Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
13
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
Pages:
13-17
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.
471
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article highlights the evolutionary development of the change in morphological features of the eroded meadow
soils of the Ferghana Valley under the influence of anthropogenic factors.
KEYWORDS
Anthropogenic factor, morphology, evolutionary development, arzik, shokh, gypsum, carbonate, easily soluble salts.
INTRODUCTION
It is known that under the influence of extensive
irrigated farming activities of the anthropogenic
factor, soils have undergone extensive changes, and
their morphogenetic structure, as well as other
properties, has acquired a different appearance
compared to the appearance formed during the
stagnant period. Also, this process takes place in
different activity depending on the intensity of the
impact level.
In the researches on the genesis and gradual
development of soils formed in the region of Fergana
Valley during the past time, it was noted that these
soils are formed and developed under the influence of
specific factors [2,83-110 p, 4, 77 p.]. Now, an approach
Research Article
EVOLUTION OF OROSCHAEVYE SOILS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF
ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS
Submission Date:
December 01, 2023,
Accepted Date:
December 05, 2023,
Published Date:
December 10, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume03Issue12-03
U. Mirzaev
Associate Professor Department Of Soil Science Fergana State University, Uzbekistan
M. Quldasheva
Andijan Institute Of Agriculture And Agrotechnology Uzbekistan
B. Umarkulova
Fergana Polytechnic Institute Uzbekistan
Gulomjon Yuldashev
Professor Department Of Soil Science Fergana State University Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajahi
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
14
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
Pages:
13-17
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.
471
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
with sufficient emphasis on the leading influence of the
anthropogenic factor in the changes in the cross-
section of soils may allow to further illuminate the
process of their gradual development.
It is known that the study of the process of gradual
development of soils is an important problem in the
development of a system of collective measures to
determine the direction of changes occurring in their
cross-section and to solve many issues such as
preserving and increasing their productivity in the
future, improving land reclamation and rational use.
Research object and methods. The research object is
the meadow saz soils formed in the Fergana valley. The
method of placing the soil sections along the
geochemical-geographic section was used in the field
research. “Methodological recommendations” of the
Institute of Soil Science named after V.V. Dokuchaev
[3] were also used.
Research results. The maturity stage of soil formation
and development for a specific area is characterized by
its genetic layers within a certain soil type and its
specific properties and characteristics, as well as the
formation of a stable level of fertility.
The change in ecological conditions changes the
geochemical properties of the soil through it to the
stage of gradual development [5, 34-37 p] and as a
result the genetic layers in the soil section, its natural
properties and characteristics begin to change and
lead to an increase in the level of natural fertility.
Accordingly, the properties of the soil can be divided
into three groups, that is, “residual” properties
inherited from the parent rocks in the process of soil
formation, properties that appeared during the
development of the soil during the stagnant period of
the ecological environment, and finally, the properties
that appeared during the evolutionary development of
the soil.
Thus, the gradual development of soils is understood
as the change of already developed full-profile soils in
connection with the evolution of the entire natural
environment. In this case, one genetic type or type of
soil can pass to another genetic type or type. In the soil
profile, the features characteristic of the previous
stage of soil formation gradually fade or transform,
and new features are formed corresponding to the
new stage of soil formation.
V.V. Dokuchaev showed that during periods of
stagnation (climax) when the soil-forming factors are
in balance, changes in soil genetic horizons are weakly
expressed, and there are no systematic large changes
in the soil cover.
It is known that soil-forming factors are not equally
strong in some directions according to the degree of
influence, for example, they are divided into two
groups according to the geographical extent of their
influence.
The first group includes factors that affect large areas
of land on a wide geographical scale - climate,
organisms, and the age of the land. The regularity of
the geographical location of the groups of soil types,
which are sharply different from each other, depends
on the ratio of these factors. Soil-forming rocks,
topography, microclimate and human activity are the
second group of factors. These factors have varying
degrees of influence on smaller taxonomic units within
a soil type, the emergence of subtypes, soil
differences.
The balance between these factors was disturbed
under the influence of natural factors until the higher
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
15
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
Pages:
13-17
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.
471
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
stages of the development of social formations of
human society.
Ecological factors that have been in balance for
centuries have been disturbed by mechanical,
irrigation and similar extensive effects of man, and the
soil covers lying in a state of preservation have
undergone extensive changes. The influence of the
anthropogenic factor, especially in the meadow soils
formed in Central Fergana, is well visible in the
following directions:
1. Planning of uneven lands in nature reserve;
2. Irrigation of land, irrigation water supply, i.e. laying
of suspended muddy rocks;
3. Changing the water regime through the construction
of the collector-water system complex;
4. Integrated measures such as tillage systems,
replacement of natural vegetation by crops in crop
rotation systems, fertilization systems;
5. Brine leaching and similar hydromelioration and
agromelioration conditions.
6. Secondary salinization, increase in the density of the
driving layer;
7. Acceleration of the degumification process at the
initial stage on newly developed lands, etc;
The irrigated meadow soils of Central Fergana were
mainly developed after the 30s-50s of the last century,
among which the rich meadow saz soils separated by
type occupy a large area. This section of soils differs
from the section of grassy saz soils in the region by the
formation of specific layers, gypsum, clay, chalky,
gypsum-rich, clay-rich layers.
The cross-sectional structure and morphology of the
fertile soils differ sharply from other soils of the region.
In the cross-section of their soil and subsoil rocks, a
clear stratification of geochemical substances is
observed, which corresponds to the law of their
migration and accumulation. Nutrient soils contain
calcium and magnesium carbonates in the lower part
of the soil-soil section, gypsum and carbonates in the
middle part, and gypsum and water-soluble salts in the
upper part. Accumulation of these compounds in large
quantities has formed their own suitable layers - rich,
arzic, gypsum and saline layers, and in this regard, the
soil section of arzic soils has a three-layer or three-
tiered structure [1,42-83 p.].
At the end of the 70s of the last century, protected
arable soils were located in the north-western parts of
the Isfayram-Shahimardonsoy contiguous spreading
cones and in small areas within the irrigated lands of
the lake-proluvial plain and in salt marsh complexes of
sandy valleys (2, 83-110 p.). At present, almost all areas
with fertile soils have been brought under irrigated
agriculture. The eco-ameliorative status and structure
of the soil cross-section of the reclaimed rich soil lands
in the study area varied widely, depending on the
length of the irrigation period, the complex of applied
meliorative measures, the intensity of farming, etc.
Irrigation and other anthropogenic activities have
varied effects on the morphology and other properties
of fertile soils.
Within the comprehensive influence of the
anthropogenic factor, depending on the length of the
development period, as well as the applied system of
activities, the soil cross-section underwent extensive
changes.
According to M.A. Pankov [2, 84-85 p.], the above-
described soils undergo rapid changes as a result of
irrigation and a number of other activities from the first
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
16
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
Pages:
13-17
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.
471
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
stages of exploitation, and agro-irrigation humus
layers are formed in them under the influence of
sediments and processing of the surface (30 cm)
layers. started By the 70s of the last century, the cross-
sectional structure of these soils became the
appearance of cultivated oasis soils. By this time, the
changes in the structure of the soil cross-section mainly
moved towards the overcoming of the disturbed
balance factors under the influence of the
anthropogenic factor.
The rate of change has now slowed down, and is now
undergoing irrigation-induced changes that are more
rapid than those in conservation soils, but slower than
those in the early stages of development. The scale of
changes over the next 30-40 years is reflected in the
changes in the forms of some components in the cross-
sectional structure, their quantitative changes along
the cross-sectional layers, and again in the chemical
composition of the soil.
In particular, as a result of the research, strong
complexity appeared in the soils, depending on the
thickness of the soil layer and the depth of the gypsum
layer. It was mentioned above that the reason for this
is land leveling. The effect of irrigation on plaster forms
is clearly expressed. Gypsum layer consisting of fine
and small crystals of gypsum and their derivatives
(gypsum can also be amorphous), usually located near
the earth’s
surface. The size of the crystals increases in
the deep layers of the cross-section, they enter
rhombic, rhombohedral and coin-shaped forms. In
gypsum layers, the phenomenon of suffosis, which
indicates the washing of gypsum, is clearly expressed.
This phenomenon may increase over time.
A fine crystalline gypsum layer naturally contains a lot
of gypsum and is white in color. Irrigation water
moving from top to bottom in the process of irrigation
drains the soil mass with small particles from the
plowed layer into the gypsum layer and deposits them
in the spaces between the gypsum crystals. From the
gypsum layer, it partially melts the gypsum crystals and
washes the small crystals down. The longer the
duration of irrigation, the more clearly the result of this
process will appear. As a result of these processes, the
white gypsum layer has turned into a mixed layer of
fine rock-gypsum clay-soil with a cloudy gray color.
The arable layer of soils has become homogeneous
under the influence of irrigation, cultivation and other
activities. Gypsum and arzic wounds were partially
washed away, the remaining crystals became smaller in
size, mixed with the soil and became indistinguishable.
The amount of organic residue has also increased. As a
result, the roots penetrated the subsoil layer. They are
more abundant in the upper part of the layer and
sharply decrease towards the bottom. There are small
roots in the cracks between the pieces of the structure.
In this layer, the phenomenon of leaching of salts is
more strongly expressed. Cavities, waterways and
funnels are found in the area, formed by the washing
of plaster. They are filled with loose soil mass. Plant
roots are well developed in them. In the lower layers of
the sections, the results of the suffusion processes can
also be observed, but they are weakly expressed and
not everywhere.
Changes
are
also
clearly
visible
in
other
geomorphological districts, in particular, in the eastern
part of the valley, in the Shahrikhonsay influence zone.
Unlike the soils of Central Ferghana, here the soil
profile does not have separate complex structural
layers (rich or rich). But the scale of changes is
expressed by the increase in the level of soil cultivation,
the thickening of the humus layer, the lack of salinity
(absence of saline layers) or deepening of the soil. The
soils that were brought into the irrigated agriculture
circle were mainly due to the drained and leveled soils
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
17
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
Pages:
13-17
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
7.
471
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
as a result of the removal of waste from the places that
were located in the depressions in the past. This
situation is reflected in the preservation of humus
layers buried in more soils.
CONCLUSION
According to the above, in the course of the changes in
the soil of the research object, the anthropogenic
factor activates the stagnant period in the gradual
development of the soil, and actively changes other
factors (mother rock, relief, flora and fauna) without
being able to show the effect on some factors of soil
formation and development (climate, age of the
country). it acquires its uniqueness by appearing as a
controlling factor. Now, the movement of this factor in
the right directions can serve as a solution to all issues
related to soil in the region.
REFERENCES
1.
Kamilov O.K., Isakov V.Yu. Genesis and properties
of carbonated-gypsum soils of Central Fergana. -
Тashkent: Science. 1992.
-136 p.
2.
Isakov V.Yu., Mirzaev U.B. Properties of fertile soils
formed in Central Fergana and their changes under
the influence of human factors. - Tashkent.:
Science, 2009. -228 p.
3.
Recommendations for reclamation assessment,
development and use of gypsum-bearing soils for
irrigated agriculture. - Soil Institute named after.
V.V. Dokuchaeva. Moscow: 1979.
4.
Turdaliev A. Genesis, physico-chemical and
biogeochemical characteristics of the rich-horned,
horned-rich layers in the lands of Central Fergana.:
b.f.d. Dissertation abstract prepared for obtaining
a scientific degree. - Tashkent, 2016. - 77 p.
5.
Koziev R. Speed and nature of soil evolution. -
FarSU. Scientific news. 2015. No. 1. 34-37 p.
