ЎЗБЕКИСТОН
ҚОНУНЧИЛИГИ
ТАҲЛИЛИ
♦
UZBEK LAW REVIEW
♦
ОБЗОР
ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА
УЗБЕКИСТАНА
2020
№
1
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ЎЗБЕКИСТОН
ҚОНУНЧИЛИГИ
ТАҲЛИЛИ
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UZBEK LAW REVIEW
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A.Isakulov,
TSUL Researcher
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN INTERNATIONAL
ARBITRATION: MYTH OR REALITY?
Abstract:
We are in the midst of the fourth industrial
revolution. We are seeing technology shift its identity:
where it was previously used by us as a blunt instrument,
it now replaces us, simply waiting for the correct instruc-
tions. This is why we hear about “disruptive” tech. When
artificial intelligence has the power to perform relatively
sophisticated lawyerly skills, we know it will become per-
vasive, but we think it’s time to put to bed those conspira-
cy theories about “robo-lawyers”; Artificial intelligence is
the reality to be embraced – the only future.
Accordingly, this article will try to argue about the pre-
sent potential use of artificial intelligence, namely in Inter-
national Arbitration and will examine pros and cons that
the arbitration community might get from implementing
artificial intelligence in their day to day course of work. The
article will also question the challenges that the arbitration
community might face due to such innovative approach
and equally the benefits it could achieve from it.
Keywords:
Artificial intelligence, digitalization, arbitra-
tion, risks, benefits, publication of awards, cost efficiency,
intelligent data.
Аннотация
:
Данная
статья
направлена
на
выявле
-
ние
ныне
существующих
призывов
в
области
между
-
народного
арбитража
,
связанных
с
возможной
импле
-
ментацией
искусственного
интеллекта
в
процесс
рас
-
смотрения
споров
,
разработки
и
подачи
необходимых
документов
,
включая
свидетельские
показания
и
экс
-
пертные
заключения
,
а
также
в
процесс
выбора
арбит
-
ров
на
основе
анализа
посредством
микро
данных
и
цифровизации
публично
доступных
решений
между
-
народных
арбитражных
судов
.
Ключевые
слова
:
искусственный
интеллект
,
циф
-
ровизация
,
арбитраж
,
риски
,
преимущества
,
публика
-
ция
арбитражных
решений
,
эффективность
затрат
,
умные
данные
.
Аннотация
:
Ушбу
мақола
сунъий
интеллектнинг
халқаро
арбитраж
соҳасида
эҳтимолий
қўлланилиши
билан
боғлиқ
бўлган
,
хусусан
,
низоларни
кўриб
чиқиш
жараёни
,
тешигли
ҳужжатларни
,
шу
жумладан
гувохлик
кўрсатмалари
ва
эксперт
хулосаларини
ишлаб
чиқиш
ва
уларни
тақдим
этиш
,
шунингдек
оммага
очиқ
бўлган
халқаро
арбитраж
судлари
қарорларининг
микро
маълумотлар
ҳамда
рақамлаштириш
асосида
ўтказиладиган
таҳлили
ёрдамида
арбитрларни
тайинлашга
алокадор
бўлган
долзарб
мауаммоларни
ўрганишга
қаратилган
.
Калит
сўзлар
:
суньий
интеллект
,
рақамлаштириш
,
арбитраж
,
ижобий
ва
салбий
жиҳатлар
,
халқаро
арбитраж
судлари
карорларининг
очиқ
оммага
такдим
этилиши
,
харажатларнинг
самарадорлиги
,
аклли
маълумотлар
.
I. Is it real in International Arbitration?
While people seemingly never tire of shouting about
artificial intelligence, the granular, real-world applications
can sometimes go missing in their commentary. All we
need to know to understand artificial intelligence is that it
contributes to software which can search and interpret
documents, perform accurate risk assessments, sharpen
the interpretation of documents based on precedent, and
draft contracts and legal opinions.
In that vein, in the last few years, the international arbi-
tration community has started to engage in discussions on
the digital transformation of dispute resolution and
on artificial intelligence. Scholars and arbitration practi-
tioners have been speculating on how artificial intelligence
might be used in arbitral proceedings and the potential
impact it might have on the arbitral process from an ad-
ministration of justice perspective.
So far, these discussions have almost exclusively fo-
cused on the (immediate and distant) future rather than
the present. Very little has been said about the current
state of affairs of artificial intelligence tools used in interna-
tional arbitration.
The world is undergoing a technological revolution that
will dwarf the industrial revolution and will disrupt virtually
every aspect of our business and personal lives, including
the manner in which disputes arise and are resolved. The
centerpiece of the current stage of the technological revo-
lution is artificial intelligence, which will affect the manner
in which:
• Business is conducted (including block chain, and
other disruptive technologies);
• Transactions are entered into (including smart con-
tracts, bitcoin and other distributive mechanisms);
• Disputes are raised and resolved.
In these days of rising concerns about the resources
and time it takes to decide disputes, artificial intelligence
has the potential not only to reduce the time and cost of
resolving disputes, but by increasing predictability and
reducing risk, also to discourage unmeritorious claims and
to create incentives to settle early.
However, at the same time, concerns are raised about
the impact that artificial intelligence will have on decision
making and access to justice depending on who has ac-
cess to its benefits, the transparency of, and control over,
the arbitral data and algorithms, including publication of
awards and potential risks to confidentiality and personal
data protection, to name a few.
The debate over how artificial intelligence is imple-
mented in international arbitrations raises some of the
same concerns as the wider debate over the benefits ver-
sus the risks of transparency versus confidentiality gener-
ally and of award publication specifically, but the opportu-
nities created by the widespread application of artificial
intelligence to international arbitration will bring this ten-
sion to the fore in new and challenging ways.
But What Do We Exactly Mean by Artificial Intelli-
gence? Artificial intelligence, or “AI,” is the term coined to
describe the general process whereby large amounts of
data are combined with powerful iterative data processing
systems and intelligent algorithms, thereby enabling the
software to learn automatically from patterns or features in
the data. The term artificial intelligence is often used
loosely, and encompasses many subjects including ma-
chine learning, deep learning, neural pathways, BOTs,
cognitive computing, and natural language processing, but
it is the software’s ability to learn automatically from pat-
terns or features in the data that makes it “intelligent.”
At its current stage of development, the efficacy of arti-
ficial intelligence is highly dependent on the quality of the
data processed and the algorithm applied, which depend-
encies are key to understanding both the potential benefits
and risks from applying artificial intelligence to internation-
al arbitration. With digitalization, virtually every piece of
information addressed in a typical arbitration exists in a
ЎЗБЕКИСТОН
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digital form. This is true of the communications between
the parties; between the parties and the institution; among
the arbitrators and/or the institution; the evidence (includ-
ing email communications); the names and details of ex-
pert and fact witnesses and their testimony, the transcript,
the communications among the arbitrators, draft awards,
etc.
The settlement of disputes by robots is undoubtedly
one of the greatest causes of concern. There are systems
that claim to provide solutions to lawsuits, such as the
Siarelis robot, implemented by the Colombian govern-
ment’s Superintendencia de Sociedades de Colombia for
the resolution of corporate disputes. This system, in the
words of that authority, makes a number of questions to
the judge and to his team on the merits of the case to be
resolved and automatically gives them its opinion. Besides
telling them whether or not they should accept the claim-
ant’s petitions, it also shows them the most relevant judg-
ments for similar past judgments.
II. Risks and Benefits.
For the time being, this robot acts as a guide for the
judge, but it is not beyond belief that in the near future it
will dislodge the judge completely and that the same will
happen with international arbitrators. One of the hefty ob-
stacles to this happening, however, lies in the fact that the
decisions these systems produce, even though they may
be correct, are not founded. In other words, the robot
simply decides but does not explain the reasons for its
conclusion, in understandable language, which is unac-
ceptable in all judicial systems.
This is because people need to know the reasons why
their case was decided one way or another, especially if
the decision finds against them, because this is the only
way they may challenge that decision, if there is any room
for doing so.
Another barrier to robot arbitrators coming into use is
that, in principle, machines do not have feelings, empathy,
or any idea of justice that goes beyond the processed data
and precedents. This may lead to our having correct but
unfair decisions.
And moreover, we cannot forget that justice is not a
simple algorithm, it is a real human virtue, which to be put
into practice needs a complex analysis of the situations
and circumstances surrounding a specific case as well as
of the facts and application of the law, to be able to strike
a balance at the company. So, for the time being, the like-
lihood of a robot being able to exercise a virtue of this
kind, and to do away with human input completely in the
resolution of a dispute appears to be remote.
The main use of artificial intelligence in arbitration to-
day is to review increasingly vast amounts of digital arbi-
tral micro-data held by parties and their counsel in order to
determine what is relevant to the case and then to analyze
that data and present it in a more effective manner. This
use of artificial intelligence to process arbitral micro-data
has, and will increasingly, help to correct the cost and time
problem created by the digital data at issue in complex
disputes today – hence, as is often the case, technology
may eventually help solve the problem it largely created
because of digitization. But the gateway to having these
benefits is having access to the systems, the data, and the
ability and processing power to use them.
Looking forward, one new frontier contemplates ex-
panding the use of artificial intelligence to analyze arbitral
awards to undertake actual legal reasoning and to provide
reasoned advice about how companies and legal argu-
ments have fared in the past, how arbitrators have decid-
ed issues, and how damages have been approached. This
means that, for example, artificial intelligence offers the
potential of predicting results in advance including, for
example:
• Chances of success generally, and with a particular
decision maker;
• Likely range of damages generally, and with a specif-
ic decision maker;
• Timing to decision before a particular institution, and
before a particular decision maker;
• Likely costs to be incurred;
• Likely range of a cost award generally, and with a
particular decision maker;
• Facts about opposing counsel, including their experi-
ence in particular matters and before particular decision
makers.
When they come to fruition, the common benefit in all
of these more advanced uses of artificial intelligence to
predict results in arbitration is that they will reduce the
uncertainty inherent in any dispute resolution process.
While there are obviously other non-economic factors at
play in disputes, reducing the uncertainty about the out-
come will both reduce the pursuit of unmeritorious claims
and allow disputes to be settled more quickly when they
do arise, with the consequent positive economic and so-
cial impact. When arbitration ensues, artificial intelligence
also holds out the promise of changing the way that cases
are prepared, including, among other things, enabling par-
ties to:
• Pick arbitrators based on likely results;
• Make arguments that are more likely to be successful
with those arbitrators;
• Reduce the time and cost of legal research and data
analytics, and
• Plan more realistic budgets, among many other
things.
One of the hallmarks of international commercial arbi-
tration is that arbitral awards in commercial cases are not
published. In contrast, in investor-state arbitration before
the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment
Disputes (ICSID), maritime arbitration by the Society of
Maritime Arbitrators (SMA), and sports arbitration by the
Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), unredacted awards
are published in many instances.
This means that, while full unredacted awards would
obviously be preferable for artificial intelligence, data pro-
tection and other concerns may favor redaction of person-
al data. However, even if the names of the parties and any
individuals were omitted, the predictive ability of artificial
intelligence would be greatly enhanced if awards were
available including the full reasoning and the names of the
arbitrator(s), counsel, and experts, who typically could give
their permission in advance to disclosure.
Of course, parties would have to be able to refuse pub-
lication, and public access to awards including arbitrator
names raises many other issues, including the potential
for increasing the time and cost of award drafting, issue
conflict creeping into commercial arbitration, procedural
paranoia increasing and impacting the written product, and
further risks of unintentional release of confidential infor-
mation and data protection concerns.
The lack of an easily accessible data set, decentralized
decision making, and other characteristics of international
arbitration may increase the upfront and on-going costs
and time required to use artificial intelligence to predict
outcomes in international arbitration. This may slow the
ЎЗБЕКИСТОН
ҚОНУНЧИЛИГИ
ТАҲЛИЛИ
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UZBEK LAW REVIEW
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ОБЗОР
ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА
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adoption rate for artificial intelligence for international arbi-
tration as service providers grapple with these issues,
making it less accurate at least at the outset, and more
expensive.
III. Conclusion.
Whether we like it or not, artificial intelligence is going
to play a major role in international arbitration in the near
future. The amounts at issue are too high and the benefits
from artificial intelligence too great to avoid it.
As it has significant potential benefits for international
arbitration, but as members of the international arbitration
community and as consumers of legal services through
the prism of international arbitration we must ask our-
selves for whom, at what cost, and how this might impact
international arbitration more generally in ways that may
not be obvious.
Leaving aside whether artificial intelligence may re-
place us further down the line, we would now be taking the
wrong track by failing to appreciate the advantages and
facilities that this technology offers, especially since the
developments described bring enhanced efficiency and
transparency to international arbitration, which is certainly
more than welcome.
References:
1. Kevin D. Ashley, Artificial Intelligence and Legal
Analytics: New Tools for Law Practice in the Digital Age
(2017) (detailed technical discussion of the application of
artificial intelligence to legal practice) (hereafter “Ashley”);
Richard Susskind, Tomorrow’s Lawyers: An Introduction to
Your Future (2d ed. 2017).
2. Andreas M Antonopoulos and Gavin Wood, Mas-
tering Ethereum: Building Smart Contracts and Dapps
(2018); Jeff Read, Smart Contracts: The Essential Guide
to Using Blockchain Smart Contracts for Cryptocurrency
Exchange (2016).
3. Hutson M., Artificial Intelligence Prevails at Predict-
ing Supreme Court decisions, Science Magazine (May 2,
2017).
4. Arbitrator
Intelligence
at
www.ArbitratorIntelligence.org and in this issue see, Cath-
erine Rogers, Arbitrator Intelligence: From Intuition to Data
in Arbitrator Appointments, N.Y. Disp. Resol. Law. Vol. 11,
Issue 1 (2018).
Ф
.
Б
.
Зайнобиддинова
,
Жаҳон
иқтисодиёти
ва
дипломатия
университети
докторанти
ЎЗБЕКИСТОН
РЕСПУБЛИКАСИ
ҲУКУМАТИ
БИЛАН
ТУЗИЛАДИГАН
ИНВЕСТИЦИЯ
ШАРТНОМАСИНИНГ
ЎЗИГА
ХОС
ХУСУСИЯТЛАРИ
Аннотация
:
Мазкур
мақолада
мамлакатдаги
фаол
инвестициявий
муҳит
-
ташқи
савдо
фаолиятининг
2019
йил
якунлари
бўйича
келтирилган
маълумотлар
асосида
умумлаштирилди
ҳамда
Ўзбекистон
Республикаси
Ҳукумати
билан
тузиладиган
инвестиция
шартномасига
оид
масалалар
кўриб
чиқилди
.
Шунингдек
,
илмий
ишда
мазкур
турдаги
инвестиция
шартномасининг
ўзига
хос
хусусиятлари
Ўзбекистон
Республикасининг
“
Инвестициялар
ва
инвестициявий
фаолият
тўғрисида
”
ги
Қонун
нормалари
асосида
таҳлил
қилинди
.
Калит
сўзлар
:
инвестиция
,
инвестиция
лойиҳаси
,
қўшимча
кафолатлар
ва
қўллаб
-
қувватлаш
чоралари
,
Ўзбекистон
Республикаси
Ҳукумати
билан
тузиладиган
инвестиция
шартномаси
.
Abastract:
This article, based on the data on the for-
eign trade activity of Uzbekistan for 2019, summarizes the
state of the investment climate in the country and consid-
ers the issues of the Investment Agreement with the Gov-
ernment of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Besides, the scien-
tific work analyses the features of this type of investment
agreement by the norms of the Law of the Republic of
Uzbekistan “About investments and investment activities".
Keywords:
investment, investment project, additional
guarantees and support measures, Investment agreement
with the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Аннотация
:
В
данной
статье
,
на
основе
с
данными
о
внешнеторговой
деятельности
Узбекистана
за
2019
год
,
обобщается
состояние
инвестиционного
климата
в
стране
и
рассматривается
вопросы
Инвестиционного
договора
с
Правительством
Республики
Узбекистан
.
Также
,
в
научной
работе
были
проанализированы
особенности
инвестиционного
договора
в
соответствии
с
нормами
Закона
Республики
Узбекистан
«
Об
инвестициях
и
инвестиционной
деятельности
».
Ключевые
слова
:
инвестиция
,
инвестиционный
проект
,
дополнительные
гарантии
и
меры
поддержки
,
Инвестиционный
договор
с
Правительством
Республики
Узбекистан
.
Халқаро
иқтисодий
муносабатлардаги
глобаллашув
ва
Ўзбекистон
Республикасининг
жаҳон
савдо
айланмасига
интеграциялашуви
–
мамлакат
иқтисодиётида
инвестициялар
,
хусусан
хорижий
сармояларга
бўлган
эътиборни
кучайтиради
.
Ўз
навбатида
,
инвестициялар
ҳисобига
ишлаб
чиқаришлар
техник
ва
технологик
жиҳатдан
қайта
янгиланади
,
стратегик
ва
муҳим
аҳамиятга
эга
бўлган
инвестиция
лойиҳаларини
амалга
ошириш
орқали
эса
иқтисодиётни
ривожлантириш
,
аҳоли
бандлиги
,
уларнинг
турмуш
даражаси
ва
сифати
оширилишга
эришиш
,
мумкин
бўлади
.
Жорий
йилнинг
15
январь
куни
Ўзбекистон
Республикаси
Президенти
Шавкат
Мирзиёев
раислигида
экспорт
,
инвестиция
ва
маҳаллийлаштиришни
кенгайтириш
масалаларига
бағишланган
видеоселектор
йиғилишида
ҳам
ушбу
