Volume 03 Issue 03-2023
53
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
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SSUE
03
P
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:
53-58
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article discusses the terminological layer of English and Uzbek languages in terms of “Crime” semantics. The
author highlights distinctive features of legal terms and scrutinizes the reasons for lexical gaps that occurred in
languages. The semantical relations between terms are analyzed and compared according to the principles of
structural linguistics. It is important to determine the relationship between law and language in the establishment of
a democratic legal state of any country. The fact that law is applied to every sphere of life and that no person is outside
the scope of law further strengthens this idea.
KEYWORDS
Term, terminology, law, legal, synonymic, graduonimic, equivalent, lexical gap, semantic component, system.
INTRODUCTION
The study of legal language acts as a bridge to
acquiring knowledge in the legal world. Since legal
terminology constitutes a significant part of the legal
language, it is important that it should be
understandable, clear, and systematic. At this point, it
is appropriate to discuss the sphere of terminology and
its history.
Terminology is defined by the International
Organization
for
Standardization
as
follows:
"Terminology is the activity of systematizing concepts
based on certain methods and principles. It manifests
a system of concepts in a field."
Research Article
CRIMINAL TERMINOLOGY IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
Submission Date:
March 21, 2023,
Accepted Date:
March 26, 2023,
Published Date:
March 31, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume03Issue03-09
Dilorom Ismoilova
Efl Teacher, Fergana State University Fergana, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 03-2023
54
American Journal Of Philological Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
03
P
AGES
:
53-58
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
5.
445
)
(2023:
6.
555
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
In English and Uzbek language terminology, the layer
of legal terms is not only stable in the field but is
distinguished by the feature of integration into other
fields as well. Legal terminology expands its scope with
the development of this field and the increase of
innovations in it. This proves that research in the field
of terminology needs constant updating. The
development of field terminology around the world
has increased the need for teaching it in foreign
languages and for comparative studies in different
languages. It should be noted that this process began
many years ago in world linguistics. The initial works in
this direction go back to the schools of Vienna, Prague,
and Russian terminology. Each of these classical
schools contributed to the development of
terminology according to a certain principle. In
particular, the representatives of the Vienna school
developed terminology as an independent field of
science, and the Prague school developed it as a part
of functional linguistics, while the Russian school of
terminology emphasized the standardization of terms.
Terminology, in the sense of studying terms and
collecting them, has long roots, but its systematization
as a scientific approach, considering all its principles
and methodology, has been in recent years.
METHODOLOGY
According to Sh. Kuchimov, the concept of "law"
entered our country after the 1990s. Accordingly,
scientific research on the Uzbek legal language and
terms is being carried out by linguists and lawyers.
English linguist P. Thomas writes that "terminology is
not only a set of words covering a branch of science,
but also a content plan." Dutch scientists T. Cabre and
J. Sager also emphasize that terminology is based on
semantics. Russian scientist Vinogradov notes that
before organizing any term, it is necessary to analyze
its meaning in detail. We also considered this
appropriate to emphasize the semantic features of
terms and conducted our research based on
onomasiology principles.
Although there are several scientific research on legal
terms in the world and Uzbek linguistics, the semantic-
structural analysis of the categories of "crime" in
English and Uzbek languages, the persons who commit
them, has not been sufficiently studied in a
comparative plan.
The terms expressing the semantics of "crime" have an
important place in the terminology system of these
languages. Terms with criminal semantics as a part of
legal terminology are devoid of emotional colors and
have the nature of formality.
This field is divided into two types according to the use
of terms:
1. Terms used only in oral and written speech of
persons belonging to the field of law, in a narrow circle:
Volume 03 Issue 03-2023
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences
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2771-2273)
VOLUME
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53-58
SJIF
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(2023:
6.
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OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
larceny, misdemeanor, peonage, trafficking, torture,
offender, huquqiy viktimologiya, residiv jinoyatchilik,
jinoyat subyekti, jinoyatchilik dinamikasi, jinoyatchilik
haqida absolyut ma’lumotlar, latent jinoyatchilik.
2. Terms that are equally used in the speech of
speakers of a certain language: crime, assault, robbery,
bribery,
arson,
kidnapping,
gambling,
theft,
jabrlanuvchi, jazo, jazo muddati, tuhmat, haqorat,
o’g’rilik, poraxo’rlik, sudlanganlik, jarima, qiynash,
terrorizm.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
It should be noted that the lexical units naming types
of crimes in English and Uzbek languages can be
common words and legal terms at the same time. The
following table shows the differences in the semantic
content of simple words and terms:
Robbery
the act, the practice, or an
instance of robbing
taking or attempting to take
anything of value from the
care, custody or control of a
person or persons by for
Assault
a physical attack
intenional act that puts another
person
in
reasonable
apprehension
of
imminent
harmful or offensive contact
Bribery
the act of bribing someone -
offering them a bribe
is the offer or acceptance of
anything of value in exchange
for influence on government
oficial or employee
From the information in the table, we can conclude
that the definitions of the term and simple word have
semantic differences as well as stylistic differences. In
this case, the term has a scientific tone, strictness, and
formality, while a simple lexeme is explained in an
understandable language and has the nature of
simplicity.
The semantic field "Crime" is divided into parts. In
particular, the terminological layer occupies an
important place in this structure. In this case, the terms
based on the classification of crime in documents
related to crime in English and Uzbek languages are
important. For this reason, it is appropriate to first
show the noticeable differences in naming the concept
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VOLUME
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OCLC
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
of crime in the American and British versions of the
English language.
In the British version of the English language, the word
"crime" is synonymous with "offence" or "criminal
offence" as a legal term. As a term, it expresses the
content of "an act that harms a physical person, society
and the state and is punishable by law." It seems that
the word "crime" has become a part of the
terminological system of crime with the meaning of
formality.
The legal system of countries is of great importance in
the classification of terms of the legal field. In the
British version of the English language, terms denoting
crimes are classified according to the courts in which
they are tried and the term of punishment. “Summary
offences” r
efer only to minor offenses tried in the
Magistrate's Court, while “either way offenses” refer
to offenses tried in the Magistrate's Court or Crown
Court. The term “indictable only crimes” covers the
most serious crimes that can only be tried in the Crown
Court.
In American English, the terms crime, offence, criminal
offence are used in relation to an action or inaction that
violates the law and is punishable under criminal law.
Crimes are divided into 3 types based on the level of
danger and punishment. Felony is a crime punishable
by more than one year in prison or death, while
misdemeanor is a crime punishable by less than twelve
months in prison. Also, in English, the terms petty
offence (crime) to name small crimes and quasi crime
for offenses that have some features of crime, but are
not considered crimes, are also visible in the materials
of the legal field.
It can be seen from this that there is a gradational
relationship among the terms that mean the concept
of crime in English. The following scheme shows the
gradunomic series of terms:
In the terminology of our national law, in the
classification according to the level of crimes,
structural terms were created based on the term
"crime" instead of creating another completely new
term. They are ijtimoiy xavfi katta bo’lmagan jinoyatlar,
uncha og’ir bo’lmagan jinoyatlar, og’ir jinoyatlar, o’ta
quasicrime
petty
crime
misdemenor
felony
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OCLC
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
og’ir jinoyatlar and the fact that the legal classification
is different can be seen in the semantic features of the
terms. That is, term that denotes minor crimes (ijtimoiy
xavfi katta bo’lmagan jinoyatlar) are punishable by
imprisonment for a term of not more than three years,
crimes that are committed due to carelessness (uncha
og’ir bo’lmagan jinoyatlar) and are punis
hable by
imprisonment for a term of not more than five years. It
seems that in the Uzbek legal terminological system,
the terms classifying crimes impose not only the term
of punishment, but also the content of the fact that the
crime was committed intentionally or as a result of
carelessness. Based on the same principle, crimes are
designated by the above terms.
It is worth noting that hyponymy is common among
the terms used to name types of crimes in English.
Dangerous crimes in the USA are grouped under the
term “index crime”. This term has its own legal
meaning as part of the government's law on crime
control. “Index crime” is a term that refers to the
crimes of murder, aggravated assault, burglary,
burglary, arson, car theft, and sexual assault as well as
acts as a hypernym for them. In journalistic and official
style, the term index crime is mainly used, and it also
has a linguo-pragmatic meaning by directly refer those
crime types.
In the criminal law of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the
dynamics of crimes are not determined based on their
type. Therefore, there is no alternative version of this
term in the system of legal terms in the Uzbek
language. According to our national legislation, this
concept is designated by the term crime level. The
semantic content of this term refers to the concepts of
"applications about the commission of a crime and
appeals of victims, registered crimes, number of
criminals and convicts".
In the English legal system, there is also the term
“grave crime”, which represents several forms of
sexual assault and illegal possession of weapons with
the archetype of "serious crime". “Grave crime” is
distinguished from other serious crimes in the criminal
classification by the terms "committed by teenagers"
and "most of the victims of crime are young people".
CONCLUSION
In the classification of legal terms of the Uzbek
language by Sh. Kuchimov and G. Gulomova, the terms
nominating "types of crime" are considered as a
separate group. But in the framework of comparative
terminological works, the analysis of their contrast
with their English alternatives is still one of the issues
to be considered. All things considered, we can state
that, there are semantic differences between legal
terms of English and Uzbek languages because of state
legal system and the structure of criminal law. We
identified several lexical gaps in both languages as
some concepts have no nomination at all.
REFERENCES
Volume 03 Issue 03-2023
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VOLUME
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Oscar Publishing Services
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