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ABSTRACT
We know that the political and economic development of the mutually beneficial cooperation of the Republic of
Uzbekistan with foreign countries is increasing the need for foreign languages. The requirements for the training of
specialists, especially in the field of economy, have changed radically. Now, it has become a very urgent issue for
specialists working in the agricultural system to know foreign languages perfectly. Because a lot of foreign language
terms are used in the field of agriculture. When translating agricultural terms from one language to another, it is
necessary to understand their semantic, morphological, structural, contextual and other linguistic features in both
languages. Therefore, in order to carry out work related to the field of agriculture between foreign countries of the
Republic of Uzbekistan on a large scale, specialists must have a perfect knowledge of the agricultural lexicon in, first
of all, Russian, English, and Uzbek languages. This, in turn, creates a basis for improving the communicative
competence of agricultural workers, translators and specialists in this field. Each language lexicon includes a system
of terms. The terms are different: general, scientific, special, regional, etc. Most agricultural terms are used in the field
of agriculture.
KEYWORDS
Agriculture, general, scientific, special, regional, terms, synonomy, antonymy, lexical unit, terminology.
Research Article
AGRICULTURAL TERMS AND THE LEXICAL EXPRESSION OF ANTONYMY
AND SYNONYM OCCURRENCE IN THESE TERMS
Submission Date:
March 06, 2023,
Accepted Date:
March 11, 2023,
Published Date:
March 16, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume03Issue03-02
Saidova Zuhra Khudoinazarovna
Senior Lecturer, Karshi State University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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INTRODUCTION
Although term formation is not formal and interesting
to many, besides the obvious, pragmatic, structural
forms of word formation, there are many intermediate
forms of term formation that hide a whole story in their
names. Sometimes a foreign language teacher may
have trouble collecting, learning, summarizing and
even writing them, but discussing the origins of terms
with medical professionals gives them a deeper
understanding of the history of medicine and the
opportunity to look at certain terms from different
perspectives.
THE MAIN RESULTS AND FINDINGS
Another important point is that in the teaching and
practice of medicine we must be absolutely and
unreservedly sure of the meaning of the terms we use.
Analyzing important medical terms forces us to think
about their exact meaning and to be aware of any
ambiguity. Medical terms are very similar to individual
puzzles. They are made up of small parts that make
each word unique, but these parts can also be used in
different combinations with other words.
Various terms appeared long before the formation of
the science of terminology, for practical purposes in
the process of communication. Since the middle of the
19th century, the science of terminology has become
the most relevant direction of the lexicon. The research
work conducted on its practical side created the
ground for the development of terminology. The
terminological section of the lexicon relies on the
linguistic methods of this science. With their help, the
different aspects of the terms from other non-specific
lexical units were determined. One of the main
differences is that the terms do not have and should
not have synonyms related to a specific field, because
the multiple meanings of the terms create difficulties
for understanding the meaning of the terms used in
the process of communication in specific conditions for
a specific purpose. Various sources on the formation of
terms were studied, and based on them, the
internationality of terms was determined and a clear
conclusion was drawn.
Such a special lexical system gradually enters the
general linguistics and expands the boundaries of
linguistics. New words and phrases are created to
express scientific and professional knowledge. These
compounds, in turn, are subject to the mechanisms of
the language system. The system of special knowledge
finds its reflection in the term and enters the semantic
system of one or another language, at the same time,
it becomes a part of the general language system. M.V.
As Marchuk noted, "new words that appear in the
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lexicon of the language are often terms related to the
fields of science, technology, politics, economy»
1
From linguistic methods to the science of terminology,
the development of word-forming models gave
impetus. These models were interpreted in terms of
morphology and syntax. Within this aspect, G.O. The
researchers of the terminological school founded by
Vinokur studied the word-making possibilities of terms
related to various fields of science.
Within the framework of systematic analysis, theory
and methodology are explored as a whole concept.
Terms do not appear by themselves, they are created
as a result of the development of science, technology
and science. Science, science and technology, in turn,
covers various social, economic, medical and other
directions.
As a result of the influence of the cognitive linguistics
approach on the science of terminology, the
characteristics of the term, its essence, its role in the
professional process, and its place in the reception of
professional
education
and
knowledge
are
determined. We are in L.A. We fully agree with
Manerko's opinion that, indeed, "the cognitive
approach used in the study of terms raises the quality
of scientific research carried out in the field of
1
Марчук М.В. Динамика лексических значений
многозначных слов (Лексика основного
терминологического слоя). Дисс. в форме научн
terminology, provides an opportunity to study
cognition and discourse phenomena, and to
understand and interpret the terms used in the
discourse process. "
Not only linguists, but also specialists in specific
sciences were engaged in the theoretical and practical
aspects of terminology. Despite this, today there is no
clear information about whether the concept of the
term belongs to linguistics or any field of science.
Therefore, there is no clear boundary between the
term and the concept. The advantage of the cognitive
approach in revealing the essence of terms is that with
its help, wide opportunities are created for
understanding special knowledge and special lexicon.
And this cognitive approach helps to determine the
dynamics and mechanisms of the process of
terminological nomination. Because understanding the
historical processes in the system of terms, conveying
specific knowledge through the means of language
units creates favorable conditions. According to many
cognitologists-scientists, "the cognitive approach
describes not only the form of the external structure of
the term, but also the internal structure, and
terminologists.
It is known that even one linguistic term can have
several meanings. This is because each term is defined
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differently by several linguistic schools and disciplines.
Sometimes they gave different interpretations to the
same term. Therefore, before we react to a linguistic
phenomenon, we rely on its initial interpretation. This
is an approach typical even of mathematicians. It
follows that in order to organize the terms, first of all,
it is necessary to define the clear boundaries of the
concepts. The term, like any lexical unit, has phonetic,
word-forming, morphological, lexical, and stylistic
signs. One variant of the terms, lack of synonyms,
independence from the context are the main signs that
distinguish the terms from other lexical units. In
addition, the terms are used in a specific setting, in a
specific professional activity, and in a specific field. A
term is similar to a lexical unit with one function: it
expresses a concept, an object, an event. The main sign
of the term is its terminological essence. This symbol is
reflected in the naming of a special concept or object.
In addition, each term belongs to a special field and
serves a specific field of knowledge and activity. This
research, which is carried out within the framework of
agricultural terminology, creates a basis for
determining the laws of mental processes and
interpreting the system of terms in the cognitive
sphere.
Terms related to the field of agriculture can be
classified as follows:
1.
Common terms
2.
Combined terms
3.
Terminological combinations
4.
Abbreviations
Environment:
physical surroundings; all that is around
you
Enzymes:
proteins that start a chemical reaction
Erosion:
to wear away topsoil by water or wind and can
be caused by intensive farming and overgrazing
Ethanol:
a form of natural gas that can be produced
from corn
Excrete:
to get rid of waste, such as manure
Expense:
cost or charge of money
Extension Agency:
an outreach arm of an agricultural
university which provides educational programs on
farming and does research
Fallow:
left wihtout tilling or sowing after plowing
Farm Bureau:
a non-governmental political agency that
works for farmers' rights
Feed:
a mixture or preparation used for feeding
livestock
Feeder cattle:
cattle, ready to be finished for market,
weighing 550-650 pounds or heavier
Feed Lots:
a small area where cattle are confined and
fed carefully mixed, high-concentrate feed to fatten
them
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Fertilizer:
organic or inorganic nutrients that are added
to the soil to help the growth of crops
Fixing:
in the nitrogen cycle, it is the process of
nitrogen changing into a less mobile and more usable
form by combining with hydrogen to make amonia
Flail:
a wooden bar with a wooden handle used for
removing grain or seeds from stalks
4H:
an agricultural club for children that features
hands-on learning
Future Farmers of America (FFA): an educational
organization for young adults who plan to have a
career in agriculture
Gene:
the DNA code in the cells of all living things; they
determine physical characteristics such as fur color
Grade:
classification system of food quality
Grange:
an organization of farmers that provides
support and plans social functions
Grass:
a type of plant with jointed stems, slender flat
leaves and spike like flowers such as corn and wheat
Grit:
the inside of a corn kernel exposed after the outer
covering, or hull, is removed
Groundwater:
water held underground that has
seeped through soil layers and bedrock
Harvest:
to gather a crop when it is finished growing
Herbicide:
a type of pesticide that kills weeds
Hydroponic:
grown in water without the use of soil
Income:
a gain in money usually as a result of business
or labor
Inputs:
the amount of energy and money put into a
farm in order to make a product
Insecticide:
a type of pesticide that kills insects
Intensive grazing: the practice of rotating livestock
between pastures to reduce overgrazing
Inventory:
a list of current goods that you have or own
Kernel:
the seed of a grain plant
Legume:
any plant that grows seeds in a pod such as
peas and beans
Livestock:
any animals raised on the farm
Manure:
animal waste from stables or barnyards
Market:
where products are sold and exchanged
Matter:
the material which makes up something
Mill:
a machine used to grind grain for food
Microorganisms:
tiny living things that can only be
seen with a microscope
Monoculture:
planting the same crop in a field year
after year with no crop rotation
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No till:
a method of growing grain when the farmer
does not plow the field before planting
Nodule:
a swelling on the root of a legume that
contains bacteria that fix nitrogen from the air
Nutrients:
nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, and
minerals that plants need to grow
Offal:
the inedible parts of a butchered animal
removed in dressing it
Organic farming:
producing foods without the use of
laboratory made fertilizers, growth subtances, or
pesticides
Organic matter:
the dead plants, animals and manure
converted by earthworms and bacteria into humus
Pastures:
land or a plot of land used for the grazing of
animals
Pesticide:
a substance that kills any pest, including
insects, fungi, and weeds
pH:
a value that indicates the acidity of the soil
Photosynthesis:
the process by which green plants use
light energy from the sun to produce sugar from water
and the air
Plow:
to work the soil by turning over the top layer; the
machine used to turn the top layer of soil
Pollinate:
to fertilize by transferring pollen from the
anther to the stigma of a flower
Pork bellies:
meat from the belly area of a pig; used for
bacon
Port:
a town or city where ships are loaded with
products to be shipped overseas
Rendering plant:
a place where lard, tallow, and oil are
extracted from animal parts
Row Dividers:
the large points on the end of a combine
used to pick-up corn
Rotation:
the changing of the specific fields used for
one crop year to year
Rumen:
the first large compartment of the stomach of
a bovine; its bacteria and protazoa break down
cellulose
Scythe:
a blade with a long handle used to cut grass,
grain, and other crops
Shear:
the act of cutting hair or wool
Shock:
a pile of grain that is set up like a cone
Silage:
a mixture of raw materials such as field corn,
sorghum, grass, or clover that is converted into winter
feed for livestock
Slaughterhouse:
a place where animals marketed for
meat are killed humanely
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Soil Conservation:
careful preservation or protection
of soil
Species:
a group of living things that share common
biological characteristics
Steer:
a bull that has been castrated for better meat
production
Stewardship:
an individual's responsibility to exercise
care over possessions entrusted to him or her
Sub-division:
a piece of land to be divided into smaller
lots, typically for housing
Technology:
instruments,
tools
or
inventions
developed through research to increase efficiency
Tenant:
a person who pays rent to live on someone
else's land
Thresh:
to beat out a grain or seed from a stalk by
treading, rubbing or striking with a flail, or with a
machine
Total Mixed Ration:
a feed combination of hay, corn,
barley, field grasses, cotton seed, and bakery or
grocery by-products
Urbanization:
the growth of the city into rural areas
USDA: United States Department of Agriculture, a
Federal agency involved in all phases of agriculture
Weed:
any unwanted plant, especially those that
crowd out more desirable plants
Work ethic:
qualities of character believed to be
promoted by work
Yield:
the amount of a crop produced in a given time or
from a given place
CONCLUSION
The current state of scientific development of the
current problems of linguistics, the tasks of lexicology,
the general development prospects of the theory of
meaning and evaluation require the search for
linguistic innovations, a new look at previous
problems, and at the same time, include current issues.
Scientific studies in linguistics were studied in a
comparative way. The current stage of the
development of linguistics presents researchers with
the task of re-examining these issues based on modern
methods. One of these methods is the method of
studying language materials as a unique system. The
reason for this is that the language and its layers
(vocabulary also has its own layers) come together as
a whole system. Each vocabulary is represented by a
system in its own layer, because each word and term
plays an important role in the interaction of other
words and terms in this system.
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