Energy and Fuels

Subject of research: tenzosensitivity films of ВьТез, SbjTej got under vacuum evaporation, high compensated silicon with deep level, flint p-n-transition, AGP film CdTe and Si.
Purpose of work: is a study of mechanism origin EMF in p-n-transition in strong microwave field.
The description in tenzosensitivities film by methods R(s) path and thermodynamics of the roundrobin processes.
Methods of research: the methods R(s) path in theories of the fluctuations. Modeling deforming effect. The Numerical experiments.
The results obtained and their novelty:
1. For the first time it is shown, that EMF arising due to non-uniform distribution of an electromagnetic field reduces vortical currents in p-n-transition.
2. The method of phase portraits for the first time is applied to research of deformation effects in semiconductors. The method of phase portraits allows to interpret all possible processes from one point of view.
3.Influence of illumination by own light on R (e) dependences of deformation effects Is established. It is shown, that factor tenzosensitivities the shined p-n-transition and own semiconductor it is possible to operate deformation £0, frequency and intensity of light.
Practical value: Method phase path can be use when checking the features semiconductor. The Results studies of tenzosensitivity can be used at development a new tenzogauges.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: results of work can be applied in electronic industry, in the field of power and in development of new kinds of strain gauges. Can are useful in scientific researches by definition of concentration generation the centers and speed of generation in semiconductors. The received results can be used in educational process in higher educational institutions.
Field of application: Microelectronics, solid state physics, physics semiconductor, optoelectronics.

The aim of the research is increase of cooling effect in irrigation facilities on industrial enterprises cause of intensification of heat- oil mass transfer processes, reduction of hydraulic resistance, and development of mode conditions for increasing energy efficiency.
Tasks of research:
to develop mathematical model of energy efficient process for water cooling in tubular irrigators;
to develop computer program of dynamic process for technological cooling of water in cooling towers;
to perform adequacy analyses of experimental data of water cooling with result received by modeling on computers;
to develop the method of calculating polymer block of irrigation facility in cooling towers;
to develop scientific technical solutions on improving of industrial cooling towers with energy efficient equipment
The object of the research is fan cooling towers and their elements in the systems of recycled technical water supply of industrial enterprises.
Scientific novelty of the research is consisted of the following:
energy technological diagrams for recycled technical water supply with energy efficient tubular sprinklers made from composite polymeric materials in evaporative cooling towers were developed;
main energy-technological parameters of heat- oil mass transfer processes in energy-efficient composite polymer tubular sprinklers of the evaporative cooling tower were found;
the method of the water cooling process in tubular sprinklers taking into account turbulence and uneven distribution of phases was developed;
the algorithm for controlling the process of heat and oil mass transfer, water cooling in tubular sprinkler devices were developed;
the parameters of tube bundle hydraulic resistance dependent on the height of the sprinkler at various temperatures and air velocities in the cooling tower of cooling system were determined.
The structure and volume of the thesis. The dissertation consists of introduction, five chapters, conclusion, a list of references and appendices. The text of the thesis is presented on 120 pages.

Relevance and demand of the subject of dissertation. Experience of industrialized countries testifies that resource-saving is one of conditions of their sustainable development. Having our own stocks of organic-mineral raw materials, the republic considers this tendency, seeking to increase overall performance of the enterprises.
In oil and gas branch mining, storage of raw materials there is evaporation loss of hydrocarbons in steam-air mixture (SAM). It is estimated that due to their reduction, it is possible to increase production by 20%, reduce the burden of enterprises on the environment and health of the population. The specified losses come from replacement in the atmosphere of SAM from the gas space (GS) of tanks. That is why to equip them with fuel and fire evaporation suppress devices -pontoons, sorption systems and vapor recovery of fuels, import-substituting reagents and materials, is an important task of the industry.
In nonferrous metallurgy import substitution of the applied reagents, sorbents and increase of effectiveness of their use is also actual, stimulating development of technologies of localization of their production.
So, the need for absorbites for a recuperation of vapors of hydrocarbons, foaming agents for flotation of copper and molybdenic ores on the copper dressing-works (CDW) of Copper-smelting plant (CSP) JSC “Almalyk MMC” is high. There in the shop of processing of rare metals (SPRM) uses Kaolinum on outdated technology of a pelletizing of Mo concentrate: meanwhile, more efficient bindings are known.
Mentioned materials are colloid and chemical agents, regulators of processes in heterogeneous systems. Studying of the surface phenomena and equilibrium states on their interfaces, properties of the allocated components is the basis for resource-saving technology of new sorbents, surfactant for oil and gas branch and metallurgy.
The real dissertation work is focused on implementation of resolutions of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PP-916 of July 15, 2008 "On additional measures to stimulate innovative projects and technologies in production" and No. PP-1442 of December 15, 2010 "About priorities of development of the industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2011-2015", and also No. PP-2120 of February 04, 2014 "About the program of localization of production of finished goods, components and materials for 2014-16" which are directed on increase of effectiveness of the industrial production due to decrease in production expenses and product cost, introduction of the modem energy saving and resource-saving technologies.
Purpose of research is creation of evidence-based resource-saving the technological decisions, on the basis of high performance reagents, in dispers oil -at production, storage, in nonferrous metallurgy - at floatation enrichment of copper ores and production of a candle end of a middling product molybdenic.
Scientific novelty of the dissertation research consists in the following:
the novel system of light fraction of fuel recovery for reservoirs by condensation, sorption was developed;
the new sorbent - the KAU-M modified coal is developed;
the optimization of vapor recuperation regime of hydrocarbons with use local sorbents was carried out;
the new data on evaporation dynamics during the exploitation of industrial tanks for hydrocarbons storage were obtained;
developed, tested and implemented ways to fuel supply: pontoon, sorption, based on local raw materials;
the composition of bonding agent to granulate Mo-concentrate in comparison with existing composition (8-10% of kaolin in mixture with Mo-concentrate) facilitating extraction of Re, Mo from the candle end by sublimate-condensation and ammoniacal leaching, respectively, as well as the extraction of Au and Ag from the cake of ammoniacal leaching of Mo by cyanide leaching were developed;
the composition of the mixture to granulate Mo-concentrate with a novel binding SC containing (wt.%): Mo-concentrate 97.3-97.0; kaolin 2.0; watersoluble SC polymer 0.7-1.0 was proposed.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of the studied laws of the states of a number hydrocarbon and mineral ore dispersed systems, current scientific and technical tasks in the field of resource-saving in industrial sectors such as oil and gas, and metallurgy were solved. The main scientific and practical results obtained at the fulfillment of the dissertation work are following:
1) The regularities of oil and gas dispersions regulation were determined:
- Kinetics of adsorption of hydrocarbon vapors on solid sorbents;
- Absorption kinetics of hydrocarbon vapor by liquid absorbents;
- Fuel evaporation kinetics at the interface: liquid-vapor;
2) On the basis of the developed principles of vaporization control in the dispersed fuel systems, technological solutions were proposed:
- Adsorption vapor recovery fuels on novel adsorbents (active carbons, zeolites NaX, NaA, CaX, with the balance making of the vapor fuels recuperation, construction of adsorption isotherms, development domestic «Activated KAU-M carbon TSh 88.16-31: 2007» and the adsorption recovery units based on it);
- absorption vapor recovery by absorbent (diesel fbel, due to the «big breath» storage tank when filling in the «intermediate» tank fuel distributive system);
- fuel saving during the storage owing to reducing their evaporation, as well as owing to the area decreasing of the phase interface: the liquid-vapor (with the effect of 85-95%, by reducing the GS of reservoir and overlapping by 98% of fuel surface mirror by pontoon. Alternative for it structural material is polyethylene terephthalate, float shapes are cone with firefighting function).
3) Number of surfactants series AT and PT were developed based on local anthropogenic raw materials. Their colloid-chemical and performance properties were studied as foaming agents in devices extinguishing of cone-floats pontoons tanks storage of fuels and flotation benefication of Cu-Mo sulfide ores from Kalmakyr at JSC «Almalyk MMC».
4) HMC polymer SC has been developed on the basis of local anthropogenic raw materials representative itself a hydrolysis product of waste production polyacryl nitrile fiber for the resource saving production of candle end of molybdenum middling at SPRM CSP of JSC «Almalyk MMC», as the novel component of the charge granulation of Mo concentrate. Its new composition (wt.%): Mo concentrate 97.3-97.0, kaolin 2, water soluble SC polymer 0.7-1.0. When necessary, kaolin was less replaced by the bentonite and SC polymer on CMC or PVA, to adjust the concentration of substitutes. Hydrophilic, strength, structural, physico-chemical and technological properties of the charge Mo concentrate based on binders: kaolin and organic polymers derived from them granules and candle end were compared. Technology of candle end processing of molybdenum middling with the new charge is not differenced from existing technology, from traditional composition of mixture: 8-10% kaolin and the rest is Mo concentrate. However, it facilitates the extraction of Re, Mo out of candle by sublimate condensation and ammonia leaching, respectively, as well as the extraction of Au and Ag out of ammonia leaching cake of Mo by cyanide leaching.

The article presents the ways of improvement and development new weighted mud receipt based on composite lubricant from local raw materials and industrial wastes for drilling oil and gas wells. In the process of building oil and gas wells to maintain the stability of the walls, to prevent the flow of salts, and to prevent the penetration of formation fluids into the well, it becomes necessary to increase the density of the drilling fluid, which can be accomplished by introducing components with increased density.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. The sharp increase all over the world number of cars and various vehicles demands manufacture qualitative motor fuel on basis energy-savings technologies. Since 2005 on present time all over the world the oil recovery and gas has increased more than by 55 %, and investigation of their underground stocks more than 3 times. Manufacture motor fuels from oil-gas condensate (OGC) mixes is based on the expense of a considerable quantity of energy and use of difficult devices. Last years requirements of quality motor fuels steadily grow, and at the same time instability on quantity and the prices of oil raw materials all over the world is observed. Technical and technological updating of oil refining factories, application energysaving manufacture methods are the basic criteria providing decrease of expenses by manufacture of mineral oil, in particular motor fuel and improvements of their quality. The above-stated strategic directions of development of manufacture in oil and gas branch correspond to a complex of actions for development of the enterprises.
As is known, manufacture motor fuels from oil-gas condensate mixes is based on one of power-intensive processes - difficult distillation (rectification). Thus now as the steaming agent it is used superheated water steam. Analyses show, that the negative phenomena listed more low confirm an urgency of the spent researches on perfection of theoretical and applied bases of application of the hydrocarbon steaming agent at reception motor fuel from oil-gas condensate mixes, an intensification mass exchange and definition of efficiency of application of hydrocarbon steaming agents: considerable power and technological expenses of manufacture superheated water steam; giving of water steam in rectification columns causes formation, in the course of condensation of hydrocarbon steams, a water condensate. In turn the branch of a water condensate from the received fractions demands special devices, carrying out of technological processes of clearing and additional power expenses; water steam and its condensate, being in structure of a mix of hydrocarbons, reduce intensity heat-mass-exchange processes and efficiency of technological indicators оборудований for their realization; high value of warmth of condensation of water steams (2260 kJ/kg) concerning this parameter at hydrocarbon steams (250-350 kJ/kg) promotes increase in power expenses at their condensation; the water condensate promotes strengthening of corrosion of contacting surfaces of devices; as a part of a water condensate there are rests of mineral oil, sulphurous and others the chemical compounds demanding additional expenses, connected with their removal and recycling. In turn these impurity aggravate manufacture environmental problems; watering of distillation fractions (especially avia-kerosene and diesel fuel) a condensate of water steam demands additional expenses connected with their dehydration.
Dissertational work is directed the decision in defined to degree of problems resulted in resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan the №PR-916 dated July 15, 2008 y. «About additional measures for stimulation of introduction of innovative projects and technologies in production» and the №PR-1442 dated December 15, 2010 у. «On the priorities of industrial development of Uzbekistan in 2011-2015».
Purpose of research. Creation of scientific bases energy-saving technologies of dry distillation of oil-gas-condensate mixes by a process intensification of mass given in a steam phase application of the hydrocarbon steaming agent at reception motor fuel.
Scientific novelty of dissertation research lies in the following:
the new technology of dry distillation oil-gas-condensate the mixes, based on an intensification mass-exchange processes by replacement of the traditional steaming agent by hydrocarbon steams is created;
reached intensification in a steam phase mass given more than three times at the expense of reduction 10 times thickness of a boundary film between contacting phases, and head given 6 times at the expense of high values criterion of hydrodynamic and thermal similarity at division oil-gas condensate mixes a method of dry distillation;
process change mass-exchange is shown at distillation oil-gas condensate mixes at the expense of considerable difference between physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbon and water steams;
technological parameters of processes of dry distillation oil-gas condensates mixes defined by recirculation 1,46 t/hour of hydrocarbon stripping agents through a rectification column are defined;
series of values increase of factor of diffusion taking into account change of molecular weight of hydrocarbons was defined by the settlement;
improvement of clearness of division distillate fractions on 5-7 °S is established at use of the hydrocarbon stripping agent in comparison with water steam at the expense of intensive mass-exchange between steam and liquid phases;
decrease in thermal loading in the course of condensation more than in 10 times is shown at use of the hydrocarbon stripping agent in comparison with water steam at the expense of the superiority thermal properties of the alternative stripping agent.
Conclusion
1. On the basis of an intensification mass-exchange processes by replacement of the traditional stripping agent (overheated water steam) on hydrocarbon steams, scientific bases of new technology for the first time are created - dry distillation oil-gas-condensate mixes in rectification column to a column, allowing to save heat power expenses for 66,4 %.
2. Researches of a thickness boundary diffusion films at rectification oil-gas-condensate mix with use of hydrocarbon stripping agents have shown, that a thickness of these films, on the average in 10,6 times there is less than thickness, formed by water steam.
3. The analysis of application as the stripping agent of hydro carbonic steams instead of water steam at distillation oil-gas-condensate mixes, has shown, that the factor increase mass given in a steam phase has averaged 3,2 times.
4. Degree of increase of factor mass given at rectification oil-gas-condensate mixes has averaged of 1,25 times depending on the applied stripping agent and distributed fraction.
5. The technological scheme of a supply of hydrocarbon steams in rectification columns for distillation carrying out recirculation is offered a mix, thus there is a possibility of reduction of the expense of the stripping agent on 11,7 %.
6. The technology on a basis recirculation of hydrocarbon steams which has a number of advantages is developed energy-saving: an exception of application of water steam, increase in an exit of light fractions, absence of a moisture in fuel fractions, reduction of power expenses in the course of condensation; elimination of ablation of petrol fraction by a condensate of water steam, increase in selection of fuel fractions at 2,67 %, reduction of corrosion of equipment, improvement of ecological conditions of manufacture, etc.
7. Optimum conditions of carrying out of process of rectification are established at application of technology of dry distillation of oil-gas-condensate mixes with use recirculation 1,46 t/hour (on 11,7 % it is less than water steam) hydrocarbon steams instead of water steam.
8. Improvement of clearness of division distillate fractions on 5-7 °S is established at use of the hydrocarbon stripping agent in comparison with water steam at the expense of intensive mass given between steam and liquid phases.
9. Decrease in thermal loading in the course of condensation more than in 10 times is shown at use of the hydrocarbon stripping agent in comparison with water steam at the expense of the superiority thermal properties of the alternative evaporating agent.
10. Settlement annual economic benefit at the expense of application of a new method of dry distillation oil-gas-condensate mixes for line ELOU AVT-1 Fergana OR productivity on 600 thousand tons raw materials in a year makes more than 500 million sums.

There are several ways to calculate the amount of harmful vehicle emissions into the atmosphere. The article made a theoretical calculation of the amount of harmful emissions emitted by vehicles into the atmosphere, depending on the type of fuel.

Hozirgi paytda ko‘k-yashil suvo‘ti xlorellani chuqur o‘rganilishining sabablaridan biri, inson ehtiyoji uchun zarur bo‘lgan fotosintetik komponentlarga sistematik ravishda asosiy vositadir. Qishloq xo‘jaligida suvo‘tining suspenziyasi qo‘shimcha sifatida cho‘chqa, baliq, qushlarning ozuqasiga qo‘shiladi va oqova suvlarini tozalashda foydalaniladi. Bir qator mamlakatlarda oziq – ovqat mahsulotlarini biologik qimmatini oshirish maqsadida ham qo‘llaniladi. Xlorella, suvo‘tlari spirulin va lyutsernlarga nisbatan 5 marta ko‘p ko‘k - yashil pigment xlorofill saqlaydi. Fotosintez jarayonida suvo‘ti 12 % gacha yorug‘lik energiyasidan foydalansa, quruqlik o‘simliklarida esa 1-2 % tashkil qiladi [1].

The article provides an analysis of data on the state of use of solar energy as an energy source in the Republic of Uzbekistan. At the same
time, the prospects of using optimal grapheme-based solar energy converters are noted

The article provides analytical information on the role of socio-economic infrastructure, including housing and communal services, in improving the standard of living and well-being of the population, as well as energy efficiency and saving resources on the scale of apartment buildings.