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A
BSTRACT
In the article, thoughts about the role of pragmatic factors and forms of manifestation in the social character
of speech are expressed through examples. Pragmatic factors in the social character of speech are first of
all manifested in intercultural communication.In the multifaceted process of intercultural communication,
linguistic and cultural levels of mutual understanding between representatives of different language
communities are distinguished, in other words, linguistic and extralinguistic. intercultural communication
is a two-way process of foreign language and foreign cultural understanding, and in this regard, the act of
speech implies interlinguistic and intercultural translation, the adequacy of which is at the level of
pragmatic meaning of language units. It should be noted that sThe object of study of both sociolinguistics
and pragmalinguistics is speech phenomena, which cannot be separated from each other in the analysis of
speech processes. Both of these areas of linguistics have their own place in the social character of speech.
That is why it is impossible to sharply separate them from each other.
K
EYWORDS
Speech, sociolinguistics, pragmatic factors, communication, pragmalinguistics, speech process, speech act,
A. Neuber, intercultural communication, dialect, linguistics.
I
NTRODUCTION
Journal
Website:
http://sciencebring.co
m/index.php/ijasr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Research Article
THE ROLE OF PRAGMATIC FACTORS IN THE SOCIALIZATION
OF SPEECH
Submission Date:
June 20,
2024,
Accepted Date:
June 25, 2024,
Published Date:
June 30, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-04-06-26
Masharibova Rohatoy Ozodovna
Uzbek language and literature teacher at UrDU academic lyceum, Uzbekistan
Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
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(ISSN
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At the current stage of development of the world
community, great attention is paid to
communication between cultures. According to
the diplomats who work at the international level
and represent the culture of their countries, the
process of cultural exchange between peoples is
important to strengthen mutual understanding.
Researchers in the field of communication of
cultures say that the interaction of cultures takes
place at different levels: from contacts between
individual cultures to global cultural systems
conventionally defined by the concepts of "West"
and "East". The comprehensive nature of this
interaction allows us to characterize the
contemporary situation as a dialogue of cultures.
Thus, the problems of international relations at
the current stage require research in the field of
intercultural understanding, the solution of which
lies in the plane of intercultural communication.
The dialogue of cultures includes not only the
exchange of achievements of the material and
spiritual culture of countries and peoples in the
fields of production, trade, science, and art, but
the dialogue of cultures is also carried out in the
form of interaction between different ethnic
groups. In cultural anthropology, this relationship
between different cultures is called "intercultural
communication", which means the exchange
between two or more cultures and the products
of their activities in various forms. This exchange
can take place in politics, in interpersonal
communication between people, in everyday life,
in the family and in informal relationships.
Intercultural communication is multifaceted and
covers different aspects of this process, not only
linguistic, but also socio-cultural foundations of
intercultural communication.
Intercultural communication is manifested not
only as a direct conversation between
representatives of different cultures and ethnic
groups. In the process of intercultural
communication,
the
communication
and
interaction of cultures takes place through the
exchange of cultural information between
communication
partners.
The
scientific
understanding of communication and the
interaction of cultures seems to be relevant from
the perspective of the pragmatic aspect of
intercultural communication.
The current state of intercultural relations is
characterized, on the one hand, by the
intensification of the processes of interaction
between different cultures, and on the other
hand, by the differentiation and search for
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cultural identity. The process of globalization is
increasingly manifested in the activation of
international cultural relations.
The main part
. The role of pragmatic factors in
the socialization of speech is manifested, first of
all, in intercultural communication.In the
multifaceted
process
of
intercultural
communication, linguistic and cultural levels of
mutual understanding between representatives
of
different
language
communities
are
distinguished, in other words, linguistic and
extralinguistic. However, the success of
intercultural communication depends largely on
the context of the situation. The choice of certain
linguistic tools in a specific communicative act is
determined by the purpose, intention, situation,
presupposition of this act, as well as certain
speech conventions. It is known that intercultural
communication is a two-way process of foreign
language and foreign cultural understanding, and
in this regard, the act of speech implies
interlinguistic and intercultural translation, the
adequacy of which is at the level of the pragmatic
meaning of language units. Pragmatic meaning in
intercultural communication is related to
different levels of understanding of these
linguistic units by the participants of the
communicative act.
The most pragmatic lexical units of the language
are those with a stylistic feature, distinguished by
register and emotional color. From this
classification of words, the everyday style of
speech is more interesting in the pragmatic
aspect of intercultural communication.
Speaking style is a product of the oral form of
speech, and its specific features depend on oral
speech. The style of everyday conversation is
characterized by the use of linguistic tools by
people to communicate in their everyday life. It is
characterized by the fact that it is intended for
public use. MPBrandes calls the extralinguistic
features of this style - these are a specific
objective way of thinking and a specific feature of
the
content;
informality,
naturalness,
confidentiality
of
communication;
the
unpreparedness of the speech and its raw nature;
the predominance of the oral-dialogic form of
communication. Thus, in everyday life, a person
summarizes the experience of knowing the
surrounding reality. This style is characterized by
emotional intensity conveyed not only by words,
intonation, syntax, facial expressions, gestures,
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but
also
by
other
paralinguistic
and
extralinguistic means.
From a pragmatic point of view, according to A.
Neuber's classification, the most difficult to
translate are literary texts characterized by the
presence of the realities of the country's culture,
unknown to readers of other language cultures
and only speakers of a certain language is a
certain
connotative
vocabulary
that
is
understandable for .
Literary texts in conversational style are
characterized by lightness, relaxation and
familiarity of speech. Communication and
emotional functions play an important role in
everyday conversational style (Arnold, 1981). In
intercultural communication, these functions are
manifested in the conditionality of speech acts,
which are determined by the norms, traditions
and customs accepted in the cultural society.
Contact communication leads to the preservation
of linguistic elements and their replacement by
additional and paralinguistic means (position,
gesture, mimicry, etc.). The fast pace in this style
affects the irregularity and uncertainty of the
expression.
EGRizel offers a distinctive classification of
colloquial style: literary-colloquial, familiar
(colloquial), vulgar. In general, the style of
everyday communication is characterized by: 1)
uniqueness, clarity, simplicity of linguistic means
of expression related to the specific features of
everyday aspects of human life; 2) emotionality
(level of impact); 3) convenience (Brandes,
1983).
Linguistic features of colloquial speech include
non-literary means of language, the use of
conversational elements, language units, the
incomplete structure of units with their own
meaning, the weakening of syntactic connections,
the activity of linguistic means of subjective
evaluation. , includes the presence of speech.
formulas, colloquial phraseological units and
occasionalisms.
The style of everyday conversation is widely
represented in fiction. Artistic texts are a
reflection of socio-cultural life and include
experience and knowledge about the world
around us, people's culture, social relations of
people. In speech work, natural communicative
conditions determined by social structure are
created. The participants of the dialogue are tied
to the social role that belongs to them. These are
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status roles: age, gender, citizenship, belonging to
a certain social class, positional role - this is a
place in the system of social relations (superior -
subordinate, situational role, everyday role
(guest, friend, buyer, client ).In intercultural
communication, the social structure determines
the level of mutual understanding between the
participants of the communication.
D
ISCUSSION
In recent years, sociolinguistic study of speech
phenomena in the pragmatic direction has
become popular in linguistics. In many cases,
emphasis on the social qualities of the individual
factor
is
prioritized
over
pragmatic
interpretations. A lot of work has been done in
Uzbek linguistics based on approaches in this
aspect. Because these two areas of modern
linguistics are interrelated and require each
other. More specifically, "Pragmatics, as a new
theoretical and practical branch of linguistics,
studies the speech process that incorporates the
social activity of a person, issues related to the
communicative intention of the speech
participants, which is manifested under the
influence of the speech situation. 2 It is natural
that pragmalinguistics deals with the social
qualities of a person while studying the culture of
communication between communicants, the
factors influencing the speech situation. The
object of study of both sociolinguistics and
pragmalinguistics are speech phenomena, which
cannot be separated from each other in the
analysis of speech processes. Although "for the
field of pragmalinguistics, the relationship
between the speaker and the listener is based, for
sociolinguistics, the influence of social factors in
the formation of language and speech is taken as
a basis. In most cases, it is not possible to sharply
distinguish them from each other.
It is known that speech act and press position can
be included among the main issues of
pragmalinguistics. Speech activity is directly
related to the science of interpersonal
communication and is determined by the social
relations of individuals among many factors. After
all, individual and collective speech activity is
complex and in constant motion. Its structure
depends on the influence of many factors. For
example, it is difficult to notice unprepared, oral
speech in the absence of:
1.
Notification of Official Status;
2.
Formal relations between speakers;
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3.
Environmental conditions that prevent a
free environment;
The task of communication between oppressor
and oppressed classes is characterized by
extreme volatility. For example, the dominant-
subordinate relationship in communication is
mobile and tends to change direction. Volatility
and variability itself cannot be outside the factor
of speech situation and circumstances. This
situation can have a dominant-subordinate two-
way orientation in communication between
language or different professions. This situation
shows that the expressive function of language
tools is modified under the influence of pragmatic
factors along with the social specificity.
In the researched dramatic works, it can be seen
that the speech is characterized by the influence
of the above-mentioned factors. It is desirable to
study the character of speech in connection with
pragmatic factors.
According to K.Karingiz, the issue of the sources
and reasons for the existence of language variants
necessarily leads to the determination of the
relationship between language and society. In any
language community, there are different groups
that differ from each other in terms of linguistic
characteristics as well as social characteristics. In
addition, in different communicative situations,
various language options are used depending on
the interaction between the participants of the
communicative act. For example, Shakir had a
dream to have a rifle. The guys brought it from
England. Various clubs have existed there since
ancient times. We bought it from the Hunter
Lords Club for twenty thousand pounds sterling.
Eshmamatov, do you know who the lords are?
Eshmamatov. Lords…it’s…
Shakir Boltaboyev, there is nothing you don't
know. Have you heard from the Lords? Is
Boltaboyev from the Lords? I know. Shakir. You
don't even know baloney. You have never used
your hair in your life, Boltaboyev. In the time of
Russians, you said "Yes", you grew up, and now
you say "OK" all the time - you are getting what
you want... What else do you know? Now tell me
to "find a book" and you won't be able to find it
because you haven't seen the book! And you
probably only know the newspaper because it
wipes your back. Well, you don't even wipe your
back. In different communicative situations,
various language variants are used depending on
the interaction between the participants of the
communicative act. There are also cases where
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the socialization of linguistic possibilities at the
intersection of more than one interpersonal
relationship may be favorable for one type of
relationship and disadvantageous for another
type of relationship. For example, there is a
bilateral conflict between the relations between
different categories and different professions.
The linguist H. Nematov also emphasizes the
uniqueness of the factor of situation and
circumstances in the speech act. In the occurrence
of linguistic units, which provides speech
diversity, physical, mental, etc. are conditions
specific only for this situation. For example, in a
crowded place, it is convenient to express
thoughts with gestures rather than with voice. In
this case, for example, the meaning of "come" is
expressed by a certain movement of the hand, and
the equal value with this linguistic unit enters into
the relations of synonymy and variant. It can be
concluded from this that discretion (freedom) in
speech is extremely limited and essentially a
speech necessity.1
Pragmatic
characteristics
of
language
expressions are studied in different aspects in
different areas of linguistics. According to experts
who have conducted research in this regard, two
directions of pragmatic language research are
sharply different:
-
pragmatic study of the communication
situation.
-
pragmatic study of speech occurrence of
linguistic possibilities.
When the category of communication is
considered as the main source of study of
pragmalinguistics, according to linguist Z. Katk,
"Grammar is a theory about the structure of
sentence types, and pragmatics, contrary to it,
does not study the construction of the linguistic
system, the grammatical signs and relations of the
language. Pragmatic studies investigate the
rational maintenance of the sentence mark and
positional correspondence in the text by the
speaker and the listener. In this sense, the
pragmatic theory is a component of the theory of
speech performance"2. Of course, it is peculiar
that Western pragmalinguistics did not choose
language as an object of study. In other words, the
opinions of the master linguists that "European
linguistics did not bring structuralism to its
logical end, turned to pragmalinguistics as its
simple negation, rejection, and could not feed on
structuralism" are particularly noteworthy and
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are
a
true
assessment
of
western
pragmalinguistics. These two approaches differ in
their approach to the interaction of language and
situational
phenomena.
Researcher
M.
Ernazarova tries to distinguish the first direction
from the second from the point of view of the
object of study, and interprets it as follows:
Communication system as a research object;
Linguistic system is shown as a research subject.
For linguistics, in the conflict between the
communication system and the linguistic system,
the communication system as an object of study
can never be of primary importance, and the place
of the linguistic system can be reduced to the
second place. Otherwise, it will be separated from
the object of study and lose its essence as a
science. Of course, communication system or
language system is called "communication
system→
I emphasize that we are completely far
from the intention of completely rejecting
learning based on the principle of "linguistic
system". But according to the principle of
unbiased naming of each event, "communication
system→the approach based on the princ
iple of
the linguistic system should not be called
linguistic pragmatics (that is, the pragmatic field
of linguistics), but pragmatic linguistics (that is,
the linguistic field of pragmatics) and logically, it
should be considered as a non-linguistic field".
The
substantive-pragmatic
approach
is
characterized by the fact that it looks at language
as an object of study and specializes in studying
the speech development of language possibilities
in a pragmatic aspect:
"... the substantive-pragmatic approach as a new
empirical direction of linguistics emerging in
Uzbek science studies linguistic possibilities in
connection with non-linguistic phenomena such
as the speaker, the listener, their interaction in
the communication process, the communication
situation. A person's practical use of linguistic
opportunities, the personal qualities of the
speaker and the listener, the purpose of speech,
its types (overt or hidden), forms (message,
question, command, request, advice, promise,
greeting, request, farewell, excuse, greeting,
complaint, etc.), appear in common with a
number of non-linguistic factors such as speech
strategy and tactics, speech etiquette, culture of
communication, worldview, level of knowledge,
interests of the speaker or listener. As a
generalization of quotations and our relationship
to them, we can say that the observation and
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analysis of linguistic units in the speech activity in
a socially characterized manner, combined with
pragmatic factors, and the study of speech as a
hetepogenic system are of great importance in the
sociolinguistic description of historical texts.
Currently, in sociolinguistic research, attention is
being paid to the specific aspects of speech of
social groups in society. Characterization of
speech, which is the subject of sociolinguistics, is
unique in dramatic works, and each sotsuim
speech is characterized according to age, gender,
profession, and social origin in society. Scientific
research aimed at researching the language
characteristics of dramatic works creates an
opportunity to more vividly imagine the issue of
the relationship between language and time,
language and society. Therefore, in this process, it
is necessary to observe the issues of time and
language, environment and language in society,
and analyze them harmoniously. Language units
actively used in dramatic works serve to provide
a true picture of the era and social life. Therefore,
the authors were able to effectively use the words
used in the period of independence, through
which they tried to depict the reality of life in the
period of independence. In the dramas, the issue
of the environment is also in the foreground, so it
is possible to feel the events of the period through
language units in order to more vividly reflect the
social and political issues in the society during the
period of independence. Language styles can be
shown in the work as units that enliven the period
of independence and environment.
In the period of independence, proverbs,
phraseology and slang, slang, vulgarisms, dialects
were effectively used to individualize the speech
of the characters and give a description of the
society through speech. Linguistic tools
representing national spirit and traditions are
used in the context of the role of communicators
in society, who are the organizers of the
discussion.
The object of study of both sociolinguistics and
pragmalinguistics are speech phenomena, which
cannot be separated from each other in the
analysis of speech processes. Both of these areas
of linguistics have their own place in the social
character of speech. Therefore, it is not possible
to sharply separate them from each other.
Pragmatic factors also have a great influence on
the social character of language units. Observing
and analyzing the manifestation of linguistic
possibilities in the speech activity in a socially
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characterized manner in harmony with pragmatic
factors, studying speech as a hetepogenic system
is of great importance in describing the social
characteristics of speech in dramatic works.
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