Volume 04 Issue 08-2024
35
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(ISSN
–
2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
08
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AGES
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35-44
OCLC
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1121105677
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ABSTRACT
As a result of large-scale international communication, due to the growing scientific and technical process and
globalization, attention has recently begun to be paid to the cultural aspects of these relations. The need to study
intercultural communication has increased. Naturally, such communication is characterized by a clash of different
cultures, and this, in turn, creates some barriers to communication. Currently, the change of the linguistic and cultural
paradigm, rapidly developing times and globalization require paying attention to linguistic issues, but also to its
cultural aspects. The solution of complex connections between language and culture requires a comprehensive
linguocultural approach.
KEYWORDS
Text, linguocultureme, linguistic sign, phraseologisms, standards, metaphors, reality, archetype, sema, cultural sema,
ethnolinguistic factors, phrase, historicized idiom, archaic idiom, paremiological units, onomastic units, etc.
INTRODUCTION
It is known that any text can be studied dynamically
and statically. When analyzed in a static way, the
artistic nature of the text, its national property,
expression of the national spirit, national mentality and
national
culture
are
preserved
elements.
Linguoculturemes are “linguistic units consisting of the
Research Article
LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF LINGVOCULTUREMES USED IN HISTORICAL
WORKS (BASED ON THE WORK “TEMURNAMA” BY SALAKHIDDIN
TASHKANDI)
Submission Date:
Aug 09, 2024,
Accepted Date:
Aug 14, 2024,
Published Date:
Aug 19, 2024
Crossref doi
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume04Issue08-06
Askarova Manzura Bakhtiyar kizi
Basic Doctoral Student at Namangan State University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 08-2024
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences
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VOLUME
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ISSUE
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OCLC
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Publisher:
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combination of the meaning of a linguistic sign and
cultural content, in the semantics of which cultural
information is clearly manifested”, “including
phraseologisms, standards, symbols, metaphors, static
similes, speech labels, customs, ritual words, riddles,
national realities, archetypes, mythologies, lacunae,
precedent units and others” [1]. Historical, historical
-
artistic works, which include the above linguistic and
cultural units, serve as a wide object for linguistic and
cultural studies. The culture of any nation, nation,
people is reflected in its language.
“The spiritual world and concepts of the ancestors
have reached today through proverbs, sayings,
expressions, metaphors, and
cultural symbols” [2]
“Temurnama” is a valuable resource as it summarizes
the people's culture, values and traditions, hopes and
goals of the nation in the illumination of the figure of
the sole entrepreneur Amir Temur, and reflects
linguistic and cultural units on a large scale. Although
there are works related to the lexicon of historical
works in Uzbek linguistics [3], there is an increasing
interest in researches focused on linguistic and cultural
analysis based on anthropocentric principles. Historical
works contain information indicating nationality, such
as stable combinations, metaphors and similes,
onomastic units, national realities, archetypes,
mythologies, lacunae, precedent units, various rituals,
which are closely related to the national culture. V.V.
Vorobyov introduced the concept of linguocultureme
as the main unit of linguoculturological analysis and
defined it as “the dialectical unity of linguistic and non
-
linguistic (concept and subject) content”[4]. Vorobyov
emphasized in his works that the meaning of naming in
a word and the meaning of naming in linguistic culture
are both a meaning and a cultural theme. If a word
expresses
things-events
in
language,
then
linguocultureme expresses the content of the subject.
A linguocultureme can be represented by a word,
sentence, term, phrase, depending on its expression in
the language. Linguocultureme is a complex
phenomenon in relation to a linguistic unit.
the word linguocultureme
Naming semas Naming semas cultural semas
Linguocultureme include words, phraseological units,
word combinations, sentences, paremies, complex
syntactic units, texts, etc., which reflect a certain part
of culture. Linguocultureme has a content and
expression plan, the expression plan is made up of the
above-mentioned units, and the content plan is made
Volume 04 Issue 08-2024
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences
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2771-2273)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
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P
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:
35-44
OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
up of the semantics of those units. Therefore,
linguocultureme differs from the concept in that it has
its own content and expression plan, the main task for
lingvoculturology is to express the national culture in a
linguistic form. According to V. Vorobyov's
interpretation, “Linguoculture
is a complex unity that
forms a dialectical unity of linguistic and extralinguistic
(concept or object) content”[5]. This unit has a deeper
meaning than the word. The extra-linguistic content of
cultureme, i.e., the component of cultural concept, is
also added to the usual sign-meaning. Linguists are
interested in the problems related to them, since the
content plan of Linguocultureme reflects the national-
cultural features of a certain people, intersected with
customs and traditions, culture, history, lifestyle,
economic environment. Linguistic cultures emdiv
linguistic,
cultural,
ethnopsychological
and
extralinguistic factors, and their structure consists of
signs, meanings, concepts and objects. They are
representative of human culture and language, unlike
their literal and figurative meaning.
Linguistic cultures in the work can be classified in the following diagram:
2.2. Diagram 1
Phraseological units also occupy an important place in
Salakhiddin Tashkandi's work “Temurnama”. We
witness the use of hundreds of expressions in the
work. The phraseological fund of the language of
historical works is a treasure of invaluable information
about the culture and mentality of the people, and they
Volume 04 Issue 08-2024
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American Journal Of Philological Sciences
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VOLUME
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Publisher:
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reflect the ideas of the people about legends, customs,
customs, and ethics. Therefore, nationalism and the
image of a certain people are shown in the
expressions. In “Temurnama” expressions like jondan
qo
ʻ
l yuvmoq, etini terisidan shilmoq, takya qilib
kelmoq,hayrat barmog
ʻ
in tishlamoq, jomni tomdan
tashlamoq,savdo boshiga tushmoq, taajjub barmog
ʻ
in
tishlamoq,o
ʻ
ziga kelmoq, so
ʻ
zga lab ochmoq, kayfi
uchmoq, duo ketmoq, tuz haqini andesha qilmoq, tuz
xotirini qilmoq, so
ʻ
zga solmoq, o
ʻ
z holiga qo
ʻ
ymoq,
so
ʻ
zga og
ʻ
iz ochmay, jon bermoq, uddasidan chiqmoq,
tavakkal yaratgan o
ʻ
ziga, ko
ʻ
zi qonga to
ʻ
lmoq, ishi jo
ʻ
n
bo
ʻ
lmoq, bel bog
ʻ
lamoq, qo
ʻ
ldan ketmoq, qo
ʻ
lga
tushurmoq, qo
ʻ
l yig
ʻ
di, qo
ʻ
l urmoq, ko
ʻ
zini ochmoq,
bo
ʻ
yin qo
ʻ
ymoq, ko
ʻ
ngildan chiqarmoq, jonga urmoq,
xushi boshidan uchmoq, ko
ʻ
ngildan ko
ʻ
tarmoq are
used. The semantics of phraseological units in the work
is unique. There are more than ten phrases related to
the hand alone. For example: …agar jonlaringdin qo
ʻ
l
yuvgan bo
ʻ
lsang beri kel, dedi.(Temurnama, page 100).
It is known that washing hands is used both in its own
sense and in the meaning of the phrase. According to
the denotative meaning, this combination is used in
relation to the daily routine for hygiene, and according
to the connotative meaning of the phrase, it is
synonymous with such combinations as to be
disappointed, to los
e hope. The phrase “to wash one's
hands” is used in the work on an equal scale with the
expressions "fed up with the soul" and “desperate
from the soul”. To
ʻ
ra ko
ʻ
rdiki, ish qo
ʻ
ldin ketti
(Temurnama, page 253). Qutulmish to
ʻ
rani qo
ʻ
lga
tushurmoqni harakatini qildi (Temurnama, page 253).
(Qo’lga tushmoq) To be caught in the explanatory
dictionary 1) to be caught with a crime, a criminal case
revealed; 2) the meaning of cheating is explained [6].
Andin so
ʻ
ng mo
ʻ
g
ʻ
ul,o
ʻ
zbak bahodurlari jangdin qo
ʻ
l
yig
ʻ
dilar (Temurnama, page 272). Ey beodoblar,bu ne
gustohliqdur,qo
ʻ
lingni tortg
ʻ
il(Temurnama, page 274).
Bular ham ziyoratg
ʻ
a kelib,bu quflg
ʻ
a qo
ʻ
l urub, tosh
bo
ʻ
ldilar(Temurnoma, page 275). Ani ko
ʻ
rib bular hayrat
barmoqin
tishlab
taajjub
dengizida
qoldilar
(Temurnama, page 216). In other places of the work,
there are many places where the word surprise is used
instead of the word wonder. …ani ahvolini ko
ʻ
rub
taajjub barmoqin tishlar edilar (
…
they were surprised
to see him in his condition) (Temurnama, page 216)
Phraseologism
(phrase)
An archaic
phrase
Historic phrase
(obsolete)
saved as is
jondan qoʻl yuvmoq
“qoʻl
yuvmoq”//qoʻl
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yuvib qoʻltiqqa
urmoq
qoʻldan ketmoq
Ayrilmoq,
bekor qilmoq
qoʻlga tushurmoq
Tutmoq
qoʻl yigʻdi
toʻxtatmoq,tugatm
oq
qoʻl urmoq
Boshlamoq,teg
moq
qoʻl tortmoq
olmoq,
tekkizma,
hayrat barmogʻin
tishlamoq
Hayron
boʻlmoq//lol
qolmoq
Taajjub barmogʻin
tishlamoq
Hayron
boʻlmoq//lol
qolmoq
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Ruh toʻtisi tan
qafasini tark etmoq
Evfemistik
tarixiylashgan
ibora
Tahayyur barmogʻin
tishlamoq
Evfemistik
tarixiylashgan
ibora
jongʻa urmoq
Jonga tegmoq
Also, in the work, phrases such as takya qilib
kelmoq//jomni
tomdan
tashlamoq//so
ʻ
zga
lab
ochmoq//tuz haqini andesha qilmoq//tuz xotirini
qilmoq//bo
ʻ
yin qo
ʻ
ymoq//ishi jo
ʻ
n bo
ʻ
lmoq//oq uyli
bo
ʻ
lmoq are historicized. Most of the phraseological
units used in
“Temurnama” have been preserved to
this day. The content of some compounds is preserved
and found in our language in other versions. In
“Temurnama” the writer used metaphors, which are
common ways of creating figurative meaning,
effectively and efficiently. In the linguistic and cultural
analysis, metaphors are described in three ways: as
cognitive, linguistic and cultural phenomena[7].
Metaphorical compounds used in the work perform
the functions of comparison, simile, and contrast. D.
Khudoyberganova notes that the unit with a
metaphorical meaning appears in the text in the
following cases:
1) as an expression of the concept;
2) as an expression of situations;
3) as an expression of the totality of situations
In the “Temurnama” language, words that create
an
emotional and expressive meaning as a result of
metaphorical use are actively used. Original examples
of metaphors are found in the work, the writer used
new findings. Therefore, in the text of the work, the
metaphor serves to express the feelings of the hero in
impressive, vivid colors, clearly and concisely.
Based on the evidence presented above, it can be said
that metaphorical units are widely used in the work
“Temurnama”, and it is observed that it mainly uses
traditional metaphors. In general, the metaphors used
in the work served to ensure the emotionality and
expressiveness of the language of the work. Many
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metaphors used in the Uzbek literary language have
become our linguistic wealth. Collecting them and
describing them lexicographically is one of the next
tasks of our linguistics.
Paremiological units among lingucultures include many
stylistic tools, as well as the stage of periodic
improvement, so the linguistic and cultural analysis is
intense. According to the origin of these units, it can be
the conclusion of a large text or “ in the end”.
Therefore, many proverbs can be translated in
different languages in the form of proverbs, proverbs,
phraseological units, narratives, proverbs, and idioms.
This quality of them is close to “winged words”.
The
fact that each language has a different plan of
expression, and the exchange of cultural codes is the
basis for cultural comparison. The linguistic and
cultural analysis of proverbs and sayings in the text of
the work has a complex structure. We can cite the
following reasons for this:
1. Based on the point of view of the period, the content
of proverbs and sayings is preserved, but the form
changes (there are also cases of inversion).
2. The proverbs and proverbs used in other versions of
the work are directly related to the speech situation in
this text, the specialness of occasional meanings.
3. The need to compare proverbs within the
framework of other such national texts.
Based on the above classification, it is appropriate to
carry out linguistic and cultural research of proverbs
and sayings in gradual stages. Lexical-semantic,
syntactic, stylistic, artistic, cultural analyzes are used in
a mixed state. There are proverbs such as teva
ko
ʻ
rdingmi yo
ʻ
q//tuya ko
ʻ
rdingmi yo
ʻ
q//ishi borning tishi
bor//odam odamg
ʻ
a ko
ʻ
p yerda o
ʻ
xshay berur//sadaqa
raddi balo in
“
Temurnama
”
. In the context of the work,
odam odamga o
ʻ
xshaydi//sadaqa raddi balo//tuya
ko
ʻ
rdingmi yo
ʻ
q of these paremiological units have
been preserved in today's literary language
environment.
Teva lexeme is an archaic form of tuya lexeme. Proverb
ishi borning tishi bor is an archaic form of
paremiological units regarding the status of a working
person.
The nationality of any people reflects the cultural
codes of its stable combinations. “Temurnama” is an
example of national values, an invaluable work that
contains most of the traditions of the Uzbek people up
to the present day. Most of the traditions, ceremonies,
and rituals presented in this work are performed even
today. Before starting a job, it is necessary to receive
blessings from the elders, the wedding spectacles last
from three nights to forty days, when you have a child
or grandchild, to give aqiqa, food to the country, to
give a head-to-toe dress in joy, to give a girl's hair
(Khorazm, preserved in the oasis regions to this day) ),
resting (when children are crying, looking at a person
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differently, reciting prayers, ruqiya and qasidas to
protect them from calamities), washing and cleaning
the dead div in marakas and following it to its final
destination are still preserved and developed among
our people. To
ʻ
y taraddudini qilib, qirq kecha kunduz
xalqqa to
ʻ
y berdilar//Bul tarafdin Mirzo Sayfuddin to
ʻ
ra
Amir Sohibqirondin fotiha olib,qirq ming askar birla
yetti kun yo
ʻ
l yurub,andin keyin bir tog
ʻ
ni ustig
ʻ
a
chiqdilar(Temurnama, page 265)//Andin keyin Pudiyga
bosh-oyog
ʻ
libos berdilar//
…
ag
ʻ
lin begini qizini qalini
Amir Temurning boshi erdi// Ikkovlari bir-biri birla qo
ʻ
l
ushlashib,shayx oyat o
ʻ
qub,o
ʻ
ziga dam urub,o
ʻ
t ichra
yugurub kirib kettilar(Temurnama, page 266)//sallasin
anga kafan qilib,janoza o
ʻ
qub,dafn qildilar(Temurnama
page 117). There are also some myths in the work:
qozon o
ʻ
rtasi qaynar, munda ot kishnar, yov kelganga
o
ʻ
xshaydir(Temurnama, page 97) in this example
Saraymulkhanim warns Sahibkiron based on ancient
traditions. The plot of birds choosing the king, such as
humo, davlatqush, humoyun, found in folk epics, was
also used in
“
Temurnama
”
:
…
bul kun boshing uzra
latofatda bir qush soya solmish, ko
ʻ
rdim tumshuqida
so
ʻ
ngak,
man
aning
humoyun
idrok
qildim
(Temurnama, page 102)//Andin keyin qul quvlab
yubormoq bo
ʻ
lub keldi, ko
ʻ
rsaki,to
ʻ
rani boshig
ʻ
a
humoyun soya solib o
ʻ
lturur(Temurnama, page 213).
In the work, you can find ethnographies that
represent our nationality and are still present today.
"Interpretation of various dreams before the birth of a
child, getting a water bottle, naming the child, putting
it on a skirt, cradle, wedding, wedding advice, council,
announcement, giving a second name, going to the
palace, appointing a matchmaker. It is important that
various customs and ceremonies, such as making an
embassy, making a deal (wrestling, backgammon,
chess), greeting, giving a girl a hat, are included in
“Temurnama”and it requires a special study.
Onomastic units are also of special importance in the
classification of linguocultures of the work. E.
Begmatov emphasizes that onomastic units, including
anthroponyms, exhibit the following features that can
provide material for anthropocentric analysis:
1) anthroponyms, while distinguishing individuals, are
based on images related to the will and activity of the
namer;
2) anthroponyms are the result of people's creativity;
3) through anthroponyms, the ethnic, cultural and
spiritual views and religious beliefs of people who lived
for centuries reach us;
4) the motivation of anthroponyms depends on the
historical development of the nation [8]
Based on the above, the names of places, people, and
animals used in the text of the work represent national
customs, traditions, and historical lifestyle. Onomastic
units form a separate layer of each language. The study
of onomastic units in Uzbek linguistics has a long
history. In almost every historical work, including
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“Tarihi Muluki Ajam”, “Boburnama”, “Shajarayi Turk”,
we see a strong interest in the system of proper nouns.
Also, the study of onomastic units in Uzbek linguistics,
literary studies and folklore studies of the 20th century
caused the emergence of a separate field - Uzbek
onomastics [9]. The onomastic system of the work
“Temurnama” will be the object of several
monographic studies. For this reason, we did not pay
attention to the research and analysis of onomastic
units in the work in our dissertation work.
CONCLUSION
The following conclusion can be drawn from the above
points, the phraseological units used in the work,
similes
and
metaphors,
paremiological
units,
onomastic units, presidential units, ethnographies,
applause and cursing, caresses, euphemisms, etc.
analysis reflects valuable information about national
thinking, people's culture.
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
7.
Бегматов Э., Улу
қ
ов
Н
.
Ўзбек
ономастикаси
.
Библиографик
кўрсаткич
(XIX
аср
охиридан
–
2008
йилгача
эълон
қ
илинган
ишлар
олинган
).
–
Наманган
, 2008.
–
б
168.
