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THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTORICAL TOPONYMS IN DETERMINING THE
GEOGRAPHY OF DISTRIBUTION OF UZBEKISTAN AND KYRGYZ PEOPLE IN
THE FERGHANA VALLEY
Usmonaliev Isroiljon Ibrokhimjon ugli
Teacher of Namangan state university
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14683720
Annotation:
This article provides a detailed description of the distribution of uzbek and
kyrgyz peoples in the Ferghana Valley, their lifestyle, interpretations of toponyms in these
regions, and toponyms associated with settlements in the Fergana Valley.
Keywords:
valley, region, people, livestock, sedentary peasant, economy, historical and
geographical area, ethnocultural, trade, nation, settlements.
FARG‘ONA VODIYSIDA O‘ZBEK VA QIRG‘IZ XALQLARINING TARQALISH
GEOGRAFIYASINI ANIQLASHDA TARIXIY TOPONIMLARNING AHAMIYATI
Usmonaliyev Isroiljon Ibrohimjon o‘g‘li
Namangan davlat universiteti o‘qituvchisi
Annotatsiya:
Mazkur maqolada o‘zbek, qirg‘iz xalqlarining Farg‘ona vodiysida
tarqalishida, ularning turmush tarzi, mazkur hududlarda toponimlarning sharhlari, Farg‘ona
vodiysi aholi maskanlari bilan bog‘liq toponimlar haqida batafsil yoritilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar:
vodiy, mintaqa, xalq, chorvachilik, o‘troq dehqon, xo‘jalik, tarixiy-geografik
hudud, etnomadaniy, savdo-sotiq, millat, aholi maskanlari.
ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ИСТОРИЧЕСКИХ ТОПОНИМОВ В ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИИ ГЕОГРАФИИ
РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ УЗБЕКОВ И КЫРГЫЗОВ В ФЕРГАНСКОЙ ДОЛИНЕ
Усмоналиев Исроилжон Ибрoхимжон углы
Преподаватель Наманганского государственного университета
Аннотация:
В статье дается подробное описание распространения узбекского и
кыргызского народов в Ферганской долине, их образа жизни, трактовки топонимов этих
регионов, а также топонимов, связанных с населенными пунктами Ферганской долины.
Ключевые слова:
долина, регион, люди, скот, оседлый крестьянин, хозяйство,
историко-географический регион, этнокультурный, торговля, нация, поселения.
The Ferghana Valley, like many regions of Central Asia, has served as a place for peoples
speaking different languages for many centuries. At the same time, the population of the valley,
consisting mainly of sedentary farmers and partly nomadic pastoralists, differs from other
regions of the region as a historical and geographical area. The Ferghana Valley, neighboring
the historical and geographical areas of the Seven Waters region such as Talas and Narin to the
north and northeast, Choch to the west, and Khujand and Ustrushona (Uratepa, Jizzakh) to the
south and southwest, did not have significant differences from them in terms of economic life,
household lifestyle and culture. In this regard, it is noticeable that the Fergana Valley was in
close ethnocultural ties with the population of such historical and geographical areas as
Kashkar (East Turkestan) and Northern Tokharistan, which are geographically somewhat close
to it.
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As in ancient times and the early Middle Ages, the migration processes that took place in
the region in the late Middle Ages were reflected in the formation of the current local population
of the Ferghana Valley, which was also reflected in the fact that the population of the valley in
the late 19th and early 20th centuries consisted of different peoples. According to various
written sources of this period - mainly historical and artistic works related to the
historiography of the Kokand Khanate, the notes of Russian and other foreign authors such as
travelers and ambassadors, as well as statistical and historical data collected at the beginning
of the last century [1], the local population of the Fergana Valley consisted mainly of Uzbeks
(the population was called by various clan names such as sart, turk, yuz, kipchak, and ming),
tadjiks, kyrgyz, uyghurs, and karakalpaks.[2]
Among them can be added the Kazakhs, who formed a small part of the population of the
Ferghana and Namangan regions in the valley. Also living in the valley during this period,
although in minority, were Jews (“Bukhara Jews”), Dungans (Muslim Chinese) [3], Indians, and
Gypsies, many of whom were engaged in trade and lived in the valley for a certain period.
Among the local population of the Fergana Valley, after the uzbeks, the tadjiks, kyrgyz and
uyghurs made up a large number of them, and among them the Tajiks had their own several
cities and hundreds of villages in almost all regions of the region. In the late Middle Ages, a
significant part of the thousands of place names in the valley were tadjik, and a significant part
of them were inhabited by tadjik-speaking people, while a significant part was inhabited by
Turkic-speaking people such as uzbeks, kyrgyz and uyghurs. That is, statistical and historical
materials from the beginning of the 20th century show that no matter how Tajik the name of a
settlement was, the population living in it was clearly the Turkic population listed above.
Interestingly, just as Tajik speakers lived in a settlement with a purely Turkic name, Afrim, it
was found that, on the contrary, villages with purely Tajik names were inhabited by Turkic
people. For example, the population of the village of Karasuv near the city of Margilan was Tajik,
the nearby village of Varzak [4] was inhabited by Kyrgyz, and the village of Khamrak near this
village was inhabited by Uzbeks.
In turn, the above situation can be explained by several factors. First, migration processes
caused by various socio-political events, natural phenomena such as flooding or, conversely,
the drying up of water sources, earthquakes, etc., wars and conflicts, and the assimilation of
others by ethnic groups that were numerically in the majority led to the emergence of such
situations. On the other hand, the draining of swamps, the development of new lands as a result
of the digging of water networks - rivers and canals, and the allocation of special border lands
by khans also led to certain changes in the toponymy of the valley.
Also, one of the main factors in the increase in the number of toponyms associated with
the settlements of the Ferghana Valley in the late Middle Ages was the settlement of numerous
nomadic Uzbek and Kyrgyz, and partly Karakalpak tribes, which led to major changes in place
names in the valley, especially in historical toponymy. Also, the Uyghurs who migrated from
East Turkestan in the mid-17th–19th centuries played a significant role in such changes in the
historical toponymy of the valley.[5]
In the late Middle Ages, a significant part of the population of the Fergana Valley was made
up of Tajik-speaking people, who, in addition to being called the ethnic term “Tajik”, were also
called “matchoi” and “karategini” in the sense of a territorial group. It should be noted here that,
unlike the Turkic peoples, the Tajiks have almost no tradition of division into clans and tribes,
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and since they have a stronger principle of naming based on territorial divisions, historical
toponyms based on Tajik are almost absent in the Fergana Valley, as in other regions of Central
Asia.
Until the beginning of the 20th century, the terms "matchoyi" and "qarategini" were used
as a general name for the mountainous Tajiks of the Matcho (Mastchoh - Uratepa) and Pamir -
Aloy mountains in the Turkestan mountain ranges during the Kokand Khanate, and later
toponyms were also created based on these terms. For example, there is a village called
Matchoyi in the Bo'z (Bo'ston) district of Andijan region, where the descendants of Tajiks who
migrated from Matcho lived.[6] As discussed in more detail below, the term “galcha” was used
to refer to the Karategini, and two villages in the Beshariq district of Fergana region were
named after this name. Also in the Uchkuprik district, toponyms such as Galcha, a stream near
the city of Kokand, Galchasoy, refer to the mountainous Tajik population, mainly those who
migrated from Korategin, Darvoz, Badakhshan, and Kulob. [7]
In general, the majority of Tajiks, who are considered one of the ancient indigenous
peoples of the Fergana Valley, are descendants of the ancient inhabitants of this region, the
“Ferghani” (Parkana, Ferghana), while some are descendants of representatives of the
population who migrated to the valley due to various political realities in the Middle Ages. It
should be noted here that the Uzbeks (especially the urban population) and Tajiks, who make
up the majority of the population of the Fergana Valley, are direct descendants of the ancient
settled population of the region, the “Ferghanis”, who lived mainly in the cities and large
settlements of Margilan, Andijan, Namangan, Koson, Kuva, Pop, Chust, Rishton, Sokh, Isfara.
This situation was well preserved until the beginning of the 20th century, as can be seen in the
fact that the Tajik population constituted a certain majority in Koson (Kosonsoy), Chust,
Rishton, Sokh, and Isfara. Tajiks also lived alongside Uzbeks in a number of the above-
mentioned cities, large settlements, and the surrounding neighborhoods and villages.
References:
1.
Мирзо Олим Махдум Ҳожи. Тарихи Туркистон.... – Б. 29; Ибратул-ҳавоқин. – Б. 14.
2.
Губаева С. Этнический состав населения Ферганы в конце XIX – начало XX век. –
Ташкент, 1983. С. 52.
3.
Эргашев А. А. Андижон вилояти этнотопонимларининг ареал-ономастик тадқиқи....
– Б. 10.
4.
Губаева С. Этнический состав населения Ферганы в конце XIX – начало XX век... – С.
18–19.
5.
Толстова Л. С. Каракалпаки Ферганской долины... – С. 17–19.
6.
Эргашев А. А. Андижон вилояти этнотопонимларининг ареал-ономастик тадқиқи....
– Б. 10.
7.
Алиев А. Наманган топонимикасидан / Ўзбек тили ва адабиёти масалалари. –
Тошкент, 1968. – Б. 69.
