Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
72
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
Pages:
72-76
OCLC
–
1368736135
A
BSTRACT
Dentistry is constantly evolving, using the latest technological advances to improve the quality of
diagnostics and treatment. The article provides literary data on modern methods of X-ray diagnostics in
dentistry.
K
EYWORDS
Modern methods, diagnostics, dentistry, treatment, technology, digital imaging, 3D tomography, tooth,
intraoral scanner.
I
NTRODUCTION
The importance of a correct diagnosis in dental
treatment is difficult to overestimate. The
effectiveness of treatment, its duration, and long-
term results directly depend on how correct the
doctor's assumption is regarding your clinical
picture. It is noted that these methods are a
standard, integral part of any comprehensive
medical examination and form the basis for
planning and conducting surgical treatment for
diseases of the maxillofacial region.
3D tomography (CT). Computer tomography is a
revolutionary method in diagnostics that allows
you to obtain three-dimensional images of the jaw
and teeth. This is especially important when
planning implantation, since doctors can
accurately analyze the condition of bone tissue,
determine the best places for implants and avoid
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Research Article
MODERN METHODS OF DIAGNOSTICS IN DENTISTRY
Submission Date:
October 20,
2024,
Accepted Date:
October 25, 2024,
Published Date:
October 30, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-04-10-11
Yoldosheva Zilola Guvtali's
2nd Year Student Of The Faculty Of Dentistry, Tashkent Medical Academy, Uzbekistan
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
73
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
Pages:
72-76
OCLC
–
1368736135
possible risks. CT significantly increases the
success of orthopedic and surgical interventions.
CEREC digital image. CEREC technology allows
you to create highly accurate 3D images of teeth
in the shortest possible time. This equipment is
especially useful in the design of veneers, crowns
and other orthopedic structures. With its help, the
process of creating dental models is maximally
accelerated and becomes error-free, which
significantly reduces the waiting time for the
patient and increases the comfort of treatment.
Intraoral scanner. This device allows you to scan
the entire oral cavity in detail and transmit the
obtained data to the computer in real time.Using
an intraoral scanner, dentists can take precise
measurements and create precise implants and
other dental appliances without the discomfort
for the patient associated with traditional
impression methods.
DIAGNOdent laser diagnostics of caries. Before
proceeding with implantation, it is necessary to
make sure that the adjacent teeth are healthy.
DIAGNOdent laser diagnostics of caries allows
you to detect hidden caries at an early stage
without pain and discomfort for the patient. This
method is especially effective, as it is not only
highly accurate, but also completely safe. Modern
software, such as SimPlant or NobelGuide, helps
doctors plan operations with millimeter accuracy.
This ensures the optimization of our
interventions and reduces the likelihood of
complications. Patients can be sure that each
stage of the procedure is thought out and
controlled to the smallest detail.
X-ray. Classic and modern diagnostic methods are
used in dentistry to correctly diagnose. Classic
methods include visual inspection and targeted X-
ray. X-ray is a painless procedure with a safe dose
of radiation for the patient. It is suitable for the
need to diagnose one specific tooth. A small plate
is placed near the "interested" tooth and held in a
given position for several seconds. A targeted
image is immediately displayed on the computer
monitor, showing the condition of the tissues
hidden under the mucous membrane and in the
jaw bone.
Panoramic image. An orthopantomogram is a
panoramic image that provides the doctor with
accurate information about the condition of the
patient's teeth, bone tissue, jaw joints and
maxillary sinuses. Panoramic images are often
taken of children to detect supernumerary teeth
or, conversely, the absence of rudiments of
permanent teeth. An orthopantomogram shows
all restorations, fillings, any pathological
formations in the tissues, and at a very early stage.
Indications for a panoramic image: Therapeutic
treatment - each tooth, carious lesions, destroyed
fillings, granulomas and cysts, if any, will be
qualitatively visualized in the image. Periodontal
treatment - in the image, the periodontist will be
able to see the depth of periodontal pockets, the
thickness of bone tissue and other details
necessary for the treatment of periodontosis.
Implantation - an orthopantomogram will allow
you to develop an effective implantation plan,
determine the most suitable points for
implantation. Correction of bite
–
before choosing
a corrective system and putting braces on the
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
74
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
Pages:
72-76
OCLC
–
1368736135
patient, the orthodontist needs to understand the
position and direction of growth of the roots of
each tooth.
Computer radiovisiography. Diagnostics is
performed using an intraoral video camera. The
equipment resembles a small toothbrush in
appearance. The image is displayed on the
monitor in color with magnification. Allows you
to see minor enamel defects, chips or cracks,
caries at the spot stage in hard-to-reach places,
check the condition of the gums and surrounding
mucous tissue.
Tomography. Computer tomography is a three-
dimensional scan of the elements of the oral
cavity. The doctor prescribes computer
tomography to patients for: preparation for the
extraction of impacted or dystopic wisdom teeth.
Detection
of
alveolar
ridge
resorption.
Diagnostics of the inflammatory process located
in bone tissue. Preparation for the installation of
implants or osteoplastic surgeries. Recognition of
tumor formations at an early stage.
Morphological studies. Study of the biomaterial of
the lymph node, wound surface, exudate for the
purpose of differential diagnostics.
Cytological examination. Study of the structural
features of cellular structures, used to assess the
effectiveness of therapy in the treatment of
destructive diseases.
Histological
examination.
Conducted
to
determine the nature of the pathology.
Bacteriological studies. Of particular importance
in the treatment of purulent, specific diseases of
the mucous membranes. In some cases, testing is
carried out for the presence of an allergic reaction
to different types of drugs.
The use of modern X-ray diagnostic techniques is
a standard, integral part of any comprehensive
medical examination and forms the basis for
planning and performing surgical treatment for
diseases of the maxillofacial region. Currently, the
most common method is the production of
panoramic X-ray images. This method allows you
to obtain very important information about the
condition of the area under study, quite accurate
with the correct mutual arrangement of the
patient, radiation flow and recording sensors.
However, despite the obvious advantages, such as
a well-developed methodological base, a wide
range of equipment and ease of training of service
personnel, this method has at least one
fundamental drawback: it allows you to obtain
only flat two-dimensional images of volumetric
objects.
This significantly limits its capabilities, primarily
due to shading and overlapping of deeper areas.
The invention of X-ray tomography with
computer processing of the obtained information
revolutionized the field of image acquisition in
medicine. The method is based on measuring and
complex computer processing of the difference in
the attenuation of X-ray radiation by tissues of
different densities. It was proposed in 1972 by
Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack, who were
awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine in 1979 "for the development of
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
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2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
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Pages:
72-76
OCLC
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1368736135
computer
tomography".
The
device,
manufactured and tested by a group of engineers
from the English company "EMI", was called the
EMI scanner.It was used only for brain research.
The method, called dental computed tomography
(Imhof, 1992), provides metric analysis of cross-
sections of jaws in the third dimension. After
receiving and processing the data, it is transferred
to film or storage media. Over the past time, the
intellectual level of X-ray equipment has grown
significantly, and the initially very high cost of
such equipment and examinations on it has
significantly decreased.
In recent years, a new generation of highly
informative X-ray equipment for volumetric
dental tomography has been developed on the
basis of traditional computer tomographs - cone-
beam tomographs with an increased level of
safety. Due to the directed conical radiation beam,
they scan the structure of the examined volume in
just one revolution, while in conventional devices,
with a fan-shaped radiation flow, several
revolutions are needed for this. The dimensions
of the examined cylindrical volume are
characterized by such a parameter as the "field of
view" FOV (Field Of View) (diameter x height)
and, depending on the type of device, vary from
4x4 cm to 19x24 cm. Devices with a large field of
view and a sufficiently high resolution allow for a
complete image of the entire dental system to be
obtained in a single examination. The data
obtained during primary tomography are
transformed by the workstation and displayed on
the dentist's computer display using a special
program.Computer tomography-based methods
that provide a three-dimensional image of cross-
sections of the jaws on a scale of 1:1 are more
effective than standard examinations with the
connection of additional programs.
Additional capabilities, a reduced radiation dose,
and higher image quality provide cone-beam
devices with an advantage over classic
tomographs. The accuracy of determining the size
of anatomical structures in both methods is
almost identical, and the radiation load on the
patient with volumetric tomography is
significantly less. Manufacturers of cone-beam
tomographs claim that they form a higher-quality
image and produce less interference if there are
metal objects in the area being examined (for
example, fixed restorations). In terms of radiation
dose, cone-beam tomography is located between
traditional X-ray diagnostics and spiral
tomography.
Cone-beam computed tomographs include a
movable X-ray tube, which is located exactly
opposite the flat sensor and simultaneously
rotates around the patient's head. This creates a
set of single two-dimensional images in various
projections, which are summed up into a three-
dimensional image using a computer and special
software. Axial tomograms of the facial skull
serve as a supplement to conventional two-
dimensional
intraoral
images
or
orthopantomograms, providing reconstruction in
any plane of interest. Computer technologies for
processing the received information make it
possible to analyze any single two-dimensional
image and the resulting three-dimensional image
in any projection.
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
76
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
Pages:
72-76
OCLC
–
1368736135
Thus, the information content of cone-beam
computed tomography for diagnostics and
planning of dental treatment is many times
greater than the potential of conventional digital
panoramic
radiography.
The
computed
tomogram does not have the summation effects
inherent in conventional radiography, since the
areas under study are removed by a collimated
beam of rays and fan-shaped cut into "layers".
These layers can be thought of as layers of
minimal volume elements whose dimensions are
determined by the selected slice thickness. The
structures in these layers attenuate the incoming
X-rays depending on the thickness and location of
the tissue. Anatomical structures are depicted on
an X-ray image in various shades of gray. About
4,000 shades of gray are measured on a CT scan.
Since mechanical color sensitivity does not
correlate with the gray scale, the task of
developing a full-fledged color coding has not yet
been solved.
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