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ABSTRACT
The research aims to show how blood groups are distributed in the Najaf Governorate and analyze them according to
the main blood groups (A, B, AB, O). The expected results include a different distribution of blood groups across urban
and rural areas and the potential effects of social and economic factors on this distribution. Therefore, the main focus
of the research was to know the prevailing blood groups and the degree of diversity of those groups according to the
administrative units in the study area.
This study has practical implications as it contributes to enhancing the understanding of the spatial distribution of
blood groups. This understanding can be used to improve health emergency plans, blood donation strategies, and
provide guidelines for health care planning in the governorate.
The research includes collecting blood sample data from different areas in the governorate and analyzing them using
advanced geographic information systems maps. These maps are instrumental in identifying patterns and spatial
distributions of common and rare blood groups, and the impact of demographic and environmental factors on these
distributions.
The most essential results were that there are administrative units with repetitive values, i.e., stable areas where
certain blood types prevail, unlike other regions where repetitive values are low or non-existent, i.e., unstable areas
where the percentage of blood types changes.
Research Article
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD GROUP VARIATION IN
NAJAF GOVERNORATE (2023-2024)
Submission Date:
July 24, 2024,
Accepted Date:
July 29, 2024,
Published Date:
Aug 03, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume04Issue08-05
Ayman Adnan Jabr Abo-Saiba
University of Kufa, College of Urban Plan, Iraq
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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KEYWORDS
Blood groups, blood sample data, spatial distributions.
INTRODUCTION
Man, and the environment in which he lives are two
variables that affect each other. Knowing the blood
types in a place makes us aware of the diseases that
spread because each blood type responds to a specific
environmental influence according to the surrounding
conditions and the genetic factors (genes) that are also
affected by this and interact and develop over time.
1- Justifications for the study:
Our choice of the study is justified by its great
importance in medical planning and health care,
including predicting epidemics and diseases and
avoiding the dangers resulting from differences in
blood types.
2- The study problem:
The main problem of the study is "What are the
prevalent blood types in Najaf Governorate?" To know
this, it must be divided into sub-problems:
-Are there administrative units in which a specific blood
type is concentrated?
-What are the administrative units with the most
diversity in blood types?
3- Study hypothesis:
The central hypothesis is "The most prevalent blood
group in the study area is A," while the sub-hypotheses
are:
A - All administrative units are characterized by the
diversity of blood groups with the presence of a
specific type.
B - The center of Najaf district is one of the most diverse
administrative units in blood groups.
4- Spatial and temporal boundaries:
The spatial boundaries are concerned with the
administrative boundaries of Najaf Governorate, which
ranks seventh in terms of area, amounting to 28,824
square kilometers, which constitutes 6% of the area of
Iraq. According to Map (1), it is located between
latitudes (29.30 and 33.32 north) and longitudes (43.44
and 46.45 east), meaning that it is located in the middle
Euphrates region, where it is bordered by Karbala and
Babylon Governorates to the north, Qadisiyah and
Muthanna to the east, Anbar to the west, and the
borders with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to the south
(General Survey Establishment - Baghdad - 1995). It
consists of Najaf District, which includes the center of
Najaf District, Al-Haidariya District, and Al-Shabaka
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District, and Kufa District, which consists of the center
of Kufa District, Al-Abbasiyah and Al-Hurriyah District,
and Al-Mundhirah District, which includes the center of
Al-Mundhirah and Al-Hirah District, and Al-Mashkhab
District, which consists of the center of Al-Mashkhab
and Al-Qadisiyah District. As for the temporal
boundaries, they include (2023-2024).
Map (1): Astronomical location of the study area
Source: Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Water Resources, General Survey Establishment, Baghdad, 1995.
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5- Methodology and Approach:
The research relied on the methodology followed in
the study, a fundamentalist approach that specializes
in studying the phenomenon within a limited area. The
method
followed
descriptive,
statistical,
and
cartographic methods.
6- Concepts of the study:
A- Blood
It is a fluid found in all the bodies of animals and
humans, and its function is to transport the necessary
materials to the cells, such as nutrients and oxygen
'Free encyclopedia-2024'
B- Red cells Erythrocytes
They are disc-shaped cells devoid of nucleus and
cytoplasm and are filled with hemoglobin, and their
function is to transport gases to the div cells
"Fatayer-2000-27."
C- Antigens
It is the substance that reacts in the human div and
produces antibodies "Al-Zubaidi-1984-68" and may
include plasma, vaccines, and viruses' Bakman-2024-1'
and may also include plasma and the reaction of
antigens appear in the case of inappropriate blood
transfusion or marriage 'Laura-2005-4'
C- Antibodies
They are the bodies secreted by immune cells when
foreign materials enter the human div "Khalifa-1995-
99."
C- RH factor
It is the negative and positive system in blood types,
and when they differ, it leads to the death of the fetus
in the mother's womb Zakarya-2022-3.'
H- Agglutination
It is the clumping of blood particles when blood types
differ. Free encyclopedia-2024'
K- Classification of blood
Blood is classified into four basic categories: (O - A - B -
AB)
Diagram (1): Compatibility of the four basic blood types
Donor
The faction
O
A
B
AB
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Receiver
O
correspond
Not
compatible
Not
compatible
Does not
match
A
correspond
Compatible
Not
compatible
Does not
match
B
correspond
Not
compatible
Compatible
Does not
match
AB
correspond
Compatible
Compatible
Compatible
Source: Zakaria, 2022, blood groups and blood types, page 7
First: The numerical and relative distribution of the
population of the study area according to blood types
for the year 2023-2024:
Table (1) indicates the numerical and relative
distribution of the population of the study area
according to blood types for the year 2023-2024 as
follows:
1- Blood type O ranked first, as the number of people
carrying this type reached 484,970 people,
representing 29% of the total population of the study
area, which amounted to 1,672,312 people, according
to estimates by the Central Bureau of Statistics for the
year 2023.
2- Blood group b ranked second with 384631 people,
representing 23%
3- Blood group A ranked third with 284123 people,
representing 14%
4- Blood group AB ranked fourth with 150508 people,
representing 9%
5- Blood group o ranked fifth with 160507 people,
representing 9%
6- Blood group A ranked sixth with 84062 people,
representing 7%
7- Blood group B ranked seventh with 83342 people,
representing 7%
8- Blood group AB ranked last with 50169 people,
representing 4%
Based on the above, the researcher chose the four
blood groups (o.b.a.ab) as they are the most
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widespread blood groups in the study area, which he
will discuss in the upcoming sections.
Table (1): Numerical and relative distribution of blood types in the study area
Blood Type
Number
%
O
484970
29
B
384631
23
A
284123
14
Ab
150508
9
O-
150507
9
A-
84062
7
B-
83342
7
Ab-
50169
4
Total
1672312
100
Source: Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Health, Najaf Governorate Health Directorate, Blood Center, unpublished
data, 2023
Table (2) shows the numerical and relative distribution
of the four blood types (study population) amounting
to 1,304,319 people, which represents 77% of the
population of the study area, as follows:
1- Group O ranked first, recording 484,970 people,
representing 37%.
2- Group B ranked second, recording 384,631 people,
representing 29%.
3- Group A ranked third, recording 284,210 people,
representing 22%.
4- Group AB ranked last, recording 150,508 people,
representing 12%.
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Table (2): Numerical and relative distribution of blood types (study population) in the study area
Blood Type
Number
%
O
484970
37
B
384631
29
A
284210
22
Ab
150508
12
Total
1305319
100
Source: Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Health, Najaf Governorate Health Directorate, Blood Center, unpublished
data, 2023
It is evident from the data that the four blood groups
are prevalent in the study area. Our research will focus
on their geographical distribution and the variation of
this distribution. This is crucial as the spread of two
incompatible groups could lead to significant health
risks among the population. Therefore, our work is vital
in developing plans, programs, and health systems to
prevent these dangerous possibilities.
Second: The numerical and relative distribution of
blood types according to the qualitative composition
of the population of the study area:
It is clear from Table (3) the numerical and relative
distribution of blood types according to the qualitative
composition of the study area population that the
number of males was recorded at 665,203 people,
constituting 51% of the study population of 1,304,319
people. As for the O type, the number of males was
recorded at 247,335, comprising 37%, followed by the B
type, which recorded 196,162 people, comprising 29%,
then the A type, which recorded 144,947 people,
constituting 22%, followed by the AB type, which
recorded 76,759 people, constituting 11%. As for the
number of females, it reached 639,116, representing
49% of the study population. As for blood type O, it
recorded 237,635 people, representing 35%, followed
by blood type B, which recorded 188,469 people,
representing 30%, followed by blood type A, which
recorded 139,263 people, representing 22%, and finally,
blood type AB, which recorded 73,749 people,
representing 12%.
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Table (3): Numerical and relative distribution of blood types according to the qualitative composition of the study
area population for the year (2023-2024)
The faction
Male
%
Female
%
O
247335
37
237635
35
B
196162
29
188469
30
A
144947
22
139263
22
AB
76759
11
73749
12
Total
665203
100
639116
100
Source: Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Health, Najaf Governorate Health Directorate, Blood Center, unpublished
data, 2023
From the above table, we conclude:
1- The number of males in all blood groups was more
than the number of females.
2- Group O ranked first in the number of males and
females, and this group is characterized by
incompatibility with the rest of the groups in terms of
receiving, i.e., blood cannot be transferred to it except
for its group, unlike other groups that receive from
group O in the case of blood donation.
Third: The numerical and relative distribution of blood
type O according to administrative units:
In Table (4), which shows the numerical and relative
distribution of blood type O according to
administrative units in the study area, we find:
The center of Kufa district ranked first, recording
318,380 people, representing 64%, followed by Al-
Abbasiya district, which recorded 72,796 people,
representing 15%, then Al-Hurriya district, which
recorded 29,098 people, representing 65%, then Al-
Munathera district center, which recorded 24,548
people, representing 5%, then Al-Haidariya district,
which recorded 19,398 people, representing 4%, then
Al-Mashkhab district center, which recorded 14,386
people, representing 3%, then Al-Hirah district, which
recorded 4,849 people, representing 15%, then Al-Najaf
district center, which recorded 872 people,
representing 0.008%, and finally Al-Qadisiyah, which
recorded 193 people, representing 0.004%.
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Table (4): Numerical and relative distribution of blood type O according to administrative units in the study area
Administrative Unit
Number
%
Kufa District Center
318380
64
Al-Abbasiya
72796
15
Al-Hurriya
29098
6
Al-Mundhiriya
24548
5
Al-Haidariya
19398
4
Al-Mashkhab
14836
3
Al-Hirah
4849
1
Najaf District Center
872
0,008
Al-Qadisiya
193
0,004
Total
484970
100
Source: Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Health, Najaf Governorate Health Directorate, Blood Center, unpublished
data, 2023
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Map (2): Geographical distribution of blood type O according to administrative units
Source: Researcher's work based on Table (4)
Fourth: Numerical and relative distribution of blood
type B according to administrative units:
It is clear from Table (5) the numerical and relative
distribution of blood type B according to
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administrative units that the center of Kufa district
once again occupied the first place, recording 242,317
people, representing 63%, followed once again by Al-
Abbasiya district, which recorded 61,540 people,
representing 16%, then the center of Al-Manathira Al-
Haidariyah district, each of which recorded 19,231
people, representing 5%, then Al-Hurriya district, which
recorded 15,385 people, representing 4%, then Al-
Mashkhab, which recorded 11,538 people, representing
3%, followed by the center of Najaf district and Al-Hirah
district, which recorded 7,592 people, representing 2%,
and finally Al-Qadisiyah district, which recorded 205
people, representing 0.006%.
Table (5): Numerical and relative distribution of blood type B according to administrative units
Administrative Unit
Number
%
Kufa District Center
242317
63
Al-Abbasiya
61540
16
Al-Mundhir District Center
19231
5
Al-Haidariyah
19231
5
Al-Hurriya
15385
4
Al-Mashkhab
11538
3
Najaf District Center
7592
2
Al-Hirah
7592
2
Al-Qadisiyah
205
0,006
Total
384631
100
Source: Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Health, Najaf Governorate Health Directorate, Blood Center, unpublished
data, 2023
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Map (3): Geographical distribution of blood group B according to administrative units
Source: Researcher's work based on Table (5)
Fifth: Numerical and relative distribution of blood type
A according to administrative units
Table (6) shows the numerical and relative distribution
of blood type A according to administrative units, Al-
Hirah district ranked first, recording 93,789 people,
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representing 33%, followed by Al-Abbasiya, which
recorded 73,894 people, representing 24%, followed by
Al-Kufa district center, which recorded 31,263 people,
representing 11%, then Al-Najaf district center, which
recorded 25,014 people, representing 9%, followed by
Al-Mundhirah district center, which recorded 22,736
people, representing 8%, then Al-Hurriya district, which
recorded 19,894 people, representing 75%, then Al-
Haidariya, which recorded 17,052, representing 6%, and
finally Al-Qadisiyah district and Al-Mashkhab district
center, which recorded 284 people, representing 1%.
Table (6): Numerical and relative distribution of blood type A according to administrative units
Administrative Unit
Number
%
Al-Hirah
93789
33
Al-Abbasiyah
73894
24
Kufa District Center
31263
11
Najaf District Center
25014
9
Al-Mundhirah District
Center
36
227
8
Al-Hurriya
19894
7
Al-Haidariyah
17052
6
Al-Qadisiyah
284
1
Al-Mashkhab
284
1
Total
284210
100
Source: Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Health, Najaf Governorate Health Directorate, Blood Center, unpublished
data, 2023
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Map (4): Geographical distribution of blood group A according to administrative units
Source: Researcher's work based on Table (6)
Sixth: Numerical and relative distribution of blood type
AB according to administrative units:
It is clear from Table (7) that the numerical and relative
distribution of blood type AB according to
administrative units is that the center of Kufa district
ranked first, recording 100,840 people, representing
67%, followed by Abbasiya, recording 19,435 people,
representing 12%, followed by the center of Najaf and
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Al-Mundhirah districts, recording 7,525 people,
representing 5%, followed by Al-Haidariya and Al-
Mashkhab districts, which recorded 4,515 people,
representing 3%, then Al-Hirah and Al-Hurriya districts,
which recorded 3,010 people, representing 2%, and
finally Al-Qadisiyah, which recorded 120 people,
representing 0.008%.
Table (7) Numerical and relative distribution of blood type AB according to administrative units
Administrative Unit
Number
%
Kufa District Center
100840
67
Al-Abbasiya
19435
12
Najaf District Center
7525
5
Al-Mundhir District Center
7625
5
Al-Mashkhab District
Center
4515
3
Al-Haidariyah
4515
3
Al-Hirah
3010
2
Al-Hurriya
3010
2
Al-Qadisiyah
120
0,008
%
Total
150509
100
Source: Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Health, Najaf Governorate Health Directorate, Blood Center, unpublished
data, 2023
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Map (5): Geographical distribution of AB blood group according to administrative units
Source: Researcher's work based on Table (7)
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We conclude from Table (4) (5) (6) (7) the following:
1- There are administrative units that occupied the
same ranks in different blood groups, such as Abbasiya
and Kufa District Center, meaning that they have
repetitive values, unlike some units that did not have
repetitive values, such as Al-Hurriya and Najaf District
Center. This means that the administrative units in the
first example are stable and specific factions prevail in
them, unlike the second example, which is variable. On
this basis, Table (8) was prepared.
Table (8): Repetitive values of administrative units of the same rank in the study area
Administrative Unit
Frequency values of the same
rank
Al-Abbasiya
4
Kufa District Center
3
Al-Qadisiyah
2
Al-Mashkhab
2
Al-Hirah
2
Al-Manara District Center
2
Al-Haidariya
2
Najaf District Center
-
Al-Hurriya
-
Source: Based on Table (4)(5)(6)(7)
.
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Map (6) Geographical distribution of frequency values according to administrative units
Source: Researcher's work based on Table (8)
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From the above, it is clear that there are stable
administrative units and other unstable administrative
units, and the reason for this is due to factors, the most
important of which are demographic factors, and here
we mean the factor (rural and urban). Table (9) shows
the frequency values for each administrative unit,
corresponding to the number of rural residents, and
we find that the highest frequency value was recorded
in the Al-Abbasiya district. The center of Kufa district,
represented by 4 and 3, corresponds to 90,657 and
80,297 people. In contrast, we find that the center of
Najaf district and Al-Hurriya district do not have any
frequency value, so they came in last place regarding
rural population numbers. In the center of Najaf
district, the rural population reached 31,849 people,
and in Al-Hurriya, 21,823 people. It must be noted that
rural residents tend to what is known as
(consanguineous
marriage),
so
the
genetic
characteristics are similar, and this is what modern
genetics
and
experimental
embryology
have
confirmed (William-1975-310).
To test the strength of the relationship, the researcher
employed Pearson's correlation coefficient, a widely
accepted statistical measure. The result, a strong
positive correlation of 74, indicates that as the rural
population increases, so do the repetitive values of the
administrative unit. This is further supported by table
(9), which presents the repetitive values and number
of rural population according to administrative units.
Administrative
Unit
Recurring
Values
Rural Population
Al-Abbasiya
4
90657
Kufa District
Center
3
80297
Al-Qadisiyah
3
45977
Al-Mashkhab
2
71209
Al-Hirah
2
24873
Al-Haidariyah
2
68797
Al-Mundhir
District Center
2
41571
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Al-Najaf District
Center
-
31849
Al-Hurriya
-
21823
Source: Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Planning, Central Statistical Organization in Najaf, 2023.
CONCLUSIONS
The study concluded that;
1- There are stable administrative units, i.e., certain
blood types prevail in them, so they came with higher
frequency values than the rest of the other
administrative units, for example (Al-Abbasiya
District), which recorded (4) as a frequency value,
followed by the center of Kufa District and Al-Qadisiyah
District, where each of them recorded three as a
frequency value, unlike the center of Najaf District and
Al-Hurriya District, which had a frequency value of zero.
2- The more rural residents increase, the more the
frequency values increase. For example, (Al-Abbasiya
District), which recorded the highest frequency value
of (4), ranked first in the number of rural residents, as
it recorded (90,657 people) when compared to other
administrative units.
3
—
The population of the study area is divided into
rural and urban areas, and on this basis, the nature of
social relations differed. So, we find that rural residents
tend to marry relatives more than urban residents,
which leads to their repetition of genetic traits.
4- The economic level of urban residents is generally
higher than that of rural residents, which in turn led to
an increase in the cultural level and an exit from the
scope of prevailing social customs, and thus social
relations expanded, which led to their areas being
unstable in terms of blood types, for example, the
Najaf District Center, which recorded a repetition value
of zero, which was ranked second to last with the
number of rural residents amounting to (31,849
people).
RECOMMENDATIONS
1- The study recommends that the competent
authorities establish blood group centers according to
the geographical area, depending on the type of
administrative unit. Suppose it is one of the stable
administrative units, as is the case (Kufa District Center
and Al-Abbasiya and Al-Qadisiya districts). In that case,
blood centers should be established by the prevailing
blood groups. However, if it is one of the unstable
units, for example (Najaf District Center and Al-Hurriya
District), it is necessary to establish centers that
provide different blood groups, considering them
unstable areas.
Volume 04 Issue 08-2024
82
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
08
P
AGES
:
62-82
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
2- Providing injections and vice versa: The lower the
repetition values of the administrative units, the more
their requirements are because they are unstable
administrative units and vice versa.
3- Spreading awareness among the residents of the
administrative units of the study area due to its great
importance through the media, communication, and
periodic teams affiliated with health institutions.
4- Emphasizing the need to conduct a blood test upon
marriage, whether in urban or rural areas.
5- Conducting periodic blood donation campaigns
distributed among the administrative units to ensure
the provision of blood types for critical cases.
REFERENCES
Sources in Arabic:
1-
Al-Zubaidi, Tariq Fadhel, 1984, Immunology and
Serology, Ministry of Higher Education and
Scientific Research, Iraq.
2-
Khalifa, Ahmed Khalifa, 1990, University of
Baghdad, Iraq.
3-
Fatayer, Abdul Rahim, Hematology (Theoretical
and Practical), 2000, Kuwait.
4-
Abu Saiba, Ayman Adnan, Spatial Analysis of
Seasonal Disease Movement in Najaf Governorate
for the Years (2005-2006-2007), Unpublished
Master's Thesis, University of Kufa - College of Arts.
Sources in English
1-
William
ganong,1975,review
of
medical
physiology, university of san fransicco ,califorinia .
2-
Zakarya AL mashhadani,2022,blood groups and
blood types ,Iraq.
3-
Bakman ,2024,importance of antigens and
antibodies ,encyclopedia britanica .
4-
Laura dean 2005,,blood groups and red cells
antigens .usa.
Government sources:
1-
Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Health, Najaf Health
Department, Najaf Blood Bank 2023.
2-
Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Health, Najaf Health
Department, Najaf Blood Bank 2024.
3-
Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Planning, Central
Statistical Organization, Najaf, Iraq.
4-
Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Water Resources,
General Survey Establishment, Baghdad, Iraq.
Websites:
1-
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024
