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STRATEGIES AND TECHNIQUES IN SIMULTANEOUS
INTERPRETATION
Normuxammedova Munisa Hamza qizi
University Master student, Translation theory and practice, Uzbekistan State World
Languages
From the functional-communicative perspective, any translation is considered a
specific type of speech act that creates a product (text) with the intention of ensuring
successful and adequate communication between representatives of different
linguocultures. In psychology, activity is characterized by the following main
characteristics: objectivity, purposefulness, motivation, hierarchical organization, and
stages [3;65]. In the domestic tradition, when modelling translation activity (i.e. a chain
of purposeful actions), it is common to operate with such notions as strategy, tactics,
methods and techniques, and these terms are often used undifferentiated, although they
are applied to phenomena of different nature, which brings some confusion and
terminological uncertainty in the scientific discourse of translation studies.
The term
“strategy” is one of the least defined concepts in the translation study,
although it is extremely popular in contemporary translation studies [5;110]. The
concept covers a range of inequalities, such as: (1) the behavioural characteristics of
the translation or the mentality of the translation that drives it to act; (2) the plan of
activities for non-specialized translation; (3) the purpose and the set of translation
tasks; and (4) the specific translation operations carried out to achieve the adequacy
of the translation (see detailed review in [2;6]). In addition, the same ethnic elections
were observed with regard to the concepts of
“translation strategy” and “translation
techniques
”, which inevitably led to the absence of a clearly recognized concept that
established a systemic relationship between those concepts.
As stated in [7;205], the concept of translation strategies has emerged long before
translation research became a scientific discipline, but the concept of translation
methods has long been widely used. It is worth noting that this understanding stems
from the ancient tradition of arranging translation strategies among the binary
opposition, the name of which reflects the evolution of the view of the translator on the
principle of these strategic names and the evolution of the theoretical view on the
principle of translation: words and meaning, freedom and word (specific) towards the
original recipient, i.e. family internalization and foreignization.
In the above-mentioned dictionary references manual, the translation strategy
is defined as
“a comprehensive translator action plan, contingent upon a set of initial
positions aimed at achieving the goals set by the interpreter consciously or
unconsciously for himself or herself
”. In an enlarged form, but in the same context,
O.A. Burkina Faso defines a translation strategy:
“An overall plan of the interpreter’s
procedures aimed at translating a particular text, conditionally for a specific purpose
of translation, designed with respect to the linguistic and non-linguistic characteristics
of the specific translation situation (including the characteristics of the translated
text), designed for a given time period
”. [2;79].
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The translation strategy appears to be the most general concept, which does
not define specific translation operations/transformation, but rather defines a
common vector of action in a given communication situation. The translation strategy
is directly linked to the planning of the translation process, including its preparation
(pre-translation analysis, information analysis, thematic glossary, in-depth study of
the topic, etc.). B. The generics define four components that contribute to the
development of a certain strategy for the transfer, namely,
“location, objective-setting,
forecasting and planning
” [6;167].
Thus, the selected strategy is implemented through a set of tactical techniques
that relate to specific translation tasks as part of the proposed strategy [2;79].
Different tactics, in turn, are reflected in specific methods of translation (techniques,
methods). A translation technique is
“a translation operation which aims to solve a
problem and to imply a typical uniformity of the actions carried out by a translator
”
[4;264].
Simultaneous interpreting is rightly referred to as one of the most complex
translation activities, because the interpreter manages two parallel processes in its
implementation: the perception of the original text and its almost simultaneous
transmission in the target language. Shiryaev has rightly pointed out that the
traditional formula
“is least applicable to simultaneous translations: to translate, one
must know two languages and the subject of the conversation
” [9;7]. This thesis
describes, in general terms, the professional competence requirements of the
interpreter. Simultaneous interpretation, however, has a number of important
linguistic features that separate it from other types of interpretation. First of all, factors
such as time pressure, the partial nature of speech perception, increased
psychological stress associated with the lecture of encoding and data production
processes, individual features of the interpreter's speech abilities
– thinking,
individual features of speech
– behavior of lecturers (tempo, pronunciation, trade
union organization of words, Stylistics, etc.) lack of direct contact (often visual) with
the speaker and audience. Therefore, the abilities and competencies to remedy
translation duties relevant in written or oral consecutive deciphering flip out to be
inadequate in simultaneous interpreting, mainly taking into account the want to
translate no longer solely till the give up of the message, however generally
additionally till the completion of a single utterance. I.V. Zubanova stresses that
simultaneous decoding is
“the undertaking related with making and enforcing
irreversible interpretation choices beneath the stipulations of the inevitability of
incoming records and externally imposed pace, with no opportunity of selfediting
”
[8;48]. All these factors, which are strictly particular to the communicative scenario of
simultaneous interpretation, have a decisive have an effect on the formation of
translation techniques and tactics.
In the case of simultaneous interpreting, we can possibly say that the
preferences of translation method is the most limited. The precedence is the correct
switch of communicatively applicable information. I.S. Alekseeva notes that
“the
necessities to retain the speaker
’s fashion and completeness of records switch are
no longer so high
” [1;61]. That’s why, the interpreter should first of all take into
account the layout of the tournament to be interpreted, the ambitions and causes of
the speakers, the diploma of formality and emotionality of the speeches. It is critical
to take into account the stage of competence and focus of the target audience for
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whom the interpreter is interpreting, as properly as the popularity of the speaker. For
example, in simultaneous interpretation of UN meetings, the interpreter should not
simply convey ideas and thoughts in general terms, but rather produce a text as
complete and as close in content to the original as possible.
Analysis of research in the field of synchronic interpretation reveals the paths
of tactics used by synchronic interpreters consciously or unconsciously/intuitively.
These tactics are often called strategies. However, they reiterate the importance of
distinguishing these concepts. The strategy is essentially common and the tactics
address specific challenges within a specific segment of the text translated. The most
common and widely explained tactics for simultaneously interpretation in professional
literature are compressed and probability predictions. According to many
researchers, these tactics are important to contribute to the effectiveness of
translators and high-quality translators.
REFERENCES:
1. Alekseeva I.S. Professional interpreter training. Textbook on Interpretation
and Translation for Translators and Teachers. SPb.: Institute of Foreign Languages,
2000.
– P. 192.
2. Burukina O.A. Translation strategies and translation tactics // University
translation studies. In: Materials of X international scientific conference. 10: Materials
of X International Scientific Conference on Translation Studies
“Fedorovsky
readings
”, 23-25 October 2008. SPb.: Faculty of Philology and Arts, SPbSU, 2009. –
PP. 73
–83.
3. Leontiev A.A. Fundamentals of psycholinguistics. 3rd ed. M.: Sysl;
St.-Petersburg: Lan
’, 2003. – P. 288.
4. Sdobnikov V.V., Petrova O. Translation Theory: textbook for students of
linguistic universities and faculties of foreign languages. M.: ACT: Vostok-West,
2007.
– P. 448.
5. Sdobnikov V.V. Translation and communicative situation. Moscow: Flint,
2015.
– 464 p.
6. Sdobnikov V.V. Translation strategy: a common definition // Vestnik of
Irkutsk State Linguistic University. 2011. No1 (3).
– PP. 165–172.
7. Voynich I.V. Translation strategies (translation strategies) // Basic concepts
of English-speaking translation studies: terminological dictionary / edited by
M.B. Rarenko. Moscow: Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of RAS,
2011.
– P. 205.
8. Zubanova I.V. Just turn down the water. On compression in simultaneous
translation // Bridges. 2017. No2 (54).
– P. 43–53.
9. Shiryaev A.F. Simultaneous interpreting: Activities of simultaneous
interpreters and Simultaneous interpreter activities and methods of teaching
simultaneous interpreting. M.: Voenizdat, 1979.
– P. 183.