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DETERMINATION OF QUALITY INDICATORS OF
GRAINED COTTON AND FIBER AND REQUIREMENTS
APPLIED TO THEM.
Qabulov Ibrahim Mamatkul oglu
Abdujabborova Madina Zakir qizi
Gulistan State University.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15104514
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Qabul qilindi:7-mart 2025 yil
Ma’qullandi:18-mart 2025 yil
Nashr qilindi: 29-mart 2025 yil
This article is about determining the quality indicators
of cotton seeds and fiber and what requirements are
placed on them, which should be used today based on
modern technologies and the correct use of continuous
methodology, including the essence of the article is to
determine the level of development and maturation of
the fiber.
KEY WORDS
Crushed, Impurities, damaged
fibers, Fungi, Mechanical, Pectic
substances, Cellulose, Oil, Waxy
substances.
The cotton delivered to the cotton mill contains a large amount of various foreign impurities.
Before the cotton is processed, it is cleaned. If we take a certain amount of cotton sample, we
will see that in addition to the normally ripened fibers, there are also fibers mixed with a lot of
wood and defective ones. Such defects are biological and mechanical, and they appear during
the growth and development of cotton, during the initial processing of cotton in cotton mills,
and sometimes during the extraction of yarn from cotton in a spinning mill. If there are many
such defects, the value of cotton decreases, and its quality deteriorates, it is more likely to
break during the spinning and weaving processes, as a result of which the productivity of
machines decreases.
The main characteristics of cotton - the fibers and defects are as follows:
Impurities –
Crushed leaves, stalks, cotton buds, etc. are stuck to the fibers and are very
difficult to remove.
Fibrous dead
– A mixture of broken fibers, crushed chaff, and immature seeds with varying
degrees of fluffiness resulting from cotton ginning.
Diseased and damaged fibers -
It can occur when the cotton plant is infected (biological
defect) and during processing of cotton in cotton mills and spinning mills (mechanical defect).
Ground flaxseed
(seed flakes - formed during the initial processing of cotton. They can be
further crushed and turn into husks on which the fibers are stuck. This defect is the most
harmful defect for spinning mills and can also occur in spun yarn.
The skins with the fibers stuck to them -
It is considered a harmful defect and is formed
during the initial processing of cotton as a result of the crushing of seeds, in the ginning and
winnowing machines. They adhere tightly to the fiber and are very difficult to separate.
Therefore, it is necessary to identify the causes of such defects and reduce them.
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Most of these defects are mainly formed during the initial processing of cotton, so improving
the performance of cotton ginning plants is of great importance in delivering fiber with fewer
such defects.
The results of scientific research conducted by scientists show that cotton is already
susceptible to diseases and damage from the bollworm during its growth and maturation.
Fungi and bacteria have also been found to severely damage cotton fiber. Cotton fiber is also
damaged during the picking, transportation, storage, and processing of cotton.
According to the results of scientific research, biological and mechanical damage to cotton
fiber reduces its strength to a certain extent, depending on the degree of biological damage to
the fibers, by 15-68%, and by 12-70%, depending on the degree of mechanical damage.
If the fiber is biologically damaged, its cross-sectional area is determined using the following
formula:
В
2 0
– Т
2
F
ор
=--------------
K
0
Where V0 is the cross-sectional width of the fiber under consideration;
K0 is the calculation coefficient indicating the residual thickness of the fiber wall;
T2 is the correction coefficient.
If the fiber is mechanically damaged, its cross-sectional area is found using the following
formula:
m
mя
P
K
B
F
g
j
m
=
2
2
where V is the width of the undamaged section of the fiber.
Kmya is a coefficient indicating the amount of cellulose cells collected in the inner layers of
the fiber.
j
- correction coefficient.
g
m
- coefficient for calculating the undamaged cross-sectional area of the fiber.
Cotton fiber is a very common product among the fibers of the textile industry. It is a very
elongated cell of the epidermis of the seed coat, and each fiber, considered a hair, consists of a
single cell.
The chemical composition of cotton fiber is as follows:
Cellulose - 97.-98.5%
Pectin substances - 0.8-1.0%
Oil, waxy substances -0.3-1.0%
Nitrogen and proteins -0.2-0.3% and other substances.
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During the flowering period, the process of fiber formation begins. By this time, some cells of
the upper epidermis of the seed begin to grow lengthwise. Fibers grow from the active cells of
the outer epidermis of the ovule. Active cells that turn into fibers appear on the surface of the
ovule at different times. Therefore, they are not evenly distributed on the surface of the ovule
and their development is also different.
The development of cotton fiber mainly consists of two periods. Each period lasts 25-30 days
under favorable conditions. In the first period, the fiber grows mainly in length and reaches
the length characteristic of the cotton variety. The main fiber reaches half of its actual length
within 15 days of this period, and the growth of the fiber in length almost stops in the first
period.
In the second stage, the inner cellulose layers of the fiber appear and the fiber begins to ripen.
The process of forming the cellulose layer can last up to 50 days.
The degree of ripeness of the fiber is usually determined by the thickness of the cellulose layer
in it. The thickness of the cellulose layers can vary depending on the cotton variety and its
growing conditions. The more cellulose accumulates in the fiber, the better the fiber is. After
the boll is opened, the fiber dries, its walls take on a ribbon-like shape, and it
Curling is formed. The higher the degree of maturity of the fiber, the more curled it becomes.
As the cotton fiber ripens, its outer diameter increases relative to its inner diameter, and it is
called the ripening coefficient.
If the cotton fiber is not fully ripe (dead fiber), its walls are very thin and resemble long tubes.
Such a fiber is very uneven and hollow, it is impossible to get high-quality yarn from it, and it
does not take dye well. The wall of such a fiber consists of only one layer - the cuticle, and the
cuticle contains a lot of oily-waxy substances, and very little cell-cellulose. Dead fibers consist
of shiny, delicate layers that stick together.(Figure 1.1)
Figure 1.1)
When dead fibers are examined under a microscope, they look like crushed and distorted
pieces of paper, and their walls are very thin.
After the boll opens, the fiber stops developing, the protoplasm in the fiber channel begins to
dry out along with the seed and boll. Under the influence of these processes, the cotton fiber
flattens slightly, takes on a ribbon-like shape and begins to twist around its axis. As a result of
the twisting of the refined fiber 50-80 times for every 10 mm of length, its total length is
reduced to 1-1.5 mm. The refined fiber is shiny, while the raw ones are not shiny. In cultivated
varieties, the length of the fiber is 31-40 mm, and its cross-section is 15-25 μm (Figure 1.2)
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(Figure 1.2)
The seed together with its fibers is called cotton with seeds or lint.
Long fibers (improved) make up 30-40% of the lint mass, short fibers-fluffs make up 3-4%,
and the seed itself makes up 56-57%.
In a normally developed boll, some fibers or lint may be poorly developed. The ungerminated
ovule and the fiber that grows from it quickly stop growing and die. As a result, when the dead
ovule dries, the cotton takes the form of a short-fiber nodule, which is usually called a small
deadhead. As a result of the failure of the fertilized ovules to develop, a large deadhead occurs.
The occurrence of small and large dead bolls depends on the location of the bolls in the cotton
plant, plant nutrition, timely and high-quality agrotechnical measures, and the incidence of
cotton with various diseases (especially wilt). In most cases, the amount of dead cotton in the
cotton crop (by weight) is less than one percent. In terms of total seeds, the amount can range
from a few percent to 20-30%.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it should be said that teaching technical subjects based on technology is very
important today, because it is very important to create scientific areas by linking innovative
development to the field of education and applying its essence to the whole society.
The implementation of the unified education policy implemented in our country in the regions
shows the need for effective development of innovative components of the higher education
system and ensuring competitiveness in the educational services market. A cluster is a form of
integration of interconnected enterprises, which allows increasing the competitiveness of the
regional economy.
References:
1.
Qabulov, I. va Yo‘ldosheva, D. (2023). QABUL QILGAN PAXTANING NOSOQLIGI VA
NAMLIGINI ANIQLASH VA TAYYORLASH PUNCHOTIDA SAQLANGAN PAXTA SIFATINI
NAZORAT ETISh. Amaliy fan va texnologiya xalqaro byulleteni, 3(6), 745-748.
2.
Jo'lbekov, I., Ungarov, A., Umrzoqova, I., & Adhamov, A. (2023). TEXNOLOGIYANI
TAKMULLANISHNI TAKILISH ... Eurasian Journal of Technology and Innovation, 1(6), 89-93.
3.
Rahmatov O., Julbekov I. S., Kabulov I. M. Qovunni IR-nurlanish bilan quritish uchun
quritish moslamasini eksperimental o'rganish //E3S Web of Conferences. – EDP fanlari, 2023.
– jild. 443. – B. 02005.
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YANGI O'ZBEKISTON ILMIY
TADQIQOTLAR JURNALI
www.in-academy.uz
2-JILD 3-SON,2-QISM (YOʻITJ)
4.
Maxmudov I., Yo'ldosheva D. 2015. Eurasian Journal of Technology and Innovation. –
2023. – V. 1. – 6-son 2-qism. – B. 110-113.
