Translation strategies and methods

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Халимбетова, М. (2022). Translation strategies and methods. Переводоведение: проблемы, решения и перспективы, (1), 210–212. извлечено от https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/translation_studies/article/view/6057
Мавлюда Халимбетова, Uzbekistan State World Languages University

1 st  year Master student, Simultaneous interpretation 

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Аннотация

Translation has typically been used to convert written or spoken SL texts into equivalent written or spoken TL texts. In general, the purpose of translation is to reproduce various types of texts, including religious, literary, scientific and philosophical texts, in another language and thus make them available to a wider readership.


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TRANSLATION STRATEGIES AND METHODS

Mavluda Xalimbetova Kazakovna

Uzbekistan State World Languages University 1

st

year Master student,

Simultaneous interpretation


Translation has typically been used to convert written or spoken SL texts into

equivalent written or spoken TL texts. In general, the purpose of translation is to
reproduce various types of texts, including religious, literary, scientific and
philosophical texts, in another language and thus make them available to a wider
readership.

The difference between SL and TL, as well as differences in their cultures,

makes the process of translation a true challenge. Among the problematic sides
associated with translation, such as form, meaning, style, proverbs, idioms, etc., this
article will focus on CSC translation procedures and strategies.

2. Translation procedures, strategies and methods
The translation procedures described by Nida (1964) are as follows:
Technical procedures: analysis of source and target languages;
continuous study of the text in the source language before attempting to

translate it;

Making judgments about semantic and syntactic approximations. (PP. 241-45)
Organizational procedures: regular check of the attempt made; comparing it

with existing translations of the same text by other translators, and testing the
communicative value of the text by asking readers in the target language to evaluate
its truthfulness and value and observing their reactions (PP. 246

–47).

Jaaskelainen (2005:16) divides this into two types, namely global strategies

and local strategies:

“global strategies refer to general principles and modes of

action, while local strategies refer to specific actions related to problem solving and
decision making by the interpreter.

“manufacturing”.

Literal translation: in which FL grammatical structures are converted to their closest

TL equivalents, but lexical words are again translated separately, out of context.

Correct translation: it attempts to reproduce the exact contextual meaning of

the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures.

Semantic translation: which differs from

“authentic translation” only in that it

must take into account the aesthetic value of the SL text to a greater extent.

Adaptation: The freest form of translation, used mainly for plays (comedies)

and poetry; themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the culture of the FL is
converted into the culture of the TL, and the text is rewritten.

Free translation: It creates TL text without the style, form or content of the original.
Idiomatic translation: It reproduces the

“message” of the original, but tends to

distort the nuances of meaning, preferring colloquial expressions and idioms where
they are not in the original.

Communicative translation: it attempts to convey the exact contextual meaning

of the original in such a way that both content and language are easily acceptable
and understandable to the reader (1988b: 45-47).


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In order to clarify the difference between procedure and strategy, the following

section will discuss the procedures for translating culture-specific terms.

The following are the various translation procedures that Newmark (1988b)

suggests:

Transfer: this is the process of transferring the word of the FL into the text of

the TL. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) called
“transcription”.

Naturalization: it adapts the FL word first to normal pronunciation and then to

normal TL morphology. (Newmark, 1988b:82)

Cultural equivalent: this means replacing a cultural word in SL with a word in

TL. however,

“they are inaccurate” (Newmark, 1988b: 83).

Functional equivalent: requires the use of a culturally neutral word. (Newmark,

1988b:83)

Descriptive equivalent: In this procedure, the meaning of CBT is explained in

a few words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Component Analysis: This means

“comparing a FL word with a TL word that

has a similar meaning, but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by showing first
their common and then their different semantic components

”. (Newmark, 1988b:114).

Synonym: it

’s “almost equivalent to TL”. Here economy is more important than

accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84).

Shifts or transpositions: this includes changing grammar from FL to TL, for

example (i) changing from singular to plural, (ii) a change needed when a certain FL
structure is missing in the TL, (iii) changing a FL verb to a PI word, changing the
group of nouns FL to the noun TL and so on. (Newmark, 1988b:86)

Modulation: this happens when the translator reproduces the message of the

source text in the FL text in accordance with the current FL norms,

Recognized translation: This occurs when the translator "generally uses the

official or accepted translation of any institutional term". (Newmark, 1988b:89)

Compensation: occurs when a loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is

compensated for in another part. (Newmark, 1988b: 90)

Paraphrase: This procedure explains the meaning of CBT. Here the

explanation is much more detailed than the descriptive equivalent. (Newmark,
1988b:91).

Couplets: This happens when the interpreter combines two different

procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91).

The various strategies chosen by translators in conveying allusions seem to

play a decisive role in the recognition and perception of the connotations they convey.
If a novice translator translates a literary text without paying due attention to allusions,
the connotations will most likely not be conveyed as a result of the translator not
recognizing them.


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REFERENCES:

1. Bell R.T. (1998). Psychological/cognitive approaches. In M. Baker (Ed),

Routledge encyclopedia of translation studies. London & New York: Routledge.

2. Jaaskelainen R., (2005). Translation studies: what are they? Retrieved

November 11, 2006 from http://www.hum.expertise.workshop.

3. Jaaskelainen R., (1999). Tapping the process: an explorative study of

cognitive and effective factors involved in translating. Joensuu: University of Joensuu
Publications in Humanities.

4. Krings H.P. (1986). Translation problems and translation strategies of

advanced German learners of French. In J. House, & S. Blum-Kulka (Eds.),
Interlingual and intercultural communication (PP. 263

–75).

5. Newmark P. (1988b). Approaches to Translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall.
6. Nida E.A. (1964). Towards a science of translation, with special references to

principles and procedures involved in Bible translating. Leiden: Brill.

Библиографические ссылки

Bell R.T. (1998). Psychological/cognitive approaches. In M. Baker (Ed), Routledge encyclopedia of translation studies. London & New York: Routledge.

Jaaskelainen R., (2005). Translation studies: what are they? Retrieved November 11,2006 from http://www.hum.expertise.workshop.

Jaaskelainen R., (1999). Tapping the process: an explorative study of cognitive and effective factors involved in translating. Joensuu: University of Joensuu Publications in Humanities.

Krings H.P. (1986). Translation problems and translation strategies of advanced German learners of French. In J. House, & S. Blum-Kulka (Eds.), Interlingual and intercultural communication (PP. 263-75).

Newmark P. (1988b). Approaches to Translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall.

Nida E.A. (1964). Towards a science of translation, with special references to principles and procedures involved in Bible translating. Leiden: Brill.

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