Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
25
American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology
(ISSN
–
2771-2745)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
Pages:
25-33
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.
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(2022:
5.
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(2023:
7.063
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OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article deals with the role of physics in the modern national economy, production and scientific system. A number
of issues are considered, such as physics, the subject of the school curriculum, the methodology of teaching physics,
the basics of professional training of a physics teacher, the content and tasks of the methodology of teaching physics,
the methodology for studying the methodology of teaching physics, the history of the development of methods of
teaching physics.
KEYWORDS
Pedagogy, professional training, pedagogical methods, lecture, laboratory classes, education, teaching, methodology
of physics, methods, efficiency, assessment, lesson, tournament.
INTRODUCTION
Life is now hard to imagine without polymers. Gadgets,
clothes, spare parts and even contact lenses are
created from them. And the DNA molecule itself is also
a polymer. RBC Trends found out what polymers are
and how they are obtained Read more at RBC: What
are polymers The word "polymer" comes from the
Greek: pollá (many) and méros (part). Polymers are
substances that consist of many monomers (structural
units). Polymers can be linear, branched, or networked
in structure.
The number of monomer units and the molecular
weight of each of them affect the properties of the
future material. Read more at RBC: The name of the
synthetic polymers used in the article: Polyethylene is
a thermoplastic polymer of ethylene. Polyurethane -
The raw material for this polymer is polyol. It is
obtained from crude oil. Polyamide - obtained as a
result of the chemical processing of coal, gas and oil.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a synthetic thermoplastic
that is made up of chlorine and ethylene. Bakelite is a
reaction product of phenol and formaldehyde under
Research Article
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER COMPOSITES
Submission Date:
October 11, 2023,
Accepted Date:
October 16, 2023,
Published Date:
October 21, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajast/Volume03Issue10-06
Jurakulov Sanjar Zafarjon Oghly
Asian International University, Senior Lecturer, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajast
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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pressure at high temperatures. Polystyrene is a
material obtained by polymerization of styrene.
Since the change in the economic mechanism, the
global polymer industry has set a course for deep
integration into the international division of labor in
the production of polymers and occupies leading
positions in a number of areas. For example, in the
production
of
polyolefins
(polyethylene,
polypropylene). From the point of view of economic
efficiency, the polymer business is aimed at acquiring
the most promising Western technologies and
depositing them in all production points of the world.
Research methodology. Polymethy methacrylate
(plexiglass) is a polymer that transmits light and looks
like glass. Polyester fiber - used as a filler in toys,
blankets, pillows, furniture. Polypropylene is a solid
substance that is obtained as a result of the
polymerization
of
propylene
(colorless
gas).
Polyamides - this group of plastics includes nylon,
nylon, and anid. Teflon is a polymer that contains
carbon and fluorine (polytetrafluoroethylene).
Polymer composites are made from two or more
components. The polymer acts as the main (matrix).
Polyacrylamide (PAA) is a white, odorless polymer.
Soluble in water, glacial acetic and lactic acids and
glycerin, but insoluble in ethanol, methanol and
acetone.
Polymer applications Polymers in the oil and gas
industry.
Oil and gas is not just a source of fuel for most modes
of transport, but also a raw material for chemical
production. It is from petroleum products that most
types of polymers are created. The obtained polymers
are also used in the extraction process itself. Thus,
polyacrylamide (PAA) and its derivatives are used to
increase productivity and clean pipelines. This technical
water-soluble polymer helps to increase the maximum
throughput of the oil pipeline and improves the quality
of the pumped oil.
It is also used for repair work in wells. In medicine The
medical field has long and actively used products made
of polymers. Among them: pins, disposable syringes,
instruments for surgery, containers for plasma and
blood, contact lenses, laboratory glassware, surgical
sutures, shoe covers, prostheses, artificial organs, and
even polymer nanogels for drug delivery.
The study of the possibilities of polymers does not stop
there.
So, students and professors of the National Research
Technological University "MISiS" in 2017 decided to
improve polyethylene in order to use it as a
replacement for bones, joints and muscles. According
to scientists, if the idea is finalized, then the shelf life of
an implant made of this material will be at least 15
years. Economics of innovation.
Innovations in Injury Prevention: The Latest in Sports
Medicine
In the automotive industry, automotive companies use
at least 100 types of polymer materials in the
production of vehicles. Thus, the wheel covers,
instrument panel and some parts of the engine are
made of polypropylene.
Seats are made of polyurethane, floor mats are made
of polyethylene. There are polyamide in the drive
levers, gears, gas tank, battery, fuse cases. The wiring
is made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). This thermoplastic
vinyl chloride polymer is familiar to people around the
world. Linoleum and stretch ceilings are usually made
from it.
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In construction, the construction sector does not lag
behind others.
Polymers are used to create electrical structures,
cables, wires, pipes, insulating enamels, varnishes,
films, nets, fences and protective coatings. Moreover,
polymers are added to the composition of reinforced
concrete and concrete. This improves the quality of
building materials.
In the food industry Polymers in the food industry must
comply with certain hygiene requirements. They
should not affect the organoleptic properties of
products (taste, color, smell), and also contain toxic
components. Polymers are used not only in the
production of equipment for the food industry, but
also in packaging materials. Equipment. For example,
in the canning and dairy industries, the links of
conveyor belts are made of polyamides or high-density
polyethylene. And in order to prevent raw materials
and semi-finished products from sticking to the surface
of the equipment, special polymer coatings are applied
to metal structures. polymer packaging. It allows you
to store millions of tons of agricultural products and
food in stores. So, disposable multilayer films keep
food 20% longer without the addition of preservatives.
Results and its discussion. Properties of polymers
Impact resistance.
In terms of their ability to withstand mechanical stress,
polymers are in no way inferior to some metals.
Therefore, polymers are used to create car bumpers,
protective covers and more. Plasticity and elasticity.
This property is possessed, for example, by natural and
synthetic rubbers. That is why they are used to create
car tires, hoses, wire and cable sheaths, shoe soles,
balloons and more. reflectivity. Thanks to this
property, special reflective films are created from
polymers. Usually they are used to indicate objects in
the dark. For example, reflective materials are used in
the organization of traffic, the creation of billboards
and banners. Electrical insulation. Polymers are
dielectrics (they do not allow electricity to pass
through them). They can be used not only as insulating
materials in electrical equipment, but also in the
manufacture of tool handles for working with
conductive parts.
Natural polymers are found everywhere. They are
macromolecules created by nature itself without
human intervention. Let's give some examples.
Polysaccharides. This large group of natural polymers
includes starch and cellulose. They differ from each
other in their properties. So, starch is easily soluble in
water and can be eaten. Cellulose does not dissolve in
water. It is commonly used in the manufacture of paper
and textile fibers. Proteins (proteins) are a natural
polymer that consists of amino acids.
It is protein that is responsible for the growth,
structure and development of a living organism.
Nucleic acids. Nucleic (DNA) and ribonucleic acids
(RNA) contain all the information about a person: from
diseases to talents. Natural rubber. It is a plastic and
viscous polymer found in the sap of rubber plants.
Green economy Scientists have found a way to
produce vanillin from plastic Synthetic Until the 19th
century, natural polymers were enough for industry.
But over time, due to a lack of resources, there was a
need for other materials. So, in 1909, the American
chemist Leo Baekeland tried to find a replacement for
natural shellac (resin). But in the end, the experiments
helped him create a material called Bakelite. It was
obtained by the reaction of phenol and formaldehyde
under pressure at high temperatures. It was with this
discovery that the era of synthetic materials began. In
chemical laboratories, the development of new types
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of polymers began. Read more at RBC: Before the
Second World War, several countries (England,
Germany and the USA) started the production of
synthetic rubber.
At the same time, the development of polystyrene,
polyvinyl chloride, polymethyl methacrylate began.
In the 1950s, scientists created polyester fiber and the
production of fabrics based on it began. At the same
time, polypropylene and low-density polyethylene
appeared. Then polyurethanes were launched into
mass production.
In the 1960s
–
1970s, polyamides were synthesized.
Read more at RBC: How polymers are produced
Polymers are produced in two ways: polymerization
and
polycondensation.
Each
has
its
own
characteristics. Polymerization is a process in which
monomers are combined into chains and held together
by
chemical
bonds.
Polymerization
produces
polystyrene, chloroprene and butadiene rubbers,
Teflon, polypropylene, polyethylene. “Polymers are
produced by the reaction of combining monomers. In
simple terms, these are beads, where beads are
monomers.
When
obtaining
polymers,
the
composition does not change. That is, what atoms
were in the substance, these remain. Only their
number changes. And depending on the number of
monomers, their properties change”, Read more on
RBC:
During polycondensation, in addition to the polymer, a
low molecular weight substance (water, alcohol,
hydrogen chloride) is also formed.
In the process of polycondensation, lavsan,
polypeptides, phenol-formaldehyde resins are formed.
But capron, for example, can be obtained in two ways
at once. Polymers and Plastics: What's the Difference
Often, the word "polymer" is used as a synonym for the
concept of "plastic". But it's not. Plastic is just one type
of polymer. Many types of plastics are synthesized
from petroleum or hydrocarbon oil. More than 380
million tons of plastic are produced annually in the
world. And about 8 million tons of items made of this
material enter the World Ocean every year: bottles,
bags, fishing nets. According to environmentalists, it
was the plastics manufacturing process that created
the global waste crisis.
Environmentalists are concerned not only about the
amount of emissions, but also about the process of
creating such materials.
According to Greenpeace, during oil and gas
production, a lot of toxic substances are released into
the air and water. More than 170 chemicals used in the
extraction of raw materials for plastics cause a variety
of diseases, from cancer to a weakened immune
system. Green Economy How Much Plastic Decays and
Is It Efficient to Recycle The Future of Polymers. In
the future, the world will not be able to get away from
polymers, experts are sure. Every year they will take on
new forms. “Green” polymers are already beginning to
come to the fore.
Plastics, or plastics, are materials based on synthetic or
natural high-molecular compounds. Plastics (Figure1)
based on synthetic polymers have received
exceptionally wide use.
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Figure1. a. Plastic b. Plastic and properties
Polymerization (other Greek πολυμερής
- consisting of
many parts) is the process of formation of a high
molecular weight substance (polymer) by repeatedly
attaching molecules of a low molecular weight
substance (monomer, oligomer) to active centers in a
growing polymer molecule. The monomer molecule,
which is part of the polymer, forms the so-called
monomeric
(structural)
unit.
The
elemental
composition (molecular formulas) of the monomer
and polymer is approximately the same.
Typically, monomers are compounds containing
multiple bonds or cyclic fragments that can open up
and form new bonds with other molecules, providing
chain growth.
The polymerization process consists in the fact that
the same monomer is attached to the monomer unit,
another of the same monomer is attached to this unit,
and so on. We can consider this process as a random
event: attachment occurs with a certain probability
and, therefore, does not occur with a probability , since
the sum of the probabilities of opposite events is equal
to one [a consequence of the theorem of adding the
probabilities of two incompatible events]. Since each
subsequent addition occurs independently of the
previous ones, the probability of the formation of a
molecule containing monomers is calculated by the
formula
Features of polymers. Special mechanical properties:
elasticity
–
ability to high reversible deformations at a
relatively light load (rubbers);
low fragility of glassy and crystalline polymers (plastics,
organic glass);
ability of macromolecules to orientation under the
influence directional mechanical field (used when fiber
production and films).
Features of polymer solutions: high solution viscosity
at low polymer concentration;
The dissolution of the polymer occurs through the
swelling stage.
Special chemical properties: the ability to dramatically
change one's physical
-
mechanical properties under the influence of
small amounts of reagent (vulcanization of rubber,
leather tanning and etc.).
The special properties of polymers are explained not
only by the great molecular weight, but and the fact
that macromolecules have a chain structure and have
flexibility.
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Classification of polymers. According to their chemical
composition, all polymers are divided into organic,
organoelement, inorganic. Organoelement polymers.
They contain in the main chains of organic radicals,
inorganic atoms (Si, Ti, Al), matching with organic
radicals. They don't exist in nature. Artificially derived
representative
—
organosilicon compounds. It should
be noted that often in technical materials use
combinations of different groups of polymers. This
composite materials (for example, fiberglass). Based
on the shape of their macromolecules, polymers are
divided into linear, branched (special case - star-
shaped), ribbon, flat, comb-shaped, polymer mesh and
so on.
Polymers are classified by polarity (affecting solubility
in various liquids). Polymers whose units have
significant polarity are called hydrophilic or polar.
Polymers
with
non-polar
units
-
non-polar,
hydrophobic. Polymers containing both polar and аnd
non-polar units are called amphiphilic. Homopolymers,
each unit of which contains both polar, yes and non-
polar large groups, proposed to be called amphiphilic
homopolymers.
In relation to to heating, polymers are divided into
thermoplastic and thermosetting. Thermoplastic
polymers (polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene)
soften when heated, even melt and when cooled they
harden. This the process is reversible. Thermosetting
polymers, when heated, undergo irreversible chemical
destruction without melting. Thermosetting polymer
molecules have nonlinear structure obtained by
stitching (for example, vulcanization) of chain polymer
molecules. The elastic properties of thermosetting
polymers are higher how in thermoplastics.
Phenol - formaldehyde resin is a thermosetting
polymer that obtained by the polycondensation
reaction of phenol with formaldehyde in presence of
acids. Phenol-formaldehyde resins are used as the basis
for various composite materials, which also include
fillers, hardeners and other components. Products
from such materials are durable and have good
dielectric properties properties.
Polyethylene (Figure 2) (-CH2-CH2-)n is one of the
simplest polymers. His molecular weight ranges from
20 thousand to 3 million in A -depending on method of
receipt. Polyethylene - a transparent thermoplastic
material with high chemical resistance, poor heat
conduction and electricity. It is used for insulating
electrical wires, making transparent films and
household items. As a result of polymerization V
Asymmetric carbon atoms appear on the main chain,
which differ in the position of the connected with them
groups X relative to the main chains. There are isotactic
and syndiotactic and atactic polymers. IN in isotactic
polymers, the substituents are located strictly on one
side OT main chain, in syndiotactic polymers -
alternately different sides of the chain, and in atactic -
chaotically on one side or the other of chains. In the
first two cases, the polymer is said to have a
stereoregular structure. Isotactic polymers have
particularly valuable physical properties-mechanical
properties.
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Figure 2. Polyethylene
Polyvinyl (Figure 3) chloride (PVC, vinyl, polyvinyl
chloride, winnol, corvic, sikron, Westolite, Hostalite,
Jeon, Sumilite, Lukovil, Nippeon, Helvik, Norvik and
etc.) is a white plastic, thermoplastic polymer vinyl
chloride. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is used for the
production of pipes, sheets, films, polyvinyl chloride
fiber, shoe plastic compounds, polyvinyl chloride foam,
linoleum, furniture edges, etc. Also The scope of
application of PVC is the production of gramophone
records, a wide range of range of profiles for the
manufacture of windows and doors, corrugated pipes
for electrical insulation of wires and cables.
Polyvinyl has a high chemical resistance to mineral oils,
alkalis and many types of acids, as well as o solvents.
Polyvinyl chloride is not burns in air, but at the same
time has low frost resistance (about minus 15 °C). Heat
resistance is up to plus 65 °C. Temperature indicators
can be easily modified by making composite material
with different composition under the necessary
conditions. Chemical formula polyvinyl chloride [-CH2-
CHCl-]n
Figure 3. Polyvinyl
Rubbers. Natural rubber
–
natural high molecular
weight
unsaturated
hydrocarbon
composition
(C5H8)n, where n = 1000 - 3000. It has been established
that that this polymer consists of repeating units of 1,4-
cis-isoprene and has stereoregular structure.
Butadiene rubber is produced in two types:
stereoregular and non-stereoregular. Butadiene
rubber, stereoregular, in mainly used in the
manufacture of tires, which wear resistance is
significantly higher than tires from natural rubbers.
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Butadiene rubber (Figure 4) non-stereoregular is used
for production, e.g. ebonite, alkali- and acid-resistant
rubber. Styrene butadiene rubber is used in production
of rubber shoes, car tires and conveyor belts, and is
characterized by increased wear resistance.
Figure 4. Butadiene rubber
CONCLUSIONS
And so, polymers are used in all spheres of the national
economy. It is impossible to imagine our life without
polymers.
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