ILMIY VA PROFESSIONAL TA’LIM JARAYONIDA MULOQOT, FAN VA MADANIYATLAR
INTEGRATSIYASI
72
Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
ANALYSIS OF PROPER NAMES IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Gulchehra Khamrakulovna Obruyeva
Professor at SamSIFL
Abstract:
This article examines the historical development and linguistic features of
proper names (anthroponyms) in the English language. It explores the origins, evolution, and
classification of English personal names, including influences from Old High German, Celtic,
Scandinavian, Latin, and Hebrew sources. The study highlights the impact of historical events,
literature, and cultural changes on English anthroponymy. The analysis also addresses translation
and transcription issues when transferring proper names across languages. The research
underscores the significance of anthroponyms as cultural and historical markers that reflect the
linguistic and societal transformations of the English-speaking world.
Key Words:
Proper names, anthroponyms, English personal names, historical
development, name classification, linguistic influences, cultural identity, translation,
transcription, literature.
Proper names or anthroponyms are a large group of words, which include names of
people, personal names, patronyms (middle names), surnames, family names, nicknames and
pseudonyms, cryptonyms (hidden names). Anthroponyms of literary works, the names of heroes
in folklore, in myths and fairy tales are also studied. English names have come a long way of
historical development which depended on the history of the English people and their language.
Anthroponyms are called one of the absolute language universals, and according to Anikin, this
universality is based on the same evolutionary processes of nominal systems. Proper names can
be called mirrors that reflect culture. Based on these conclusions, we can say that the
anthroponym is not only a linguistic, but also a socio-historical realia that appears and functions
under certain conditions and is necessary for human community.
The nomenclature of modern English names is a kind of mosaic composed of the
names of ancient and new, originally English and borrowed, traditional and borrowed, differing
from each other in structural and semantic features. According to A. F. Artemova and O. A.
Leonovich, in modern English only 6% of ancient English names are preserved. Such diversity is
not accidental: personal names are associated with the spiritual and material culture of the people.
Therefore, while living and developing, personal names experience various kinds of influence
and go through their historical process of development, which is connected with the history of
the English people and the English language. When proper names are translated into other
languages, they are, as a rule, are borrowed, transcribed, but, as an exception, can be translated.
So, in the works of J.A. Golikova [3, 90] anthroponyms are classified sign-names and tag-names,
which are always transcribed; names with their own semantic content – the names of this group
are either traditionally transcribed or translated; names which can be referred to the irst or
second group depending on the context, they can be either transcribed or translated, sometimes
by means of tracing.
The names of Old High German origin were borrowed at various stages of the
development of English. The Old High German language is known as one of the Germanic
languages of the subgroup and belongs to the VlII-XI centuries. The name
Richard
(translated into Russian by transliteration – Richard) came from the Old High German language
during the Old English period of the 5
th
-11
th
centuries. Let us compare the Old High German
name Richort [richi “powerful state ¬ + hort” bold “]. The remaining names of Old High German
origin, such as
Albert, Charles, Geoffrey, Karl, Louisa, Raymond, Roger, William
, and others,
came to English through Latin and French.
The question of the Celtic component in the composition of English anthroponymy is
quite complex and can be viewed ambiguously. This is due to the problem of preservation and
settlement of the British tribe after the Anglo-Saxons colonized Britain. However, many of the
ILMIY VA PROFESSIONAL TA’LIM JARAYONIDA MULOQOT, FAN VA MADANIYATLAR
INTEGRATSIYASI
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Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
personal names of the Celts and the Anglo-Saxons of the Old English layer are difficult to
distinguish from nicknames. In this group we can see simple one-component names (
Daene,
Wulf, Beald, Britta, Tristan, Froda, Hwita, Aelf, Arthur
) and two-component or complex names
like
Ethelberg, Leofwin, Wigfrith, Frithuwulf, Carmichael: Sir
Carmichael
Clarke has been
found bashed in
(“Carmichael” –transcribed according to translation traditions) [1, 23].
The invasions of the Scandinavians to England, which began at the end of the 8
th
century
and reoccurred over the next centuries to the 11
th
century, apparently did not have a significant
impact on the naming system developed by the Anglo-Saxons at that time. Relatively quickly
they merged with the Anglo-Saxons, having mastered their language, religion, public order [4,
105].
Latin names were borrowed directly from the Latin language during the Roman conquest
of England (43 BC – 410) or through French during the Norman invasion that began in 1066.
After the Norman Conquest, the Old English names almost completely disappeared from use, as
English was the official language. Greek and Latin names were also widespread, as well as
simple one-component, brought by the Normans:
William, Richard, Robert, Hugh, Ralph, Alex-
ander, George, Clara, Paul, e
tc. [35, 107]:
Whatever I told Caroline now for the demons of Mrs.
If you’re able to translate “Caroline” and transcription “Caroline” [4, 107];
In the 12
th
century, the female names were very diverse; in addition to biblical names,
there were many other, more exotic ones:
Hodierna, Italia, Cassandra. Also during this period,
David, Thomas, Nicholas, Isabel, Matilda, Eleanor
and others. After the XIII century, the
number of such names sharply decreases, which might be due to the influence of the church [4,
35].
In the XVI century after the Church Reformation by Henry VIII, the personal names of
non-biblical saints for some time came out of use and the Hebrew names from the Old Testament
became widespread:
Abigail (“Father rejoiced”), Abraham (“Father of many”), Benjamin (“my
son Chali ”)
and others. It should be noted that the Hebrew names began to penetrate into the
English language from the year 597, when Saint Augustine appeared in England with his
disciples and followers.
The div of the girl has been found at Bexhill. She has been identified as Elizabeth
Barnard
(“Elizabeth” – transcription is often used, sometimes the translation is “Elizabeth”) [4,
49].
A significant role in the replenishment of English names has played literature. English
writers not only contributed to the revival of a number of names forgotten because of the official
French language, but also created new names themselves. For example, Jonathan Swift
introduced the names
Vanessa and Stella
. Thanks to Shakespeare, such names as
Silvia
(“Two
Veronians”),
Celia
(“As you please”),
Julia
(“Two Veronians”),
Julie
t (“Romeo and Juliet”),
Jessica
(“Venetian merchant”) were widely used.
Ophelia
(“Hamlet”),
Viola
(“The Twelfth
Night”):
Farewell, Ophelia; remember well. What I have said to you
(“Ophelia” – transcribed
according to translation traditions)
In the XVIII century, the Gothic novel was revived, and with it the Old English and
Middle Ages names came into use:
Edgar, Alfred, Emma, Arthur, Lancelot, Rosabel
and
others. At this time, under the influence of the novels of V. Scott, the poetry of S. Coleridge, A.
Tennyson, J. Byron and the Pre-Raphaelites, the following names were spread:
Christabel,
Rowena, Cedric, Minna, Diana, Roland, Hugh, Walter
and others:
The lovely lady, Christabel,
Whom her father loves so well,
What makes her in wood so late,
A furlong from the castle gate?
(“Christabel” – transcription).
At present, among the English proper names, the old names prevail. Recently, however,
there has been a tendency to name children with the names of famous movie stars, heroes of
detective novels and comics [5, 7].
ILMIY VA PROFESSIONAL TA’LIM JARAYONIDA MULOQOT, FAN VA MADANIYATLAR
INTEGRATSIYASI
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Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
Thus, the analysis of English anthroponymy showed that it is a specific system of naming
people that has passed a long way of historical development. Anthroponyms contain unique
information not only about the language, but also about the culture and history of the people. In
terms of the revival of national cultures, interest in the past, the restoration of the truth of
historical events, these onomastics can be useful for a number of sciences. The study of semantic,
etymological and translational features of names, surnames used in works of art and poetry
revealed the national originality and originality of the historical development of the English
people, their culture and language.
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