Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
20
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
09
Pages:
20-24
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
METADATA
IF
–
5.625
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
Taking into account the properties of fertilizers and their interaction with the soil, creating favorable conditions for
plant nutrition and the most effective rates, methods, periods and ratios of fertilizer application for specific soil and
climate conditions. definition is important. Plants need all the nutrients to get a high and quality harvest. They are in
the form of organic and mineral compounds in the soil.
KEYWORDS
Iron-ion, potassium, calcium, magnesium, silicon, 0.3-0.4 % nitrogen, 0.3-0.6% potassium,
sodium,
magnesium, peat, fluorine, manure.
Research Article
PROPERTIES OF FERTILIZERS, THEIR EFFECT ON SHRUBS AND PLANTS
Submission Date:
September 10, 2022,
Accepted Date:
September 20, 2022,
Published Date:
September 30, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume02Issue09-05
Yo’ldosheva Dilrabo Shukrullaevna
Termez Institute of Agrotechnology and Innovative Development, Uzbekistan
Khafizova Matluba Kholmamatovna
Termez Institute of Agrotechnology and Innovative Development, Uzbekistan
Davlatova Jasmina Toychievna
Termez Institute of Agrotechnology and Innovative Development, Uzbekistan
Abdullayev Mukhtarjon Bobirovich
Termez Institute of Agrotechnology and Innovative Development, Uzbekistan
Mamarajabov Samandarbek Fakhriddinovich
Termez Institute of Agrotechnology and Innovative Development, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajahi
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
21
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
09
Pages:
20-24
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
METADATA
IF
–
5.625
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
INTRODUCTION
Taking into account the characteristics of fertilizers
and their interaction with the soil, it is important to
create favorable conditions for plant nutrition and to
determine the most effective rate, method, periods
and proportions of fertilizer application for specific soil
and climate conditions. is important. Plants need all the
nutrients to get a high and quality harvest. They are in
the form of organic and mineral compounds in the soil
. As a result of their decomposition (decay) and
mineralization, plants become absorbed. Nitrogen is
absorbed by plants in the form of ammonium (NH4)
cation, nitrogen anion or nitric acid (NO), phosphorus -
phosphates, and sulfur - sulfates. Potassium, calcium,
magnesium, silicon passes through the soil in the form
of ions, iron ions or complex compounds (states),
manganese, copper, zinc - cations, molybdenum and
boron - in the form of anions (molybdate and borate).
The amount of nutrients depends on the water and air
regime of the soil. The amount of acid ions in the soil
solution depends on moisture. Oxygen in the soil layer
ensures respiration through the roots and absorption
of nutrients. The direction of this process depends on
the climatic conditions. Fertilizers are available in
organic and mineral form. Organic fertilizers have been
used in agriculture since ancient times. The basis of
organic fertilizers is the remains of animal and plant
life. When they are mixed with the soil, they rot in the
presence of microorganisms and enrich the soil with
substances necessary for plants. It is known that plant
parts contain more than 85 macro and micronutrients.
Plant and animal remains also contain these
substances to a certain extent. Organic fertilizers
include: manure - animal waste. It contains all nutrients
necessary for the plant. Under the influence of organic
matter formed as a result of manure decay, the water-
physical properties of the soil (water permeability,
moisture capacity, heat capacity, density) and
biological properties improved.
Organic and mineral fertilizers.
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
22
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
09
Pages:
20-24
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
METADATA
IF
–
5.625
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
carbonic acid released when organic matter
decomposes , hard-to-assimilate compounds become
mobile. In addition, as a result of the enrichment of the
air at the soil level with carbon dioxide gas, the process
of photosynthesis in plants accelerates. Along with the
manure, a lot of microorganisms fall into the soil, with
their participation, plant absorption of nutrients
accelerates. The collection, amount and quality
(composition) of manure depends on the care of the
animals, the quality and composition of the fodder, the
type and age of the animal. 20-30 kg of cattle manure,
15-20 kg of horse manure , and 1.5-2.5 kg of sheep
manure are collected in one day. Manure collected in
farms should be stored in special places for a certain
period of time before putting it on the ground . If this
is done, the organic matter contained in the manure
will be decomposed, microbes that spread infectious
diseases will die, and the germination rate of weed
seeds will decrease sharply. According to the data, the
manure applied to each hectare of the field increases
the yield of plants in crop rotation by 1 centner at the
expense of grain . The amount of manure applied to 1
hectare of land is 20-30 tons, and it is sprinkled on the
field with the help of special devices before autumn
plowing. In some farms, manure is mixed with water
and given as "juice water" during the development of
cotton. When preparing compost (a mixture of various
organic residues), phosphorus fertilizer is also added,
and it is collected in a separate place (not a deep pit,
large-sized special devices) and covered with liquid
manure or water. Peat (undecayed remains of wetland
plants) usually added to manure and spread on the
field (before plowing) is beneficial. Poultry manure
contains more nutrients than manure. But the nitrogen
content evaporates quickly. Therefore, it should be
stored in a dry place covered with soil or peat. 2-4 tons
per hectare can be applied to the field. Green grass (
siderates ) is planted after the cultivated plants (peas,
plums, etc.) are well developed. As a result, the soil is
enriched with organic matter. Waste (wastewater)
residue (sewage, etc.) can be used as fertilizer after
drying in a special way. Industrial waste processing
agricultural products can also be used as fertilizer.
Liquid manure collected on livestock farms is a high-
quality and fast-acting organic fertilizer . It contains
0.3-0.4% nitrogen , 0.3-0.6% potassium. Liquid manure
can also be used to feed the plant during its
development. It is better to apply manure to vegetable
crops before plowing. Nutrients necessary for the
plant in the composition of mineral fertilizers are
obtained by a chemical method . Mineral fertilizers are
divided into the following depending on the saturated
environment that can be formed when placed in the
soil: a) from physiological sour fertilizers, the plant
rapidly absorbs the cation, and the anion passes into
the soil solution (ammonium sulfate, potassium
chloride, potassium sulfate, ammonium-nitrogen
fertilizer and urea); b) the plant absorbs anion from
physiological-alkaline fertilizers, and the cation
accumulates and alkalizes the soil environment
(sodium nitrate, potassium and calcium nitrates); d)
physiologically neutral fertilizers. The above -
mentioned properties of fertilizers are taken into
account in their use, taking into account the properties
and condition of the soil. For example, in chlorine-
saline soils, fertilizers without chlorine ions (potassium
sulfate) are needed, and in sulfate-saline soils, it is
necessary to apply potassium chloride fertilizer. The
effectiveness of mineral fertilizers depends on their
use in the appropriate period, rate and time. They are
usually applied to the field before planting, when the
seed is set in the soil , and during the growing season.
According to many years of experience, 20-30 tons/ha
of manure, 70-80% of the annual rate of phosphorus
fertilizers, and 50% of potash fertilizers are applied to
the field before autumn plowing. fit for purpose. If 25-
30% of nitrogen fertilizers are applied to the field when
cotton seeds are planted, the sprouts will develop
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
23
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
09
Pages:
20-24
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
METADATA
IF
–
5.625
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
rapidly. During the growing period of cotton, mineral
fertilizers (mainly nitrogenous and potassium, partially
phosphorous) are applied to the field to feed the plant.
The following must be taken into account.
demand of plants for nutrients during the main growth
periods , the order of development of plant roots, the
state of fertilizers in the soil. In the case of cotton, it is
better to apply mineral fertilizers to the soil in the
following order: 15-18 cm from the seedling when the
seedling produces 2-4 leaves , 20-22 cm from the
seedling during the pruning period, during flowering
and crop formation, it is placed 30-35 cm away from the
seedling and 3-5 cm deep from the bottom of the plant.
In recent years, new types of mineral fertilizers have
been created and imported from foreign countries.
Their use requires a unique differentiated approach in
each soil-climate condition. One of the important
requirements for the use of mineral fertilizers in
agriculture is that they should adequately satisfy the
nature of plants, as well as not spoil (pollute) the
quality of soil, stream and underground water. Since
most of the mineral fertilizers are soluble and mobile in
water, a certain part of the substance contained in
them pollutes wastewater and underground water. In
addition, if nitrogenous fertilizers are applied to the
soil in excess of the plant's biological requirements, the
amount of nitrogen in the content of the grown crop
(poly crops, wet fruits) will increase . The human div
that consumes it is poisoned. Therefore, it is necessary
to take into account non-pollution of human, animal
and plant life and the environment (flow and
underground water, soil) at the same time as mineral
fertilizers are used on a large scale. The use of mineral
fertilizers depends on the level of fertility of the soil,
the type of plants, and the amount of intended harvest
. According to the experiments carried out in different
regions of Uzbekistan, it is appropriate to give mineral
fertilizer in the following order. The optimal norm of
nitrogen fertilizers is 25-30% before sowing the seeds,
5-10% when the seeds are planted, the rest 2-3 times
Volume 02 Issue 09-2022
24
American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations
(ISSN
–
2771-2559)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
09
Pages:
20-24
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1290679216
METADATA
IF
–
5.625
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
during the growth period of the plants (the last feeding
in cotton is 10- It is better not later than July 15). 70-80%
of the optimal rate of phosphorus fertilizers is applied
before autumn plowing ( when the soil is treated
before sowing seeds in saline lands ), the rest during
seeding and during the flowering period of cotton
(nitrogen fertilizer is added to the dog). Potassium
fertilizers are optimally applied in the ratio of 50%
before plowing the field, 50% during the cotton
budding period (added to the nitrogenous fertilizer).
Fields planted with spike crops are fed 100% of
phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, 30% of nitrogen
fertilizers before plowing the land, and the rest in equal
amounts in early spring and at the beginning of the
tuber period.
Summary
Organic and mineral fertilizers.
Carbonic acid released when organic matter
decomposes , hard-to-assimilate compounds become
mobile. In addition, as a result of the enrichment of the
air at the soil level with carbon dioxide gas, the process
of photosynthesis in plants accelerates. Along with the
manure, a lot of microorganisms fall into the soil, with
their participation, plant absorption of nutrients
accelerates. The collection, amount and quality
(composition) of manure depends on the care of the
animals, the quality and composition of the fodder, the
type and age of the animal.
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