of the probabilistic prognosis mechanism
which need to be clarified, in particular, which factors affect the formation of semantic
hypotheses in the spirit of an interpreter.

Basically, the simultaneous interpreter analyzes the supply speech as it

unfolds and begins producing his/her very own speech when s/he has heard ample
to begin an idiomatic utterance in the goal language. This can manifest after a few
phrases have been produced via the speaker who is being translated, or a phrase,
or greater not often a longer speech segment. For instance, if, in a conference, after
a declaration via the Chinese representative, the British speaker says

“I agree with

the distinctive consultant of

China”, interpreters can commonly assume and even

begin producing their goal language model of the declaration as quickly as they have
heard

“I agree with the distinguished” with little chance of going wrong. In different

cases, the starting of the sentence is ambiguous, or they have to wait longer till they
can begin producing their translation due to the fact the subject, the objet and the
verb are typically located at distinctive locations in the goal language.


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People often ask how simultaneously the interpreter can translate advanced

technical speech in scientific and technical meetings. In fact, the language of the
professional meetings is not so complex in the synthesis

perspective, but much

less

than the language of the non-technical flower speech, so its main difficulty is its
professional dictionary. Related terminology must be studied before each mission, it
can be done in appropriate documents, the interpreter tends to prepare an adhoc
dictionary for the

professional meetings. The language is not the only challenge that

the interpreter faces at the same time.

The main cognitive problem associated with simultaneous interpretation is

precisely the high pressure on the mental capacity of the interpreter because they must
understand the speech and at the same time make another speech in accordance with
the speed imposed by the Speaker. A more detailed analysis of the nature of the
problem is provided in section 4.3. At this point, it is sufficient to say that interpreters
have always known that the difficulties were significant once the speech was delivered
quickly and that interpreters were not always able to cope (see, for example, George
Mathieu

’s statement made in 1930, quoted in Keyser, 2004. P. 585; Herbert, 1952;

Moser, 1976; Kicheron, 1981). The practical consequence of this problem is the
existence of errors, omissions and misunderstandings (E.G. Clumsy wording or
syntax) of simultaneous interpretation. How much in any interpretation or statement is
a subject that interpreters do not want to discuss.

Today I want to argue that it is important to have confidence in our future

– to

be optimistic. We need to make a change in our approach if we want to overcome
these problems. Big deficits don

’t just fall out of the sky.

Interpreter:

Сегодн я хочу изложить доводы для оптимизма и уверенности.

Мы можем решить эти проблемы, но мы не нуждаемся в изменении

направления движения.

Here the interpreter has exactly predicted the ending of the set expression

“overcome these problems”. The interpreter could also translate this phrase as

«преодолетьпреграды», «преодолетьтрудности», «преодолетьпрепятствия».
The speaker: In any case, Germany decided on European policy, since in times of
crisis creditors were in the driver

’s seat

Interpreter:

В любом случае, Германия диктует Европейскую политику,

потому что во времена кризиса кредиторы управляют ситуацией.
The translator successfully predicted the words

“crisis” and “credit-rellat”, and the

speaker told the time of the crisis that

“the creditors are in the driver’s seat.” In the

second case, the translator chose a more formal sinomy of the word

«рулить» and

used

«управлять».

Speakers: The boom period was crowned by the Maastricht Treaty and the

introduction of the euro. Translation: In this sentence, the interpreters forecast the
end of the sentence because of his background to the history of the European Union,
which was established under the Maastricht Treaty and which resulted in the
subsequent introduction of a new currency, the euro.

Interpreters must have the following professional skills to achieve probabilities

prediction mechanisms:

1) capable of predicting the content of audio text by title, keyword, semantics,

message debris, plans, papers based on professional experience and background,
papers based on titles, keywords, semantics, message debris, plans, professional
experience and background, (start, middle, end), (start, middle, end), (professional
skills);


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2) capable of remembering and preserving the perceived information and then

using it in future professional activities;

3) able to link audio information to visual support in the form of charts, charts,

drawings, drawings, formulas, alphanumeric symbols, scripts, etc., and/or to use
them to support the loss of audio information;

4) able to identify the most rich parts of scientific reports;
5) able to determine the subject and main ideas of audio text;
6) able to build a logical sequence of audio.
To conclude, in order to effectively interpret a foreign language, the interpreter

must be very familiar with the linguistic compatibility between the foreign and target
languages. The creation of such associative connections in the memory of the
interpreter will dramatically increase the level of prediction and contribute to the
implementation of the process of simultaneous interpretation.

REFERENCES:

1. Barik, Henri. 1973. Simultaneous interpretation: temporal and quantitative

data. Language and Speech 16: 237

–270.

2. Chernov, Ghelly. 2004. Inference and Anticipation in Simultaneous Interpreting:

A probability-prediction model. Amstrerdam / Philadlphia: John Benjamins.

3. Danks, Joseph H., Gregory M. Shreve, Stephen B. Mountain, Michael K.

McBeath (eds). 1997. Cognitive Processes in Translation and Interpreting. Thousand
Oaks/London/New Delhi: Sage publications.

4. Diriker, Ebru. 2004. De-Re Contextualizing Conference Interpreting.

Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Библиографические ссылки

Barik, Henri. 1973. Simultaneous interpretation: temporal and quantitative data. Language and Speech 16: 237-270.

Chernov, Ghelly. 2004. Inference and Anticipation in Simultaneous Interpreting: A probability-prediction model. Amstrerdam / Philadlphia: John Benjamins.

Danks, Joseph H., Gregory M. Shreve, Stephen B. Mountain, Michael K. McBeath (eds). 1997. Cognitive Processes in Translation and Interpreting. Thousand Oaks/London/New Delhi: Sage publications.

Diriker, Ebru. 2004. De-Re Contextualizing Conference Interpreting. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

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