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ON THE ISSUES OF TRANSLATION OF NEOLOGISMS
Mohigul Jalolova
student of Uzbekistan State World Languages University
Neologisms often become popular by way of mass media, the Internet, or word
of mouth
– especially, many linguists suspect, by younger people. Virtually every
word in a language was, at some time, a neologism, though most of these ceased to
be such through time and acceptance. Neologisms often become accepted parts of
the language. Other times, however, they disappear from common use just as readily
as they appeared. Whether a neologism continues as part of the language depends
on many factors, probably the most important of which is acceptance by the public.
Acceptance by linguistic experts and incorporation into dictionaries also plays a part,
as does whether the phenomenon described by a neologism remains current, thus
continuing to need a descriptor. It is unusual, however, for a word to enter common
use if it does not resemble another word or words in an identifiable way. When a word
or phrase is no longer “new”, it is no longer a neologism. Neologisms may take
decades to become “old”, however. Opinions differ on exactly how old a word must
be to cease being considered a neologism; cultural acceptance probably plays a
more important role than time in this regard. Proponents of a neologism see it as
being useful, and also helping the language to grow and change; often they perceive
these words as being a fun and creative way to play with a language. Also, the
semantic precision of most neologisms, along with what is usually a straightforward
syntax, often makes them easier to grasp by people who are not native speakers of
the language. There are some versions and types of Neologism:
Unstable
– Extremely new, being proposed, or being used only by a very small
subculture.
Diffused
– Having reached a significant audience, but not yet having gained
acceptance.
Stable
– Having gained recognizable and probably lasting acceptance.
Scientific
– words or phrases created to describe new scientific discoveries.
Technological
– words or phrases created to describe inventions.
Political
– words or phrases created to make some kind of political or rhetorical
point, sometimes perhaps with an eye to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
Pop-culture
– words or phrases evolved from mass media content or used to
describe popular culture phenomena (these may be considered a subsection of
slang).
Imported
– words or phrases originating in another language. Typically they
are used to express ideas that have no equivalent term in the native language.
The main difficulty in translating neologisms
– understands the value of new
words. Strictly translated neologism whose meaning is already known to the
translator, a relatively simple task, and solved it by using the methods described
below, depending on what type of words belongs to this neologism. If the new word
is not in the English-Russian dictionary, you should try to find it in an English-English
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Dictionary. Many well-known dictionaries, there are sections of "New Words" (New
Words Section). It is recommended to use the most recent editions of dictionaries.
Neologisms often borrowed from other languages:
Then his telefonino rang, or rather squeaked piercingly... It is impossible to get
away from the wretched telefonino wherever you are in Italy. Of all the countries in
Europe, only Britain has more mobile telephones. (The Independent, 1998).
Затем зазвонил, или скорее пронзительно запищал его мини-телефон.
В какой бы части Италии вы ни находились, вам никуда не деться от этих
назойливых телефонино. Из всех европейских стран, мобильных телефонов
больше только в Великобритании.
The Soviets had Sputnik, but the Americans had their open-plan kitchen.
No contest. (The Independent, 1998)
Советский Союз создал «Спутник», а американцы создали кухню
открытого типа. Вне конкуренции.
Much more common practice in the translation so far has reception
transcription, which is the transfer does not form spelling words, and phonetic.
Because of significant differences between phonetic systems of Russian and English,
such a transfer is always somewhat conventional and plays only a semblance of
English sounds. In general, the translator should always bear in mind that when you
use the reception of transcription there is always an element of transliteration.
Summing up everything said in the notes to the table, we can conclude that elements
in the transliteration of transcription found in the following:
* transliteration of unutterable sounds
* transliteration of reduced vowels
REFERENCES:
1. Festinger, Leon (ed.) 1964. Conflict, Decision and Dissonance. Stanford,
CA: Stanford University Press.
2. Foucault, Michel 1970. The order of discourse. In: Shapiro, Michael
Language and Politics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
3. Gile, Daniel 1997. Conference Interpreting as a Cognitive Management
Problem. In: Danks & al., pp 196-214.
4. Gran, Laura 1998. In-Training Development of Interpreting Strategies and
Creativity. In Bylard-Ozeroff &al. (1998).